OF  THE 

U N I VERS  1TY 
Of  ILLI  NOIS 

From  the  Library  of 
Professor  Henry  F.  Wickham 
University  of  Iowa 
Presented  in  1942 

595rr& 

F&SVd 

\e>90 


NATURAL 
HISTORY  °tC  1 


1942 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2D16  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/butterfliesofeas00fren_0 


THE 


BUTTERFLIES 

OF  THE 

EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


FOR  THE  USE  OF  CLASSES  IN  ZOOLOGY  AND 
PRIVATE  STUDENTS. 


BY 

G.  H.  FRENCH,  A.M., 

PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  CURATOR  IN  THE  SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 
NORMAL  UNIVERSITY. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY. 

1890. 


Copyright,  1885,  by  G.  H.  French. 


6 My.  42  g HF  Wick&m 


PREFACE. 


For  a number  of  years  the  writer  of  these  pages  lias 
recognized  the  necessity  of  some  form  of  manual  to  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  students  in  zoology,  to  enable 
them  to  identify  the  animals  that  should  come  before 
them  for  examination.  Jordan’s  “ Manual  of  Verte- 
brates” supplies  this  demand  as  to  the  vertebrate  ani- 
mals, but  there  are  many  other  specimens  of  interest 
within  the  reach  of  every  student  that  do  not  belong 
to  this  great  branch  of  the  animal  kingdom,  among 
the  most  attractive  of  which  are  butterflies.  Several 
years  ago,  analytical  tables  of  the  butterflies  of  Illi- 
nois were  prepared  and  published  for  the  use  of  our 
classes  in  zoology.  These  tables,  followed  by  others 
on  the  moths,  notwithstanding  many  imperfections, 
served  so  good  a purpose  in  the  class-room,  and  were 
sought  by  so  many  private  students,  that  the  prepara- 
tion of  a more  extended  work  on  the  Butterflies  of  the 
Eastern  United  States  has  been  undertaken.  The  work 
embraces  a brief  description  of  the  several  stages  of 
butterflies,  methods  of  capture  and  preservation,  an  ana- 
lytical key,  and  a more  complete  description  of  all  the 
species  that  have  been  found  in  this  region.  In  the 
last  part  the  preparatory  stages  are  given  so  far  as  they 

3 


1200530 


4 


PREFACE . 


are  known.  These  preparatory  stages  are  often  essential 
to  a proper  understanding  of  the  relatiftn  that  species 
bear  to  one  another,  besides  adding  much  to  the  interest 
of  the  study  of  butterflies. 

The  locality  represented  in  this  work  is  shown  on  the 
map  on  the  opposite  page,  being  all  east  of  the  western 
boundaries  of  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Louisiana,  as  indicated  by  the  heavy  line.  This 
differs  a little  from  what  is  denominated  the  East- 
ern or  Atlantic  Province  on  the  zoo-geographical  map 
by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  in  the  third  report  of  the 
United  States  Entomological  Commission,  in  that  the 
western  boundary  is  by  State  lines,  instead  of  following 
a more  sinuous  line  caused  by  variations  of  elevation, 
etc.,  and  the  whole  of  Florida  and  the  New  England 
States  are  included,  but  the  portion  of  Canada  included 
in  the  map  referred  to  is  omitted  here.  For  several 
reasons  it  was  found  more  convenient  to  take  the  bound- 
aries as  here  given,  making  the  field  represented  essen- 
tially the  same. 

I would  gratefully  acknowledge  here  the  valuable  aid 
I have  received  from  Mr.  William  H.  Edwards,  of  Coal- 
burgh,  West  Virginia,  in  the  loan  of  specimens  for 
description,  in  the  free  use  of  his  writings,  from  which 
nearly  all  the  descriptions  of  the  preparatory  stages  have 
been  taken,  in  the  use  of  advance-sheets  of  his  new 
catalogue  of  the  “ Butterflies  of  North  America,”  for 
the  purpose  of  getting  localities  and  arrangement  of 
species,  and  in  many  suggestions  kindly  given.  Mr.  C. 
E.  Worthington,  of  Chicago,  also  loaned  me  specimens 
for  description,  thus  aiding  me  much.  I wish  to 
acknowledge  also  the  aid  and  encouragement  I have 


PREFACE. 


5 


received  from  Dr.  Robert  Allyn;  president  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Normal  University,  not  only  in  the 


preparation  of  this  volume,  but  in  the  interest  of  science 
generally.  Dr.  S.  H.  Peabody,  regent  of  the  Illinois 
Industrial  University,  also  has  thanks  for  revising  a list 


6 


PREFACE . 


of  the  accentuated  names  of  the  butterflies  of  the  Eastern 
United  States.  Last,  but  not  least,  I would  acknowledge 
valuable  aid  and  encouragement  from  my  wife,  who  has 
been  the  companion  of  my  studies  in  natural  history  for 
many  years,  making  it  possible  for  me,  at  this  time,  to 
prepare  this  volume.  In  the  few  instances  where  I have 
not  had  specimens  for  description,  the  back  volumes  of 
the  “ Canadian  Entomologist”  and  the  American  En- 
tomological Society’s  publications,  Professor  Fernald’s 
“ Butterflies  of  Maine,”  and  some  other  works,  have 
been  used. 

Electrotypes  for  illustrating  this  volume  have  been 
received  from  the  following  persons : 

From  Professor  C.  Y.  Biley,  Nos.  8,  9,  10,  11,  12, 
13,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  36,  37,  38,  39,  59, 
60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  91,  92,  93. 

From  Henry  Holt  & Co.,  of  New  York,  the  figures 
from  Scudder’s  Butterflies,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  5,  7,  33,  41, 
42,  45,  51,  52,  54,  55,  71,  73,  75,  76,  77,  78,  79,  80,  81, 
82,  83,  87,  88,  89,  90. 

From  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  the  figures  from  “ Guide 
to  the  Study  of  Insects,”  Nos.  4,  6,  40,  44,  46,  47,  48, 
49,  53,  72,  84. 

From  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Philadelphia,  the 
figures  from  Saunders’s  “ Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits,” 
Nos.  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  58,  74. 

From  A.  A.  Tenney,  the  figures  from  Tenney’s 
“ Elements  of  Zoology,”  Nos.  14,  15,  16. 

All  the  rest  were  made  specially  for  this  work  by 
the  St.  Louis  Type  Foundry  Company,  from  photo- 
graphs taken  by  Mr.  A.  Hudson,  of  this  place. 

In  the  arrangement  of  species  and  nomenclature, 


PREFACE  7 

Edwards’s  u New  Catalogue  of  the  Butterflies  of  North 
America”  has  been  followed. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  I should  give,  in  addition 
to  the  table  for  tracing  species  to  their  description,  a table 
of  larvae.  In  my  opinion  our  present  knowledge  is  not 
sufficient  to  make  a satisfactory  one.  Though  much  is 
known  of  the  preparatory  stages  of  our  butterflies,  there 
are  still  too  many  gaps : these,  however,  are  being  filled 
up,  so  that  in  a few  years  a table  can  be  given  that  will 
be  more  satisfactory  than  any  that  could  be  prepared 
now. 

G.  H.  FRENCH. 

Carbondale,  III.,  June  8,  1885. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Classification 15-10 

Different  Stages  of  Development : 

The  Egg 16-18 

The  Larva 19-23 

The  Chrysalis,  or  Pupa 23-26 

The  Imago,  or  Perfect  Butterfly 26-32 

Habits  of  Butterflies 32-36 

Collecting  Butterflies, — including  Materials  for  Collect- 
ing, Killing,  and  Preparing  for  the  Cabinet ; Cabinet ; 

Rearing  Butterflies  from  Eggs  and  Larvae 36-49 

Use  of  the  Analytical  Key 49-50 

Names  of  Butterflies 50-51 

Accentuated  and  Syllabicated  List  of  the  Butterflies  of 

the  Eastern  United  States 51-57 

Analytical  Key  for  the  Determination  of  the  Butterflies 

of  the  Eastern  United  States 57-82 

Family  Papilionidae 83-140 

Subfamily  Papilioninae, — Papilio 83-105 

Subfamily  Pierinae, — Pieris,  Nathalis,  Anthocharis,  Cal- 

lidryas,  Kricogonia,  Colias,  Terias 106-140 

Family  Nymphalidae 141-252 

Subfamily  Heliconinae, — Heliconia 141-143 

Subfamily  Danainae, — Danais 143-147 


Subfamily  Nymphalinae, — Colaenis,  Agraulis,  Argynnis, 
Euptoieta,  Melitaea,  Phyciodes,  Eresia,  Grapta,  Va- 
nessa, Pyrameis,  Junonia,  Anartia,  Eunica,  Timetes, 
Victorina,  Diadema,  Limenitis,  Apatura,  Paphia  . . 147-229 
Subfamily  Satyrinae, — Debis,  Neonympha,  Satyrus, 


Chionobas 229-250 

Subfamily  Libytheinae, — Libythea 250-252 


9 


10 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Family  Erycinidae 252-254 

Subfamily  Erycininae, — Calephelis,  Eumenia 253-254 

Family  Lyca3nidae 254-298 

Subfamily  Theclinae, — Thecla 255-279 

Subfamily  Lycaeninae, — Feniseca,  Chrysophanus,  Ly- 

caena 279-298 

Family  Hesperidae 299-387 

Section  1, — Carterocephalus,  Ancyloxypha,  Thymel- 

icus,  Pampbila,  Amblyscirtes  299-352 

Section  2, — Pyrgus,  Nisoniades,  Pholisora,  Eudamus, 

Erycides,  Megathymus 352-387 

Addenda  . 389-393 

Glossary 395-402 

Index 403 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


NO.  PAGE 

1.  Micropyle  of  egg  of  Colias  Philodice 18 

2.  Proleg  of  Vanessa  Antiopa 19 

3.  Head  of  Danais  Archippus 20 

4.  Three  facets  of  an  insect’s  compound  eye 26 

5.  Head  of  Eudamus  Tityrus 27 

6.  Venation  of  the  wing  of  a butterfly 29 

7.  Scales  from  the  wing  of  a butterfly 31 

8.  Insect-net 36 

9.  Setting-hoard 40 

10.  Setting-needle 41 

11.  Papilio  Philenor,  imago 87 

12.  Papilio  Philenor,  larva 88 

13.  Papilio  Philenor,  pupa 89 

14.  Papilio  Asterias,  imago,  male 90 

15.  Papilio  Asterias,  larva 92 

16.  Papilio  Asterias,  pupa 92 

17.  Papilio  Turnus,  imago 98 

18.  Papilio  Turnus,  larva 100 

19.  Papilio  Turnus,  pupa 101 

20.  Papilio  Cresphontes,  imago 102 

21.  Papilio  Cresphontes,  larva 103 

22.  Papilio  Cresphontes,  pupa 104 

23.  Pieris  Protodice,  imago,  male 108 

24.  Pieris  Protodice,  imago,  female 108 

25.  Pieris  Protodice,  larva  and  pupa 109 

26.  Pieris  Oleracea-hiemalis,  imago  and  larva 112 

27.  Pieris  Oleracea,  egg 113 

28.  Pieris  Rapae,  imago,  male 114 

29.  Pieris  Rapae,  imago,  female 114 

30.  Pieris  Rapae,  larva  and  pupa ,116 


11 


12 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


NO.  PAGE 

31.  Nathalis  Iole,  imago,  female 117 

32.  Colias  Csesonia,  imago,  male 128 

33.  Terias  Nicippe,  pupa 137 

34.  Terias  Mexicana,  imago 138 

35.  Heliconia  Charitonia,  imago 142 

36.  Danais  Archippus,  imago 144 

37.  Danais  Archippus,  egg 145 

38.  Danais  Archippus,  larva 145 

39.  Danais  Archippus,  pupa 146 

40.  Argynnis  Aphrodite,  imago  157 

41.  Argynnis  Atlantis,  pupa 161 

42.  Argynnis  Myrina,  egg 162 

43.  Euptoieta  Claudia,  imago 165 

44  Militsea  Phaeton,  imago 168 

45.  Militsea  Phaeton,  egg 169 

46.  Militsea  Phaeton,  larva 169 

47.  Militsea  Phaeton,  pupa 170 

48.  Militsea  Harrisii,  larva 171 

49.  Militaea  Harrisii,  pupa 172 

50.  Phyciodes  Nycteis,  imago 172 

51.  Grapta  Interrogationis,  pupa 185 

52.  Grapta  Eaunus,  pupa 188 

53.  Grapta  Progne,  imago 190 

54.  Yanessa  Antiopa,  egg-cluster 194 

55.  Pyrameis  Atalanta,  egg 197 

56.  Junonia  Coenia,  imago 201 

57.  Victorina  Steneles,  imago 204 

58.  Limenitis  Ursula,  imago 207 

59.  Limenitis  Disippus,  imago 210 

60.  Limenitis  Disippus,  egg 211 

61.  Limenitis  Disippus,  larva 212 

62.  Limenitis  Disippus,  pupa 213 

63.  Apatura  Celtis,  imago,  larva,  and  pupa 216 

64.  Apatura  Celtis,  imago,  larva,  pupa,  and  egg 217 

65.  Apatura  Clyton,  imago,  larva,  pupa,  and  egg-mass  . . . 219 

66.  Apatura  Clyton,  imago,  larva,  pupa,  and  egg 220 

67.  Paphia  Troglodyta,  imago,  male 226 

68.  Paphia  Troglodyta,  imago,  female 227 

69.  Paphia  Troglodyta,  larva  and  pupa 228 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS . 


13 


NO.  PAGE 

70.  Debis  Portlandia,  imago 230 

71.  Satyrus  Alope,  pupa 247 

72.  Chionobus  Semidea,  imago 249 

73.  Thecla  Calanus,  imago 263 

74.  Thecla  Strigosa,  imago 266 

75.  Chrysophanus  Hypophleas,  egg 283 

76.  Chrysophanus  Hypophleas,  larva 284 

77.  Chrysophanus  Hypophleas,  pupa 284 

78.  Lycsena  Pseudargiolus,  form  Lucia 288 

79.  Lycsena  Pseudargiolus,  form  Yiolacea 288 

80.  Lycsena  Pseudargiolus,  form  Pseudargiolus 289 

81.  Lycaena  Comyntas,  imago 292 

82.  Pamphila  Zabulon,  egg 304 

83.  Pamphila  Zabulon,  larva 305 

84.  Pamphila  Peckius,  imago 317 

85.  Pamphila  Ethlius,  imago 333 

86.  Pyrgus  Tessellata,  imago 352 

87.  Pholisora  Catullus,  egg 367 

88.  Eudamus  Py lades,  egg 369 

89.  Eudamus  Tityrus,  imago 374 

90.  Eudamus  Tityrus,  pupa 376 

91.  Megathymus  Yuccse,  imago,  female 381 

92.  Megathymus  Yuccse,  egg  and  larva 384 

93.  Megathymus  Yuccas,  pupa 386 


2 


THE  BUTTERFLIES 


OF  THE 

EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


CLASSIFICATION. 

Most  naturalists  of  this  country  divide  insects  into 
seven  orders,  or,  according  to  some,  suborders,  as  follows  : 

Hymenoptera,  or  membrane- winged  insects,  includ- 
ing bees,  wasps,  ants,  ichneumon-flies,  saw-flies,  etc. 

Lepidoptera,  or  scaly-winged  insects,  including  but- 
terflies and  moths. 

Diptera,  or  two-winged  insects,  including  the  true 
flies  of  all  kinds. 

Coleoptera,  or  sheath-winged  insects,  including  all 
beetles. 

Hemiptera,  or  half-membrane-winged  insects,  in- 
cluding the  true  bugs,  cicadas,  etc. 

Orthoptera,  or  straight-winged  insects,  including 
grasshoppers,  katydids,  crickets,  etc. 

Neuroptera,  or  nerve-winged  insects,  including 
dragon-flies,  ant-lions,  etc. 

The  Lepidoptera  have  four  membranous  wings  covered 


16 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


with  scales,  that  overlap  one  another  and  easily  mb  off. 
They  are  divided  into  two  somewhat  natural  divisions, — 
butterflies  and  moths, — which  may  be  known  from  each 
other  by  the  antennae,  but  by  the  practical  entomologist 
are  readily  distinguished  by  other  characters.  The  an- 
tennae, two  slender  organs  projecting  in  front  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  head,  are  filiform,  and  terminate  in  a 
knob  in  butterflies,  while  in  the  moths,  whatever  their 
shape,  they  do  not  terminate  in  a knob.  Butterflies  fly 
in  the  daytime,  while  most  of  the  moths  fly  at  night 
or  just  at  the  close  of  day.  The  first  five  families  of 
this  order  are  known  as  butterflies,  and  all  the  others  as 
moths. 

Both  moths  and  butterflies  have  four  distinct  periods 
of  existence, — the  egg,  the  larva,  the  chrysalis,  or  pupa, 
and  the  imago,  or  perfect  insect. 

THE  EGG. 

The  eggs  are  more  or  less  globular,  cone-shaped  or 
spindle-shaped.  To  the  unaided  eye  they  usually  appear 
to  be  smooth,  but  under  the  lens  they  present  various 
markings  that  are  constant  for  a given  species,  but  vary 
with  different  species  or  in  different  groups.  Those 
belonging  to  the  different  genera  of  the  subfamily 
Pierinse  are  all  of  one  general  shape,  as  has  been  shown 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards.  They  are  long,  slender,  sub- 
conic or  spindle-shaped,  and  set  on  end,  but  differently 
marked  in  different  genera.  This  may  be  seen  by  re- 
ferring to  the  egg  of  Pieris  Oleracea , Fig.  27.  The 
eggs  of  Danais,  Heliconia,  and  Agraulis  have  each  their 
own  pattern.  All  Argynnis  eggs,  whether  of  the  large 
or  the  small  species,  are  thimble-shaped.  “ So  Melitsea, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


17 


Phyciodes,  Limenitis,  Apatura,  Paphia,  Satyrus,  Neo- 
nympha,  and  Chionobas  may  all  be  distinguished  as 
readily  by  the  egg  as  by  the  butterflies.”  And  the 
same  may  be  said  of  all  the  other  genera  so  far  as  their 
eggs  are  known.  It  has  been  shown  that  both  the  larvae 
and  the  eggs  of  the  different  species  of  a genus  bear 
the  same  relation  to  each  other  that  the  imagines,  or  per- 
fect insects,  do,  and  this  relation  or  congruence  renders 
the  study  of  the  preparatory  stages  important,  if  we 
would  know  the  true  relation  that  different  species  bear 
to  one  another,  or  in  fact  the  position  of  different  genera. 
“Most  eggs,”  Mr.  Edwards  says,  “are  green  when 
laid,  yellowish,  as  in  Pieris,  Colias,  and  many  Papilios, 
bluish,  as  in  Grapta,  grayish,  as  in  Limenitis.  Lycsena 
has  a deep-green  surface  concealed  by  a white  net- work, 
but  which  can  be  peeled  off.  Parnassius  is  white; 
Pholisora  Catullus  is  brown;  the  Hesperian  eggs,  as  a 
rule,  are  white.  Many  eggs  turn  red  a few  hours  after 
deposition,  as  Colias,  Anthocharis,  and  Melitcea  Phaeton . 
And  all  these,  as  well  as  most  other  species,  change  to 
black  before  hatching,  as  the  dark  larva  can  be  seen 
through  the  transparent  shell.” 

Many  eggs  are  ribbed  longitudinally,  with  transverse 
striae  between  the  ribs.  In  some  these  ribs  run  in 
irregular  lines,  making  an  irregular  net-work  of  cells ; 
in  others  they  are  regular,  the  net-work  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a series  of  parallelograms,  as  in  Fig.  27. 

In  some  cases  the  eggs  are  not  ribbed,  but  are  covered 
with  a series  of  irregular  pits,  as  in  Fig.  75.  In  some  the 
ribs  run  from  base  to  apex,  varying  or  not  in  promi- 
nence ; in  others  they  gradually  diminish  before  reaching 
the  base,  leaving  that  part  perfectly  smooth.  The  egg  of 
b 2* 


18 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Fig.  1. 


Micropyle  of  egg  of  Co- 
lias  Philodice.  X 60. 


Limenitis  Disippus  presents  on  the  ridges  of  the  cells 
numerous  little  filaments,  giving  the 
egg  a bristly  appearance  (see  Fig. 
60).  In  all  these  there  is  a cluster 
of  irregular  cells  at  the  summit  or 
apex  that  differ  from  the  others, 
often  being  situated  at  the  bottom  of 
a cavity  or  depression.  This  portion 
of  the  egg  is  known  as  the  micropyle. 
Butterflies  vary  in  their  manner  of 
depositing  their  eggs.  Some  place  them  singly  on  the 
leaves  of  their  food-plant,  while  others  lay  them  in 
clusters,  from  a dozen  to  a hundred  in  a cluster.  In  the 
case  of  Vanessa  Antiopa , Fig.  54,  they  are  placed  around 
a small  twig  of  willow.  The  Papilios,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  P.  Philenor , deposit  their  eggs  singly.  The 
Graptas  lay  their  eggs  in  strings  or  singly.  Usually  the 
manner  of  depositing  the  eggs  may  be  taken  as  an  index 
of  the  larva’s  being  gregarious  or  feeding  singly. 

The  time  of  the  egg  period,  or  the  time  from  deposi- 
tion to  hatching,  varies  in  different  species,  depending 
somewhat  upon  the  temperature.  In  some  species  they 
hatch  in  from  three  to  four  days,  as  in  Grapta,  Colias, 
and  Pieris.  The  Papilios  and  Danais  Archippus  hatch 
in  from  four  to  six  days ; Phyciodes  Thar  os,  in  from  four 
to  seven  days ; P.  Nyeteis , in  twelve ; Limenitis  Disippus , 
in  from  five  to  eight ; Argynnis  Diana , in  fifteen ; A. 
Oybele , Aphrodite , Alcestis,  and  Atlantis , in  from  fifteen 
to  twenty,  etc. ; while,  according  to  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudcler, 
there  are  some  species  that  pass  the  winter  in  the  egg 
state. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


19 


THE  LAKY  A. 


Fig.  2. 


The  larva,  or  caterpillar,  is  elongated  or  somewhat 
worm-like,  usually  plainly  separable  into  thirteen  joints 
or  segments,  the  first  of  which  is  the  head.  Joints  two, 
three,  and  four  have  each  a pair  of  short  legs,  the 
rudiments  of  the  legs  of  the  perfect  butterfly.  Joints 
seven,  eight,  nine,  ten,  and  thirteen  have  each  a pair  of 
membranous  legs,  the  end  of  each 
armed  with  a circle  of  minute  hooks, 
as  seen  in  Fig.  2.  By  means  of 
these  hooks  the  larva  is  enabled  to 
grasp  firmly  any  object  which  is  not 
too  smooth,  as  the  surface  of  glass. 

In  this  case  the  larva  first  spins  a 
covering  of  silk  over  the  glass,  and 
then  walks  over  it  easily.  These  legs 
are  called  prop-legs,  or,  as  it  is  more 
often  abbreviated,  prolegs.  These  disappear  at  the  close 
of  the  larval  period,  when  the  larva  changes  to  a chrys- 
alis. 


From  larva  of  V.  Anti- 
opa.  a,  proleg,  X 4K ; 
circlet  of  hooks  at  end  of 
proleg,  X 6;  c,  one  of  the 
hooks,  X 12* 


On  each  side  of  the  body  are  nine  oval  stigmata,  or 
breathing-pores,  often  called  spiracles.  These  are  situ- 
ated in  joints  two  and  five  to  twelve  inclusive.  These 
stigmata  open  into  a series  of  air-tubes  which  ramify 
through  the  system,  each  stigma  leading  to  a single  trunk 
of  the  system.  Close  to  the  origin  of  this  trunk  a large 
air-canal  runs  along  each  side  of  the  body,  connecting 
all  the  trunks  of  one  side.  J oints  three  and  four,  having 
no  stigmata,  receive  their  branches  of  the  system  of  air- 
passages  from  this  trunk.  Like  the  air-passages  in  the 
lungs  of  the  vertebrate  animals,  these  tracheae  continue  to 


20 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


divide  and  subdivide  till  the  minute  tubes  penetrate  all 
parts  of  the  body,  especially  all  parts  of  the  circulatory 
system.  It  is  in  these  ultimate  divisions  that  the  inter- 
change of  gases  takes  place  which  constitutes  the  purifi- 
cation of  the  blood,  or  circulating  fluid. 

The  head  is  of  a rounded  or  oval  form,  and  has  a harder 
covering  than  the  other  parts  of  the  body.  When  the 
larva  is  first  hatched  the  head  is  nearly  globular,  divided 
down  the  front  by  a suture  which  forks  about  the  middle. 
As  the  larva  approaches  maturity  the  head  usually 
changes  in  shape,  assuming  the  characters  that  are 
peculiar  to  the  species.  The  lower  edge  of  the  little 
triangular  piece  which  stands  between  the  forks  of  the 
frontal  suture  supports  a little  membrane,  the  labrum, 


a,  Head  of  larva  of  Danais  Archippus  from  beneath,  X 10:  lb,  labrum;  md,  mandi- 
ble ; wi.r,  maxilla,  with  two  palpi ; Zm,  labium,  with  one  pair  of  palpi ; s,  spinneret ; 
a,  antennae ; o,  ocelli ; Z>,  side  view,  and  c,  front  view,  X 3.  (Scudder,  after  Burgess.) 


or  upper  lip,  and  back  of  this  are  two  stout  biting  jaws, 
or  mandibles,  with  serrated  edges,  that  work  laterally  (see 
Fig.  3).  The  mouth  lies  between  these  jaws,  and  back  of 
them  are  the  secondary  jaws,  or  maxillae,  which  in  many 
insects  have  a movement  similar  to  that  of  the  mandibles, 
but  they  do  not  in  the  butterfly  larvae.  They  consist 
of  a pair  of  fleshy  prominences,  and  each  of  them  has 


Fig.  3. 


a 


b 


c 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


21 


two  feelers,  called  palpi,  the  outer  composed  of  several 
joints,  the  inner  of  only  one.  Between  and  partly  below 
or  back  of  the  maxillae  is  the  labium,  or  under  lip,  being 
more  like  the  maxillae  than  like  the  upper  lip.  This 
bears  on  each  side  at  the  tip  a small  jointed  appendage  : 
these  appendages  are  termed  the  labial  palpi.  Between 
these  is  another  appendage,  tubular,  which  is  similar  to 
the  spinneret  of  the  spider,  and  from  which  the  cater- 
pillar spins  a web  over  smooth  surfaces  as  a support  for 
its  feet  in  walking,  and  the  silk  it  fastens  its  feet  to  in 
moulting  and  in  changing  to  a chrysalis.  Back  of  the 
jaws,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a crescent,  are  the  eyes, 
or  ocelli,  five  or  six  on  each  side. 

The  bodies  of  different  caterpillars  differ  greatly  in 
their  external  covering  as  well  as  in  shape.  Some  ap- 
pear to  be  naked,  but  even  these  are  covered  with  a 
delicate  pile ; others  have  simple  or  compound  spines  or 
tubercles,  usually  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows  with  a 
definite  number  to  each  joint,  generally  beginning  with 
joint  three,  or  the  second  thoracic  segment. 

Usually  the  larvae  of  butterflies  are  cylindrical,  in  some 
a little  enlarged  at  or  near  the  middle;  in  others,  as 
in  some  Papilios,  the  thoracic  segments  are  enlarged, 
and  at  times  assume  shapes  peculiarly  their  own.  In 
such  cases  the  head  is  often  smaller  than  the  succeeding 
joints,  and  when  at  rest  is  drawn  back,  as  it  were,  into 
the  joint  behind.  In  others  the  second  segment  is 
smaller  than  the  head,  as  with  many  of  the  Hesperians. 

Most  butterfly  larvae  have  the  thoracic  and  abdominal 
legs  as  given  at  first,  but  in  some,  as  the  Lycaenidae,  the 
prolegs  are  very  small,  and  the  caterpillar  seems  to  glide 
over  surfaces  instead  of  walking,  the  under  side  being 


22 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


a muscular  pad,  by  whose  expansions  and  contractions 
the  larva  moves. 

The  Papilios  have  in  the  upper  part  of  the  second 
segment  a peculiar  V-shaped  extensile  appendage,  known 
as  a “ scent-organ,”  or  osmateria,  which  they  protrude 
from  a transverse  slit  when  disturbed,  but  which  is  at  other 
times  concealed.  This  organ  is  without  doubt  used  as  a 
defense,  the  disagreeable  odor  emitted  repelling  enemies. 
In  some  of  the  Lycaenidae  the  posterior  part  of  the  body 
has  extensile  organs  that  secrete  a sweet  fluid  which  is 
eaten  greedily  by  ants.  These  in  turn  guard  the  larvae 
against  the  attacks  of  ichneumon-flies,  very  much  as  they 
protect  plant-lice  from  the  attacks  of  enemies  for  the 
sweet  fluid  they  get  from  the  honey-tubes  of  the  lice. 

In  passing  from  the  eggs  to  the  full-grown  larvae, 
caterpillars  moult  or  shed  their  skins  from  four  to  five 
times.  At  each  moult  they  not  only  come  out  in  a skin 
that  is  larger  than  the  old  one,  which  thus  permits  further 
growth,  but  the  color  and  other  markings  are  usually 
changed. 

In  habits  of  feeding  each  species  has  its  larval  peculi- 
arities. Some  feed  singly,  as  the  larvae  of  Grapta  Comma , 
on  the  under  side  of  a hop-  or  nettle-leaf.  Some  stitch 
together  the  edges  of  a leaf,  making  a more  or  less  closed 
retreat ; others  feed  on  the  surface  without  any  attempt 
at  concealment,  as  Papilio  Cresphontes , but  here  the  color 
and  shape  so  mimic  an  object  which  would  be  distasteful 
to  birds  that  it  is  not  molested  by  them.  The  young 
larvae  of  Apatura  are  gregarious,  but  are  not  protected 
by  a web.  After  the  third  moult  they  scatter,  and  the 
rest  of  the  time  are  solitary.  Melitcea  Phaeton  larvae 
make  a web,  within  which  they  feed  till  after  the  third 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


23 


moult,  when  they  close  every  place  of  egress  and  pass 
the  winter  in  the  web.  In  the  spring  they  leave  the  web 
and  bask  in  the  sunshine  on  the  leaves. 

THE  CHRYSALIS,  OR  PUPA. 

When  ready  to  change  to  a chrysalis,  the  larva  seeks 
some  retreat,  if  it  be  one  of  the  species  that  does  not 
pupate  in  a web  or  a cluster  of  leaves,  where  it  prepares 
to  change  to  the  pupal  or  quiescent  period.  In  the 
Papilionidse  and  Lycsenidse  this  preparation  consists  in 
spinning  a button  of  silk  on  the  under  side,  or  side,  of 
some  object,  within  which  it  entangles  the  hooks  of  the 
anal  feet.  Then  a loop  of  silk  is  woven  from  side  to 
side  that  will  support  the  body  a little  in  front  of  the 
middle,  in  which  the  body  is  allowed  to  rest,  held  in 
place  by  the  anal  feet.  Soon  the  skin  is  shed,  and  the 
chrysalis  appears  limp  and  pale,  but  as  the  moisture  is 
evaporated  the  outside  hardens,  and  it  assumes  a shape 
and  color  peculiar  to  the  species.  In  others,  as  the 
Nymphalidse,  the  button  of  silk  is  spun  and  the  anal 
feet  are  entangled  in  it,  but  the  front  part  of  the  body 
hangs  down  without  the  loop  of  silk  to  support  it. 
The  anterior  part  bends  like  a fish-hook,  after  which 
the  skin  is  shed  and  the  chrysalis  suspended  by  the  anal 
hooks. 

In  the  larva  there  was  but  little  distinction  of  parts, 
as  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen.  In  the  chrysalis  there  is 
more  of  a division  of  these  parts,  the  head  and  thorax 
being  united,  but  the  abdomen  readily  separable. 

In  moths  the  head  part  of  the  chrysalis  is  usually 
rounded,  but  in  butterflies,  especially  some  of  the  large 
Papilios,  the  cephalo-thorax  bears  several  prominences 


24 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


and  ridges,  often  continued  along  the  abdomen.  The 
ventral  part  contains  cases  for  the  wings,  antennae, 
tongue,  palpi,  and  legs.  The  wing-cases  extend  back 
several  joints  on  the  abdomen,  often  as  far  as  the  pos- 
terior edge  of  the  fifth  joint.  Between  the  wing-cases, 
and  extending  back  varying  distances,  are  four  other 
cases,  the  centre  the  tongue-case,  next  cases  for  the  an- 
terior pair  of  legs,  next  cases  for  the  middle  pair,  and 
outside  of  these  the  antennse-cases.  The  base  of  the 
tongue-case  is  larger  than  that  organ  is,  but  the  expan- 
sion of  this  part  is  used  as  a covering  for  the  palpi  and  to 
fill  up  the  space  between  the  legs.  The  posterior  pair  of 
legs  are  folded  beneath  the  wings,  and  are  not  shown  in 
the  chrysalis  by  any  case.  When  the  chrysalis  has 
become  dry  and  hard,  these  cases  are  inseparable;  but 
when  the  larva  skin  is  first  cast  off  and  the  parts  are  soft, 
they  may  be  separated  by  a sharp-pointed  instrument. 

The  anterior  part  of  the  head  may  be  rounded,  but 
more  often  it  ends  in  two  conical  points  or  a single  point. 
Just  back  of  this  part,  and  near  the  base  of  the  antennae, 
is  a smooth,  crescent-shaped  belt  which  corresponds  in 
position  to  the  ocelli  of  the  larva.  The  use  of  this  is  not 
fully  known,  though  it  is  without  doubt  a covering  for 
the  eyes.  Back  of  these  parts,  on  what  is  called  the  pro- 
notum,  is  often  another  elevation  with  ridges  running 
along  the  sides.  In  Limenitis  there  is  a prominent, 
rounded  elevation  back  of  the  mesonotum.  In  some 
species  the  elevations  and  depressions  are  too  complicated 
for  general  description. 

The  abdomen  is  more  or  less  conical,  tapering  towards 
the  anal  joint,  which  ends  in  a complicated  series  of  hooks 
known  as  the  cremaster.  These  hooks  are  fitted  for 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


25 


being  fastened  into  the  button  of  silk  to  which  the  anal 
legs  were  attached  before  changing  from  the  larva  to  the 
pupa  state.  The  joints  back  of  the  wing-cases  are  more 
or  less  movable.  In  the  chrysalides  of  the  Papilios  the 
lateral  ridges  of  the  ceplialo-thorax  are  continuous  to  the 
cremaster ; in  others,  as  some  of  the  Nymph  alidse,  there 
are  rows  of  tubercles  or  spines.  In  all  cases  the  abdomen 
contains  a row  of  stigmata  on  either  side  which  corre- 
spond to  those  in  the  larva,  except  the  anterior,  whose 
places  are  covered  by  the  wing-cases. 

The  outside  covering  of  the  chrysalis  is  a fine,  horny 
substance  known  as  chitine,  the  same  as  forms  the  hard 
parts  of  all  insects.  In  most  of  the  pupae  this  is  in  oolor 
greenish,  yellowish  gray,  or  some  shade  of  brown,  some- 
times ornamented  with  bright  metallic  spots. 

While  the  pupal  period  seems  externally  to  be  one  of 
inactivity,  internally  great  changes  are  going  on, — the 
preparation  for  a change  from  the  worm-like  caterpillar, 
which  can  only  creep  or  slide  over  a leaf  or  twig,  to  the 
airy  and  graceful  butterfly.  The  time  in  which  this 
change  takes  place,  the  pupal  period,  varies  greatly, 
ranging  from  six  or  seven  days  to  several  months,  as 
with  those  that  hibernate  in  this  state ; but  about  four- 
teen days  is  the  usual  time. 

When  the  pupal  period  draws  to  a close,  the  pupa-case 
is  burst  open  on  the  dorsal  part  of  the  cephalo-thorax, 
and  the  butterfly,  or  imago,  emerges  with  all  its  parts 
limp  and  moist.  This  bursting  of  the  case  is  accom- 
plished partly  by  the  moisture  that  is  exuded  from  the 
interior  for  the  purpose  of  softening  the  inner  integu- 
ment of  the  shell,  and  partly,  it  seems,  by  favorable 
atmospheric  conditions,  as  the  moist  atmosphere  of  a 
B 3 


26 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


damp  evening  or  a warm  rain  is  more  conducive  to  this 
change  than  dry  weather. 


THE  IMAGO. 


After  emerging  from  the  pupa-shell  the  butterfly  finds 
some  place,  often  the  pupa-case,  where  it  may  rest  with 
the  body  hanging  downward,  and  after  a moment’s  delay, 
as  if  for  rest,  it  proceeds  to  expand  the  wings,  which 
were  before  not  larger  than  the  finger-nail.  This  is  done 
partly  by  their  own  weight,  but  mostly  by  forcing  air 
into  the  hollow  veins  that  constitute  the  framework  of 
the  wings.  After  the  wings  are  expanded  to  their  full 
size,  the  insect  remains  till  they  are  fully  dry  before  it 
flies  away. 

A butterfly  has  three  principal  divisions  of  the  body, — 
the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen.  The  head  is  more  or 
less  globular,  and  contains  the  mouth  parts,  the  eyes,  and 
the  antennae  as  its  principal  divisions.  On  either  side 
of  the  head  are  the  eyes,  two  convex  hemispheres  that 
are  made  up  of  a great  number  of  small  eyes 
or  facets,  the  whole  on  each  side  of  the  head 
being  known  as  a compound  eye.  In  some 
species  as  many  as  three  thousand  six  hundred 
and  fifty  facets  have  been  counted  in  a single 
eye.  Each  of  these  is  hexagonal  in  shape  (see 
Fig.  4),  and  contains  all  the  parts  of  a perfect 
eye.  The  surface  of  this  compound  eye  may  be  smooth, 
or  moderately  covered  with  short  hairs,  which  are  situ- 
ated between  the  facets.  Some  of  the  moths  have  besides 
the  compound  eyes  ocelli  above  these,  and  it  is  said  one 
species  of  the  butterflies  has  one  on  each  side ; but  aside 
from  this  these  insects  have  only  the  compound  eyes. 


Fig.  4. 


Facets 
of  a com- 
pound 
eye. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


27 


Above  the  eyes  are  the  antennae,  two  long,  jointed 
organs,  each  composed  of  many  joints,  which  may  be 
divided  into  three  groups, — those  of  the  base,  the  stalk, 
and  the  club.  The  two  joints  composing  the  base  are 
larger  than  the  others ; the  stalk  is  merely  a jointed 
thread;  the  club  has  the  joints  shorter  and  broader.  In 
some  cases  the  antennae  are  bare,  in  others  they  are  more 
or  less  clothed  with  scales.  The  use  of  these  organs  is 
not  fully  known,  but  they  are  supposed  by  many  to  be 
organs  of  hearing.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  club  are 
microscopic  pits  connecting  with  nerves,  showing  that 
the  antennae  are  sense-organs;  and  it  is  probable  they 
are  not  connected  with  the  same  sense  in  all  insects.  In 
some  beetles,  and  some  grasshoppers,  ants,  and  bees,  the 
sense  is  without  much  doubt  one  of  touch ; in  some 
moths  it  seems  to  be  one  of  smell. 

On  the  under  side  of  the  head  are  the  mouth  parts. 
These  consist  first  of  a three-jointed  pair 
of  palpi,  which  are  densely  covered  with 
hair-like  scales,  and  which  project  out- 
ward and  often  curve  upward  more  or 
less  closely  to  the  front  of  the  head.  Be- 
tween the  palpi,  and  attached  to  the  head 
near  the  base  of  them,  is  the  proboscis, 
or  tongue  (see  Fig.  5).  This  is  a long, 
tapering,  horny  tube,  through  which  the 
insect  sucks  or  draws  up  fluid  substances 
from  flowers  or  other  objects.  When  rus,  showing 
at  rest,  the  tongue  is  coiled  backward  *ongue and  one  an- 
between  the  palpi  like  a watch-spring; 
when  uncoiled,  it  is  often  as  long  as  the  body  of  the 
insect.  It  consists  of  two  lateral  halves  united  down 


28 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  middle,  each  of  which  is  composed  of  a great  num- 
ber of  rings,  convex  on  the  outer  part  and  concave 
on  the  inner,  and  the  tube  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
these  concave  surfaces.  The  head  is  clothed  with  a dense 
coat  of  hair-like  scales,  often  spoken  of  as  hairs,  and 
the  arrangement  of  some  of  these  is  of  value  in  deter- 
mining genera  or  species. 

The  thorax  is  connected  or  joined  to  the  head  by  the 
neck,  and  bears  the  legs  and  wings.  It  consists  of  three 
joints,  to  each  of  which  is  attached  on  the  under  side  a 
pair  of  legs,  but  only  the  two  posterior  joints  are  fur- 
nished each  with  a pair  of  wings.  Each  leg  is  composed 
of  a basal  joint,  called  the  coxa,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a 
small  piece  called  the  trochanter.  Beyond  this  is  the  femur, 
the  longest  joint  of  the  leg ; attached  to  this  is  the  tibia, 
followed  by  the  tarsi,  or  foot,  which  consists  of  five  joints 
placed  end  to  end,  the  last  of  which  usually  has  a pair 
of  curved  claws.  The  middle  and  hind  tibise  usually 
have  a pair  of  spurs  at  the  end  of  each,  and  are  some- 
times more  or  less  armed  with  spines.  The  hind  tibiae 
in  some  species  have  an  additional  pair  of  spurs  near  the 
middle.  In  some  species  the  front  tibiae  have  an  ap- 
pendage on  the  middle  of  each,  called  an  epiphysis. 

In  one  family,  the  Nymphalidae,  the  front  legs  are  so 
much  aborted  as  to  be  of  no  service  in  walking ; and  such 
are  said  to  be  four-footed  butterflies.  In  the  other  fam- 
ilies the  pair  of  fore  legs  is  directed  forward,  and  the 
middle  and  hind  legs  backward ; but  in  this  family  the 
second  pair  of  legs  is  directed  forward. 

The  first  ring  of  the  thorax,  the  prothoracic,  is  smaller 
than  the  others,  and  its  only  appendages  are  a series  of 
scales  arising  from  the  upper  side,  forming  the  collar. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


29 


Fig.  6 


and  on  each  side  a small,  scaly  piece  covering  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  known  as  the  shoulder-tuft,  lap- 
pet, or  pterygoid.  The  second  and  third  thoracic  joints 
bear  each  a pair  of  wings.  These  are  composed  of  mem- 
branes supported  by  a 
framework  of  slender, 
tapering  tubes  between 
the  membranes.  The 
fore  wings  are  the  largest, 
triangular  in  general 
outline,  while  the  hind 
wings  are  more  or  less 
rounded  or  square.  The 
veins  or  framework  are 
nominally  five  principal 
veins, — the  costal,  sub- 
costal, median,  sub- 
median, and  internal. 

The  first  two  are  close 
together  near  the  front 
edge  of  the  wing,  and 
form  the  costa  (see  Fig. 

6).  The  median  passes 
through  the  middle  from 
the  base  to  near  the 
outer  third,  where  it 
usually  joins  the  sub- 
costal by  a cross-vein ; and  from  this  and  the  cross-vein 
are  given  off  several  branches,  the  subcostal  also  being 
branched  on  its  upper  side,  more  in  the  fore  wings  than 
in  the  hind.  The  area  between  the  subcostal  and  median 
veins  is  known  as  the  discal  cell,  or  the  cell,  the  branches 


wing;  a,  costal  vein;  6,  subcostal  vein;  61, 
6 2,  6 3,  6 4,  6 5,  five  subcostal  veinlets ; c,  in- 
dependent vein  ; d,  median  vein ; d 1,  <Z2,  eZ3, 
d 4,  four  median  veinlets ; e,  submedian  vein  ; 
/,  internal  vein ; 6 and  d are  situated  in  the 
discal  cell;  #7 1,  g 2,  <7  3,  the  upper,  middle, 
and  lower  discal  veinlets ; 1 1,  hind  wing  (the 
lettering  the  same). 


30 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


of  the  median  vein  as  the  median  venules  or  veinlets, 
the  branches  of  the  subcostal  as  the  subcostal  venules 
or  veinlets,  the  branches  from  the  cross- vein  as  the  discal 
venules  or  veinlets.  The  space  through  which  these 
venules  pass  is  sometimes  spoken  of  as  the  discal  space, 
or  disk.  The  submedian  and  internal  veins  occupy  the 
area  below  the  median,  the  latter  being  short  and  some- 
times wanting. 

The  arrangement  of  these  veins — called  by  some 
authors  nerves  and  nervures — is  of  value  in  classification, 
and  they  also  serve  to  locate  markings  which  rest  either 
near  or  upon  them.  When  the  wings  are  expanded 
(and  that  is  presumed  to  be  the  case  in  the  following 
descriptions  of  species  and  in  the  key),  the  front  edge  is 
called  the  costa,  the  part  next  to  the  body  the  base,  the 
edge  farthest  from  the  body  the  outer  or  terminal  margin, 
the  part  opposite  the  costa  the  posterior  or  hind  margin 
(the  inner  margin  of  some  authors).  The  angle  between 
the  costa  and  the  outer  margin  is  called  the  apex ; the 
one  between  the  outer  and  hind  margin  may  be  known 
as  the  posterior  angle  when  applied  to  the  fore  wings. 
The  hind  wings  have  the  costa,  outer  margin,  and  apex 
the  same  as  the  fore  wings,  the  latter  being  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  the  outer  angle,  but  the  part  of  the  hind  wing 
next  to  the  body  is  called  the  internal  or  inner  margin, 
and  the  angle  at  the  end  of  this  the  anal  angle. 

In  Europe,  and  to  some  extent  in  this  country,  a 
system  of  numbering  the  veins  has  been  adopted.  The 
plan  is  to  number  them  in  order  at  their  termination 
along  the  margin  of  the  wing,  without  regard  to  their 
length.  By  this  plan  the  one  extending  from  the  base 
of  the  wing  below  the  median  would  be  called  1,  the  first 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


31 


or  lower  branch  of  the  median  2,  the  second  branch  3, 
and  so  on  round  the  outer  margin  and  costa  to  the  costal 
vein,  which  will  have  the  highest  number.  If,  however, 
there  are  two  veins  below  the  median,  the  submedian  and 
internal,  the  first  is  called  1 a,  the  second  1 b.  The  same 
system  is  observed  with  the  hind  wings. 

The  membranes  of  the  wings  are  concealed  beneath  a 
covering  of  minute  colored  scales.  The  membrane  itself 
is  not  colored,  the  colors  of 
the  wing  being  due  to  the 
various  hues  of  the  scales. 

These  are  arranged  in  regular 
rows  (see  Fig.  7),  and  lap 
over  one  another  like  shingles 
on  a roof.  The  scales  are 
modified  hairs,  and  are  of 
various  shapes.  The  basal  end 
by  which  the  scale  is  attached 
to  the  wing  comes  more  or 
less  abruptly  to  a point ; but  the  other  end  varies,  being 
rounded  or  variously  toothed  or  pointed.  This  covering 
has  gained  for  these  insects  the  scientific  name  Lepidop- 
tera,  from  two  Greek  words  which  signify  scaly-wings. 

These  scales  cover  both  the  upper  and  the  lower  surface, 
and  they  are  usually  of  a different  color  below  from  what 
they  are  above.  Sometimes  this  difference  is  merely  a 
difference  in  shade  of  the  same  general  color,  at  other 
times  it  is  more  than  that,  as  in  the  Papilios,  etc.  The 
two  sexes  are  often  different  on  the  upper  surface,  but 
are  more  nearly  alike  beneath,  as  in  many  of  the  Pam- 
pliilas. 

The  abdomen  is  either  oval,  as  in  Papilio,  Vanessa, 


Fig.  7. 


Section  of  butterfly-wing  showing 
how  the  scales  are  attached. 


32 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


etc.,  or  more  slender,  as  in  Pieris,  or  nearly  conical,  as 
in  some  of  the  Hesperidae.  It  consists  of  eight  or  nine 
segments,  each  furnished  with  a spiracle  on  each  side. 
The  digestive  system,  which  in  the  larva  state  was  an 
alimentary  canal,  consisting  of  a cylindrical  muscular 
tube  extending  from  one  end  of  the  body  to  the  other, 
enlarging  in  some  places  and  contracting  in  others,  so 
as  to  be  naturally  divided  into  oesophagus,  stomach,  and 
intestines,  now  has  changed  into  a more  slender,  tortuous 
tube  twice  the  length  of  the  body.  The  respiratory 
system  is  similar  to  that  in  the  larva  state.  The  ner- 
vous system  consists  of  seven  ganglia,  while  in  the  larva 
there  were  eleven.  The  reduction  is  due  to  the  fusion 
during  the  pupa  state  of  those  in  the  anterior  part  of 
the  body,  forming  two  thoracic  ganglia,  which  distribute 
nerves  to  the  legs  and  the  muscles  of  the  wings.  The 
ganglia  in  the  head  and  abdomen  give  off  fibres  to  the 
various  organs  of  these  parts,  each  ganglion  serving  as 
a brain  to  the  part  in  which  it  is  located,  but  at  the 
same  time  communicating  with  the  other  ganglia  by 
nervous  filaments. 

HABITS  OF  BUTTERFLIES 

Butterflies  are  day-flyers.  They  rejoice  in  the  warm 
sunshine,  few  being  seen  on  the  wing  if  the  weather  be 
cloudy  with  a cold  wind.  On  the  side  of  a mountain  as 
the  sun  was  setting,  throwing  different  portions  into  the 
shadow  from  the  base  to  the  top,  the  writer  has  seen  the 
butterflies  fly  from  cluster  to  cluster  of  flowers  up  the 
acclivity,  going  just  fast  enough  to  keep  in  the  sun- 
shine. The  kinds  that  are  to  be  found  only  in  the 
woods  will  be  seen  flitting  about  in  a patch  of  sunshine 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


33 


where  the  sun  shines  through  a break  in  the  trees,  sip- 
ping sweets  from  the  flowers  or  basking  on  a leaf ; but  if 
some  other  patch  of  sunshine  is  sought,  it  is.  by  nearly 
direct  flight.  It  is  true  such  butterflies  as  Debis  Port - 
landia  are  almost  habitually  in  the  shade ; but  even  they 
are  more  active  on  sunshiny  days  than  when  the  skv  is 
overcast  with  clouds. 

The  direction  of  the  wind  seems  to  affect  all  insect 
life.  Though  the  sun  may  shine  in  a cloudless  sky,  if 
the  wind  blow  moderately  strong  from  the  northwest, 
butterflies  take  to  the  wing  but  little ; and  there  is  more 
in  this  than  the  fact  that  a wind  prevents  their  flying 
with  ease.  A much  stronger  south  wind  would  tempt 
them  forth  and  cause  them  to  be  blown  about  where  the 
wind  was  strongest,  but  behind  some  hill  or  sheltering 
wood  they  would  be  found  more  at  their  ease. 

The  habits  of  different  species  in  the  places  they  fre- 
quent vary  greatly.  There  are  a few  species,  as  Colias 
Philodice , Danais  Archippus , and  a few  others,  that  are 
to  be  found  everywhere  within  the  limits  of  their  range, 
in  wood  and  field,  town  and  country.  Papilio  Asterias 
is  another  species  that  has  a wide  range,  while  P.  Tro- 
ilus , Ajax , Philenor , and  Cresphontes  are  confined  more 
to  the  open  woods,  where  they  may  be  seen  in  search  of 
their  food-plants,  or  hovering  over  the  flowers  of  some 
Vernonia  or  Eupatorium,  or  slaking  their  thirst  at  a 
damp  place  in  the  road.  With  wind  and  weather  favor- 
able, these  may  often  be  seen  on  flowers  at  a distance 
from  the  woods.  Gallidryas  Piubule  and  Sennce , when 
they  occur  in  this  region,  are  to  be  found  in  the  fields  or 
open  woods  ; but  they  fly  rapidly,  stopping  for  a moment 
on  flowers,  seemingly  as  though  migrating.  From  this 


34 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


manner  of  flying,  which  is  usually  in  a north  or  south 
general  direction,  the  writer  has  thought  that  they  did 
not  breed  here,  but  that  the  larvae  were  to  be  found 
farther  south ; and  this  has  in  a measure  been  confirmed 
by  never  finding  any  larvae  or  eggs  on  their  food-plants. 

The  food-plant  of  a species  determines  to  some  extent 
the  places  of  its  resort.  Cabbage  and  turnips  being 
largely  the  food-plants  of  Pieris  Rapce , this  species  will 
be  found  more  about  gardens  and  fields  where  these 
plants  are  grown.  The  tame  and  prairie  grasses  furnish- 
ing food  for  the  different  forms  of  Satyrus  Alope , this 
species  will  be  found  in  meadows  and  prairies  ; while  the 
Neonymphas  and  Debis  Portlandia , feeding  more  on  the 
grasses  growing  in  shady  woods,  may  be  sought  in  these 
places.  The  Neonymphas  fly  low  and  with  a jerking 
motion,  unless  disturbed,  but  Debis  has  a different  flight. 
The  male  selects  some  tree,  on  whose  trunk  he  may  be 
found,  darting  out  upon  every  intruder,  large  or  small, 
to  return  again  to  his  post ; the  female  being  near  by, 
perched  upon  a blade  of  grass  or  a leaf.  The  Theclas 
are  to  be  found  in  some  open  wood  or  on  bushes  along 
the  border  of  a clearing.  They  rest  upon  the  sunny  side 
of  a bush  on  a leaf,  frequently  flitting  out  and  back  again 
to  the  same  or  an  adjoining  leaf;  and  Feniseca  Tarquinius 
has  a similar  habit.  The  Lycsenas  are  to  be  found  more 
about  grasses  and  flowers,  or  hovering  over  some  moist 
place  in  the  path  or  about  some  pool  or  small  stream. 
The  different  species  of  Pyrameis  or  Junonia  are  often 
to  be  found  in  a path  or  road,  from  which  they  will  fly 
up  to  alight  a short  distance  ahead,  flying  past  you  after 
this  is  repeated  a few  times.  Limenitis  Disippus  has  a 
similar  habit,  being  found  not  far  from  some  clump  of 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


35 


willows.  L . Ursula  is  more  often  found  in  or  near  the 
woods  on  the  lower  leaves  of  some  tree  or  shrub,  or 
sipping  moisture  from  a mud-hole.  The  Pamphilas  are 
essentially  grass  insects,  and  are  seen  more  frequently 
about  the  rank  growths  of  semi- water-grasses  of  a swamp 
than  in  any  other  place,  except  a blossoming  clover-field. 
In  spring  the  wild  plums  and  judas-trees  form  a resort 
for  several  species  of  Eudamus,  Nisoniades,  and  Papilios, 
as  well  as  for  many  other  insects. 

Some  species  flock  together  in  great  numbers,  espe- 
cially after  they  have  multiplied  to  a great  extent,  as 
Danais  Archippus ; others  are  seldom  to  be  found  ex- 
cept in  pairs,  as  Debis  Portlandia  already  spoken  of,  and 
Paphia  Troglodyta.  The  latter,  instead  of  sitting  upon 
the  trunk  of  a tree,  takes  position  on  a leaf,  a stick,  or  a 
stump,  where  he  stands  guard  over  his  mate,  chasing 
away  every  intruder  and  returning  again  to  the  same 
place.  When  the  sun  sinks  in  the  west,  or  the  sky 
becomes  overcast  with  clouds,  the  butterflies  prepare  for 
the  night’s  sleep.  In  doing  this,  they  usually  attach 
themselves  to  the  under  side  of  a leaf,  with  the  wings 
folded  back  to  back,  and  the  fore  wings  thrown  back  so 
as  to  be  partly  covered  by  the  hind  wings.  Many 
species  are  of  such  colors  on  the  under  side  that  in  this 
position  they  are  not  conspicuous,  the  colors  simulating 
those  of  the  surrounding  objects.  The  coppery  brown  of 
the  under  side  of  Paphia  closely  resembles  that  of  a dead 
oak-leaf,  and  so  do  the  dull  browns  of  Satyrus,  Neo- 
nympha,  and  others,  though  some  are  more  variegated. 
The  writer  has  frequently  seen  Argynnis  Cybele  fly  about 
several  low  trees  and  try  several  leaves  before  finding 
one  to  its  liking.  Butterflies  will  sometimes  do  this  to 


36 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


avoid  danger.  A female  Calidryas  Sennce  was  struck  at 
by  the  writer  with  a net  as  it  was  passing  on  the  wing. 
It  dodged  the  net,  but  at  once  turned  from  its  course  and 
flew  to  a small  oak-bush,  where  it  settled,  in  an  attitude 
of  repose,  on  the  under  side  of  a leaf,  from  which  it  was 
taken  by  the  hand. 

Some  species  hibernate  in  the  butterfly,  or  imago,  state, 
as  Vanessa  Antiopa  and  some  of  the  Graptas.  If  a chip 
is  cut  from  a tree  in  the  forest  so  that  the  sap  flows  a 
little,  these  butterflies  may  be  seen  late  in  the  fall,  when- 
ever the  weather  is  mild,  sipping  at  such  a place.  As  it 
becomes  cooler  they  retire  to  some  sheltered  place,  where 
they  anchor  themselves  by  the  hooks  in  their  feet  and 
become  lethargic,  remaining  there  till  the  warmth  of 
spring  arouses  them  from  their  slumbers.  The  wounded 
trees,  fresh-cut  stumps,  and  early  flowers  furnish  them 
the  food  their  system  demands  in  the  spring;  and  in 
due  time  the  eggs  are  deposited  for  the  new  generation. 

COLLECTING  BUTTEKFLIES. 

This  may  be  considered  under  two  heads, — collecting 

the  adult  imagines 
and  rearing  them 
from  the  eggs  or 
larvae.  In  the  first 
a few  implements 
are  essential,  though 
they  need  not  be  ex- 
pensive,— a net  and 
a poison-bottle.  A 
net  to  be  used  easily  should  be  made  as  light  as  possible, 
though  it  must  be  stout  enough  to  be  serviceable.  It 


Fig.  8. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


37 


may  consist  of  three  parts,  the  bag,  hoop,  and  handle, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  8.  The  hoop,  c,  should  be  made  of 
about  No.  8 wire,  and  nine  inches  in  diameter  will  be 
a convenient  size.  Any  tinsmith  can  make  this.  The 
wire,  after  being  bent  in  the  form  of  a circle,  should  have 
the  two  ends  bent  out  so  that  they  may  come  together  as 
in  c,  though  not  left  so  long,  an  inch  and  a half  being 
long  enough.  The  second  part  of  the  hoop,  shown  at  bf 
consists  of  a tin  ferrule  which  may  be  a socket  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  handle.  This  should  be  four  and  a half 
inches  long,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide  at  the  large 
end,  and  tapering  down  so  that  the  two  ends  of  the 
wire  when  placed  close  together  will  just  fit  in.  Place 
these  in  the  small  end  of  the  ferrule  till  the  tin  comes 
against  the  circle,  and  fasten  with  solder.  Many  use  a 
patent  brass  socket  with  an  adjustable  wire  fastened  with 
a screw,  but  I find  these  heavier  than  the  one  here  de- 
scribed, besides  being  more  expensive,  this  not  costing 
more  than  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  cents.  The  bag 
part  of  the  net,  a,  should  be  made  of  some  strong  but 
light  material,  such  as  “ Swiss,”  though  mosquito  bar  will 
do  very  good  service.  If  the  material  used  is  a yard 
in  width,  this  may  be  taken  for  the  length  of  the  bag,  and 
the  dimensions  the  other  way  so  much  as  will  go  round  the 
hoop.  The  bottom  of  the  bag  should  be  rounded,  the  cloth 
of  the  other  end  put  over  the  wire,  and  over  this  a piece 
of  strong  muslin,  and  the  whole  sewed  close  to  the  wire. 

For  a handle  a stick  about  the  size  of  a walking-cane 
will  answer,  or  one  two  and  a half  feet  in  length,  made 
of  some  light  but  stout  wood.  Black  walnut  and  ash 
are  preferable  to  any  of  the  softer  woods,  as  they  are  not 
so  easily  broken.  The  handle  should  not  be  more  than 

4 


38 


TIIE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  should  taper  a 
little  at  one  end  so  as  to  fit  into  the  socket  of  the  hoop. 
A net  made  in  this  way  is  light  enough  to  be  used  easily 
by  even  a child  without  straining  the  wrist,  and  yet  is 
strong  enough  for  all  ordinary  purposes.  If  it  is  desirable 
to  put  the  net  in  a valise  or  trunk  when  one  is  travelling, 
the  handle  may  be  made  in  two  pieces  by  sawing  it  in 
two  in  the  middle,  having  a close-fitting  tin  or  brass 
ferrule  made  to  hold  it  together  when  in  use. 

Chloroform  has  been  used  to  some  extent  for  killing 
insects,  but  what  is  called  a “ poison-bottle”  is  pref- 
erable to  this,  on  account  both  of  expense  and  of  ease 
in  use.  This  is  made  by  placing  in  a large-mouthed 
bottle  several  pieces  of  cyanide  of  potassium,  the  amount, 
depending  upon  the  size  of  the  bottle.  If  the  bottle 
is  large  and  the  glass  thin,  it  is  better  to  break  the  cyan- 
ide into  pieces  not  larger  than  a pea,  as  otherwise  the 
bottle  may  be  broken  by  expansion  of  the  poison-cake. 
After  the  chemical  is  in  the  bottle,  pour  in  water  to  the 
depth  of  half  an  inch  or  less,  and  slowly  sprinkle  in 
plaster  of  Paris  till  a hard,  dry  cake  is  formed,  having 
some  loose  plaster  on  top  of  the  cake.  Upon  turning  the 
side  and  rolling  it  round,  this  will  absorb  any  moisture 
on  the  inside  of  the  bottle.  Wipe  down  the  sides  now 
with  a cloth,  using  a stick  if  necessary,  pour  out  the 
dry  plaster,  wipe  again  both  inside  and  out,  put  in  the 
cork,  and  the  bottle  is  ready  for  use.  Quinine-bottles 
are  a very  good  size  for  small  insects.  The  glass  jars 
with  tin  tops  in  which  “ Old  Reliable”  baking-powder 
is  put  up  make  excellent  bottles  for  general  use.  It  is 
better  to  have  several  poison-bottles,  so  that  one  may  be 
had  for  use  at  any  time  without  disturbing  those  that 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


39 


may  be  in  another  waiting  to  be  spread.  In  excursions 
for  butterflies  it  is  well  to  have  two  or  more  bottles,  so 
that  when  an  insect  is  killed  it  may  be  put  into  another 
bottle,  and  not  be  beaten  by  the  fluttering  wings  of  the 
next  capture.  Even  then  but  few  should  be  kept  to- 
gether in  the  second  bottle,  as  they  soon  get  rubbed  by 
being  carried  about.  Some  means  of  pinning  them  in 
the  field  as  soon  as  they  have  been  in  the  poison-bottle 
long  enough  to  insure  their  not  coming  to  life  again  is 
preferable.  To  avoid  this  rubbing,  the  writer  obtained 
a small  tin  box  with  a handle  at  the  top,  and  the  lid 
fastening  with  a clasp,  made  a cyanide-cake  in  the  bot- 
tom, and  put  a sheet  of  cork  round  the  inside,  with  the 
edge  coming  just  to  the  top  of  the  box.  This  box  is 
eight  and  a half  inches  long  by  six  wide,  and  five  high ; 
but  that  is  rather  small  to  hold  a large  number  of  cap- 
tures. With  a box  of  this  kind  it  is  necessary  to  use 
only  one  bottle,  as  when  the  insects  are  pinned  on  the 
inside  of  the  box  they  are  still  under  the  influence  of  the 
poison,  and  hence  may  be  pinned  as  soon  as  they  become 
quiet  in  the  bottle.  This  has  another  advantage  over  a 
box  without  the  cyanide,  as  the  specimens  need  not  be 
spread  till  the  next  day  after  they  are  captured,  or  even 
longer.  If  allowed  to  remain  long  in  the  box,  however, 
the  pins  are  liable  to  corrode. 

The  subject  of  using  the  net  may  be  passed  over 
briefly,  as  a little  practice  is  of  more  value  than  pages  of 
verbal  directions.  When  the  insect  is  in  the  net,  a quick 
turn  of  the  hand  brings  the  top  down  with  a fold  in  the 
bag  and  prevents  its  escape.  Then  by  carefully  getting 
its  body  between  the  thumb  and  finger  outside  the  net, 
with  the  wings  closed  back  to  back,  fluttering  is  pre- 


40 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


vented,  and  the  wings  are  kept  from  being  broken  oi 
the  scales  from  being  rubbed  from  the  body  and  wings. 
After  this  is  done,  the  poison-bottle,  with  the  cork  out, 
may  be  inserted  under  the  net  and  the  butterfly  let  into  it, 
where  he  will  soon  succumb  to  the  poisonous  fumes.  In 
taking  small  specimens  out  of  the  net  it  is  not  necessary 
to  seize  them  between  the  thumb  and  finger : with  the 
hoop  on  the  ground,  the  bottom  of  the  net  may  be  raised 
up,  when  they  will  fly  upward  as  far  as  they  can  get. 
Inserting  now  the  open  bottle  into  the  net,  the  specimens 
are  easily  secured. 

After  the  butterflies  are  captured,  what  we  shall  do  with 
them  depends  upon  whether  they  are  to  be  at  once  pre- 
pared for  the  cabinet,  or  whether  for  any  reason  this 
cannot  be  done.  Only  entomological  pins,  or  those  pre- 
pared specially  for  this  use,  should  be  used  in  pinning 
specimens.  For  butterflies,  Nos.  3, 4,  5,  and  6 of  Klaeger’s 
make  are  considered  the  best,  suiting  the  pin  to  the  size 

of  the  insect.  The  pin 
should  be  inserted  into 
the  middle  of  the  thorax, 
and  passed  through  till 
at  least  one-fourth  of 
the  pin  is  above  the 
body,  some  preferring 
as  much  as  one-third 
being  left  above.  This 
will  give  room  to  take 
hold  of  the  pin  in  trans- 
ferring from  box  to  box  without  injury  to  the  covering 
of  the  thorax,  and  will  bring  the  specimens  to  the  same 
height  in  the  cabinet.  After  pinning,  the  wings  should 


Fig.  9. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


41 


be  spread  in  the  manner  represented  by  Fig.  9,  on  what  is 
called  a setting-board.  This  may  be  made  of  any  length 
desired,  and  several  sizes  should  be  on  hand  to  accom- 
modate different-sized  specimens.  They  may  be  made  by 
taking  clapboards  or  siding,  sawing  them  into  strips,  and 
nailing  them  to  blocks  of  wood  one  inch  high,  as  in  the 
figure,  the  thin  edge  of  the  board  inward,  with  a space  be- 
tween for  the  bodies  .of  the  insects,  varying  according  to 
the  size  of  the  specimen  to  be  pinned  on  the  board.  This 
makes  the  boards  slope  a little  towards  the  middle,  and 
brings  the  outer  part  of  the  wings  a little  higher 
than  next  to  the  body  ; but  this  is  best,  as  when 
taken  from  the  boards  they  may  droop  a little. 

If  the  setting-boards  are  twenty-three  inches 
long,  it  will  be  necessary  to  support  them  by  a 
block  in  the  middle.  Under  the  space  between 
the  boards  should  be  fastened  a narrow  strip  of 
one-eighth  inch  cork,  or  a piece  of  thin  paste- 
board, tli  rough  which  the  pins  must  be  pushed 
till  the  lower  side  of  the  wings,  when  spread, 
comes  on  a level  with  the  boards. 

In  spreading  insects’  wings  setting-needles 
(see  Fig.  10)  should  be  used.  In  handling  speci- 
mens a pair  of  spring  forceps  with  smooth  points 
are  essential  to  prevent  rubbing  by  the  fingers. 

The  setting-needle  is  made  by  taking  a medium- 
sized needle  in  a pair  of  pliers  and  forcing  the 
eye  end  into  a piece  of  soft  wood.  Five  of 
these  will  be  found  convenient, — one  with  which  to  bring 
the  wings  down  if  they  stand  erect,  and  the  other  four 
to  bring  the  wings  round  in  place,  inserting  each  one  into 
the  soft  setting-board  through  the  wing  when  the  latter 

4* 


Fig.  10. 


Setting- 

needle. 


42 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


is  where  it  is  wanted.  It  is  customary  now  among  ento- 
mologists to  bring  the  fore  wings  forward  until  the  hind 
margins  of  these  wings  shall  form  a straight  line,  as  in 
Fig.  32,  and  then  bring  the  hind  wings  far  enough  round 
to  look  natural.  When  the  wings  are  in  place,  put 
on  each  side  from  one  to  two  narrow  strips  of  paper,  as 
shown  in  the  figure. 

After  the  insects  are  spread  on  the  boards  they  may 
be  put  into  a drying-case,  where  they  should  remain  from 
five  to  ten  days,  according  to  the  size  of  the  specimens 
and  the  state  of  the  weather.  A convenient  case  may 
be  made  in  the  form  of  a box  long  enough  to  hold  the 
boards,  set  on  edge,  with  shelves  put  in  it  three  inches 
apart,  and  with  a door  in  front.  It  may  be  deep  enough 
for  two  of  the  boards  to  go  on  each  shelf.  If  the  back 
of  the  case  is  made  of  wire-cloth  the  specimens  will  dry 
more  readily. 

If  conveniences  are  not  at  hand  for  spreading  butter- 
flies when  caught,  as  in  travelling,  they  may  be  pinned, 
but  not  spread,  and  put  into  empty  boxes,  to  be  relaxed 
and  spread  at  some  future  time ; or  they  may  be  put  into 
papers  or  small  envelopes,  with  such  notes  as  to  place  and 
date  of  capture,  etc.,  as  may  be  of  interest  marked  on  the 
outside.  To  prepare  a paper  for  this  purpose,  take  a strip 
of  ordinary  writing-paper  a little  longer  than  wide,  and 
fold  it  obliquely  across  the  middle  so  that  a quarter  of  an 
inch  shall  project  beyond  each  of  the  sides  of  the  triangle 
thus  made.  With  the  butterfly  inside  of  this,  the  wings 
folded  back  to  back,  and  the  projecting  part  folded 
over  the  edge  on  each  side,  a receptacle  is  formed  which 
will  keep  the  insect  in  good  condition  as  long  as  de- 
sired. The  size  of  the  papers  should  vary  with  the  size 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


43 


of  the  specimen  to  be  put  up.  Insects  put  up  in  this  way 
may  be  packed  in  boxes  and  sent  through  the  mails  to 
any  distance  with  little  danger  of  injury. 

When  desirable  to  prepare  specimens,  not  spread,  for 
the  cabinet,  they  may  be  put  into  a jar  or  box  having 
two  inches  of  wet  sand  in  the  bottom,  over  which  a couple 
of  thicknesses  of  paper  have  been  placed.  By  remaining 
in  such  a place  from  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours,  or 
longer  if  not  pliable  by  that  time,  the  specimens  become 
softened  so  that  the  wings  may  be  spread  the  same  as 
fresh  specimens.  The  jar  or  box  containing  the  speci- 
mens should  be  kept  in  a cool  place,  as  otherwise  the 
insects  may  mould  before  they  are  relaxed  enough  to  be 
spread. 

Some  form  of  a cabinet  to  hold  the  specimens  after 
they  are  dry  is  a necessity.  The  best  form  is  that  con- 
sisting of  a series  of  closed  drawers,  all  enclosed  by  doors, 
as  this  double  enclosing  insures  partial  immunity  from 
museum  pests.  Among  the  many  patterns  or  styles  the 
simple  is  often  as  good  as  the  more  complicated.  This 
may  consist  of  drawers  of  any  desired  size,  with  a glass 
top  set  into  a frame  that  matches  tightly  on  to  the  lower 
part.  For  a large  cabinet  the  glass  may  be  sixteen  by 
twenty  inches,  and  the  drawers  one  and  three-fourths  or 
one  and  seven-eighths  inches  deep  on  the  inside  from  the 
bottom  to  the  glass.  As  many  as  seventy-two  of  these 
drawers  may  be  arranged  in  a cabinet  in  three  upright 
rows,  or  a less  number  if  desired.  For  a smaller  cabinet 
the  drawers  may  be  smaller,  as,  for  instance,  fourteen  by 
sixteen  inches  glass  with  the  same  depth  ; and  any  num- 
ber from  sixteen  to  forty,  arranged  in  two  rows.  It  is 
better  to  have  the  cabinet  made  of  some  hard  wood,  as 


44 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


cherry  or  black  walnut,  though  the  drawers,  all  but  the 
front,  may  be  of  pine.  When  made,  the  drawers  should 
be  lined  on  the  bottom  with  insect  cork,  and  this  and  the 
sides,  up  to  the  glass,  covered  with  white  paper.  If 
the  paper  be  ruled  both  ways  with  blue  lines  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  apart,  this  will  facilitate  putting  specimens  in 
with  regularity,  and  will  not  detract  from  the  looks. 

Some  use  boxes  made  in  the  form  of  books,  which  are 
convenient  on  some  accounts,  but  cannot  be  recommended 
except  as  a temporary  expedient. 

Museum  pests  are  great  destroyers  of  collections. 
These  consist  of  one  or  more  species  of  Dermestidse,  a 
family  of  small  beetles,  which  in  the  larva  state  eat  any 
dead  animal  matter  if  it  be  dry,  and  one  or  more  species 
of  small  mites.  Camphor  gum  wrapped  in  a piece  of 
thin  cloth  and  put  into  a corner  of  the  drawer,  or  a 
naphthaline  cone  pinned  in,  will  destroy  the  mites,  but 
the  Dermestes  must  be  sought  and  killed.  Nothing  short 
of  vigilance  will  keep  them  out.  When  a cabinet  is  free 
from  them,  careful  guarding  against  their  introduction 
in  new  specimens  added  to  it  will  generally  insure  im- 
munity from  them.  Where  specimens  are  suspected  of 
being  infested,  they  should  be  placed  in  a box  away  from 
the  cabinet  and  watched,  and  not  introduced  until  known 
to  be  free  from  these  pests. 

One  of  the  best  means  of  obtaining  good  specimens 
of  many  butterflies  is  by  raising  them  from  the  eggs  or 
captured  larvae.  Besides  good  specimens,  a knowledge 
of  the  preparatory  stages  is  thus  obtained,  and  this  is 
not  less  important  than  the  habits  and  other  items  we 
learn  about  the  imagines.  It  is  now  well  known,  chiefly 
through  the  investigations  of  Mr.  Edwards,  that  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


45 


females  of  most,  if  not  of  all,  of  the  species  of  butter- 
flies when  caught  and  confined  with  the  proper  food- 
plant  will  readily  deposit  eggs.  If  the  plant  be  small, 
it  may  be  transferred  to  a flower-pot,  and  the  whole 
covered  with  a Swiss  muslin  bag,  supported  by  two  or 
three  sticks  set  in  the  dirt  in  the  pot.  If  the  food-plant 
is  a tree  or  bush,  then  a limb  may  be  enclosed  in  the 
bag  with  the  butterfly  in  it.  The  female  placed  in  the 
bag  may  not  deposit  eggs  at  once,  but  in  most  cases  she 
will  do  so  within  two  or  three  days.  Some  species  do 
not  lay  their  eggs  till  some  time  after  their  emergence 
from  the  chrysalis,  as  the  eggs  are  not  sufficiently 
matured  in  the  ovaries.  With  such  species  it  is  better 
to  take  a specimen  which  by  its  worn  appearance  shows 
that  it  has  been  some  time  from  the  chrysalis.  It  may 
be  desirable  to  keep  the  butterfly  alive  for  several  days, 
and  this  can  be  done  only  by  feeding  her,  as  without 
food  she  would  starve.  A method  recommended  by 
Mr.  Edwards  is  to  put  raw  dried  apples  into  a small 
dish  with  a little  sugar  and  water.  The  insect  will  eat 
this  readily,  and  by  this  means  eggs  may  be  secured 
when  they  would  not  be  otherwise. 

If  the  food-plant  is  not  known,  several  plants  may  be 
tried  till  one  is  found  upon  which  the  butterfly  will 
oviposit.  Often  a food-plant  may  be  guessed  by  know- 
ing what  an  allied  species  feeds  upon ; though  this  does 
not  always  hold  true.  In  the  part  of  this  work  devoted 
to  the  descriptions  of  species,  the  food-plants  of  the 
species  are  given  so  far  as  known.  As  will  be  seen,  there 
are  a number  of  species  of  whose  preparatory  stages 
nothing  is  known,  embracing,  among  others,  nearly  all 
of  the  Hesperidse. 


46 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Iii  feeding  the  larvae,  some  entomologists  leave  the 
muslin  bag  over  the  limb  where  the  eggs  were  deposited 
until  the  eggs  hatch,  and  allow  the  larvae  to  feed  on  the 
leaves  thus  enclosed.  This  is  a good  way  to  obtain  chry- 
salides for  butterflies  with  little  expense  of  labor  in  feed- 
ing and  caring  for  the  larvae,  if  only  the  perfect  insects 
are  desired,  but  it  gives  very  little  chance  for  observations. 

If  it  is  desirable  to  study  the  larvae  as  they  grow  (and 
nothing  about  entomology  can  be  more  interesting),  the 
eggs,  with  the  leaves  on  which  they  are  placed,  should  be 
removed  to  some  vessel  where  they  will  not  dry  up,  and 
where  they  will  be  secure  from  the  attacks  of  ants. 
Ordinary  jelly-glasses  with  tin  tops  are  good  for  this 
purpose.  When  the  eggs  begin  to  hatch,  the  young 
larvae  may  be  transferred  to  another  jelly-glass,  or,  if 
there  are  only  a few  of  them,  they  may  be  left  for  a day 
or  two  in  the  same  dish,  introducing  tender  leaves  for 
them  to  eat.  Mr.  Edwards  suggests  the  use  of  tubes 
for  a few  of  the  larvae,  so  that  they  may  be  more  easily 
observed  while  young  than  in  a larger  dish.  The  time 
of  depositing  the  eggs  should  be  noted,  also  the  time  of 
hatching,  and  the  shape  and  color  of  the  young  larvae, 
making  observations  every  twelve  or  twenty-four  hours. 

The  larvae  of  butterflies  moult  or  shed  their  skins 
from  four  to  five  times  in  coming  to  maturity,  and 
usually  they  present  different  colors  and  markings  each 
time  they  change  their  outer  covering.  These  notes, 
taken  at  least  as  often  as  they  moult,  and  a description 
of  the  egg  and  chrysalis,  with  the  dates  at  which  these 
changes  take  place,  form  the  life-history  of  tlie  species. 
To  this  should  be  added  any  other  items  of  interest  that 
may  be  observed,  such  as  the  food-plant,  whether  solitary 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


47 


or  gregarious,  the  manner  of  feeding  and  place  of  rest- 
ing, place  and  manner  in  which  the  chrysalis  is  formed, 
manner  of  depositing  the  eggs,  etc.  Such  life-histories 
form  a valuable  part  of  our  knowledge  of  these  insects. 

Moulting  is  a critical  period  in  the  history  of  a cater- 
pillar. To  make  preparation  for  it  the  larva  fixes  its 
feet  to  some  object,  and  after  remaining  quiet  for  a time 
bursts  the  skin  open  on  the  back  of  the  thorax,  and 
through  this  opening  comes  out  of  its  old  skin.  At 
first  all  the  external  parts  are  soft  and  tender,  for  which 
reason  it  is  easily  injured.  Soon  the  parts  harden  by 
evaporation  of  the  water,  and  the  caterpillar  then  resumes 
its  feeding.  During  the  time  of  moulting  it  should  not 
be  transferred  from  one  vessel  to  another  if  it  can  be 
avoided.  The  time  of  moulting  may  be  known  by  the 
enlargement  of  the  neck  or  second  segment,  caused  by 
the  partial  withdrawing  of  the  head  from  the  old  skin 
and  pushing  it  up  against  this  part. 

If  the  larvae  when  first  hatched  are  placed  in  tubes, 
they  may  afterwards  be  placed  in  a jelly-dish,  where 
they  may  be  kept  till  of  considerable  size.  The  writer 
has  kept  several  species  in  jelly-dishes  till  they  were 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long.  From  this  they  may  be 
transferred  to  the  breeding-cage,  or  vivarium.  Some 
entomologists  use  a cage  made  of  wire  gauze  over  a frame- 
work, with  a zinc  bottom  to  hold  dirt  and  the  food,  but 
these  are  expensive.  The  writer  has  used  for  a number 
of  years  boxes  of  different  sizes  with  a glass  in  front  for 
a door,  sliding  in  upright  grooves.  Upon  the  bottom  of 
the  box  is  placed  two  and  a half  inches  of  garden-soil  and 
sand, — just  enough  of  the  latter  to  prevent  the  soil  from 
drying  in  hard  cakes.  By  wetting  the  dirt  occasionally, 


48 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


and  placing  the  food-plant  on  the  dirt  or  setting  it  up 
against  the  sides,  the  conditions  can  be  made  very  nearly 
what  they  are  where  the  larvae  feed  unconfined  on  the 
grass  or  tree  in  their  freedom;  and  this  making  theii 
condition  as  nearly  as  possible  what  it  is  in  nature  is 
essential  to  successful  breeding. 

It  is  a mistaken  idea  that  larvae  will  not  bear  confine- 
ment in  close  vessels.  Being  obliged  to  leave  home 
for  a time  when  two  species  were  about  half  grown,  I 
had  some  of  each  put  into  jelly-dishes  with  their  food- 
plants  and  took  them  with  me.  They  were  kept  in 
these  dishes  till  they  reached  maturity  by  being  fed  each 
day,  and  they  produced  the  imagines  without  the  loss  of 
a single  individual ; and  this  is  not  the  only  instance 
in  which  the  writer  has  kept  them  in  this  way. 

In  an  article  in  the  “ Canadian  Entomologist”  on 
rearing  larvae  (vol.  xvi.  page  116),  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards 
says,  “ Larvae  bear  confinement  in  tight  glasses  well,  and 
I often  receive  them  from  correspondents  as  distant  as 
Florida  or  California,  through  the  mails,  in  good  condi- 
tion. The  plants  keep  well  in  this  sort  of  confinement 
also.  I have  never  used  what  are  known  as  breeding- 
cages,  which  are  expensive  if  purchased,  and  are  trouble- 
some to  make  at  home.”  Farther  on  in  the  same  article 
he  says,  “As  for  large  larvse,  as  of  the  Papilios,  I 
generally  use  powder-kegs  (wood),  or  nail-kegs,  one  or 
the  other  of  which  can  be  had  anywhere.  Remove  the 
top  hoop,  and  use  the  second  one  to  bind  down  the 
cotton-cloth  cover ; put  a little  earth  in  the  bottom,  and 
in  it  set  a two-quart  glass  fruit-jar  filled  with  water,  in 
which  branches  of  the  food-plant  are  placed.  No 
further  care  is  required  than  to  substitute  fresh  branches 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


49 


for  the  old  ones  as  the  leaves  are  consumed,  and  the 
larvse  will  go  on  to  pupation.  This  is  when  it  is 
desired  to  get  chrysalides  by  wholesale. 

“But  where  observation  of  the  larvae  is  necessary, 
glass  tubes  and  tumblers,  and  gauze-covered  flower-pots, 
and  tin  pails  and  nail-kegs,  will  answer  all  the  purposes 
of  elaborate  and  expensive  cages,  and  be  more  satisfactory, 
I apprehend.  At  any  rate,  all  my  work  is  done  in  this 
way.”  A reference  to  Mr.  Edwards’s  publications  will 
attest  the  success  of  his  methods  of  rearing  butterfly 
larvae. 

USE  OF  THE  KEY. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  following  key  for  the  aid  of 
the  student  in  identifying  specimens,  an  effort  has  been 
made  so  to  combine  a key  to  the  genera  with  one  to  the 
species  that  they  shall  be  one  key,  and  at  the  same  time 
have  the  merits  of  separate  keys.  This  has  been  done 
by  inserting,  at  the  end  of  a description  referring  to  a 
genus,  the  generic  name  as  well  as  the  number  referring 
to  where  the  specific  descriptions  begin.  If  the  genus 
to  which  a given  specimen  belongs  is  known,  it  will  not 
be  necessary  to  begin  at  the  first  of  the  key  and  go 
through  till  the  particular  genus  is  reached,  but  by 
running  the  eye  over  the  names  at  the  right-hand  side 
of  the  page  the  genus  may  be  found,  and  the  number 
after  the  generic  name  will  direct  where  to  go  to  find 
the  species. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  key  such  characters  have 
been  used  as  would  be  the  most  readily  recognized  by 
the  student,  facility  in  identification  being  aimed  at, 
though  by  so  doing  the  tables  were  made  in  a measure 
artificial.  The  numbers  in  parentheses  after  the  species 
c d 5 


50 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


refer  to  the  numbers  at  the  head  of  each  specific  descrip- 
tion in  the  body  of  the  work,  the  other  numbers  at  the 
light-hand  side  of  the  page  refer  to  other  parts  of  the  key. 

NAMES  OF  BUTTERFLIES. 

Few  of  our  American  butterflies  have  common  names 
that  are  generally  recognized.  The  few  that  have  com- 
mon names  are  mostly  such  as  have  obtained  them  by 
reason  of  their  being  injurious  insects,  such  as  the  Rape 
or  European  Cabbage  Butterfly,  etc.  For  this  reason 
only  the  scientific  names  are  used  in  this  work.  If  it 
is  desirable  to  use  a common  name,  the  specific  name 
can  be  used  as  such ; indeed,  this  has  for  some  time  been 
the  custom  in  many  localities.  For  instance,  Papilio 
Asterias  is  spoken  of  as  the  Asterias  butterfly,  P.  Ajax 
as  the  Ajax  butterfly,  etc.  Pieris  Rapce , because  of  its 
being  brought  to  this  country  from  Europe,  is  usually 
called  the  European  Cabbage  butterfly,  though  it  is  often 
called  the  Rape  butterfly. 

The  scientific  names  are,  like  the  scientific  names  of 
other  groups  of  natural  objects,  Latin  words,  and  as 
such  are  subject  to  the  rules  of  that  language  in  pronun- 
ciation. By  observing  the  place  of  accent  as  given  in 
the  following  list,  and  remembering  that,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, in  Latin  each  vowel  makes  a syllable,  little 
difficulty  need  be  experienced  in  pronunciation.  To 
those  who  are  classical  scholars  no  such  suggestions  are 
necessary. 

The  scientific  name  consists  of  two  words,  the  first  the 
generic  name,  or  the  name  of  the  genus.  This  has  nearly 
its  parallel  in  the  last  word  of  a man’s  name.  The  second 
is  the  specific  name,  or  that  which  is  used  to  identify  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


51 


particular  kind.  In  the  names  of  human  beings,  the 
given  name,  or  that  which  is  used  to  designate  a par- 
ticular individual,  in  a measure  corresponds  with  this. 
After  the  specific  name  is  given,  in  an  abbreviated  form, 
the  name  of  the  entomologist  who  described  the  insect 
originally  under  the  specific  name  here  used. 


ACCENTUATED  LIST  OF  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 
EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Pa-piFi-o  A'jax,  Linnaeus. 

2.  Pa-piPi-o  Phi-le'nor,  Linnaeus. 

3.  Pa-piPi-o  As-te'ri-as,  Fabricius. 

11  11  aberr.  Cal-ver-ley'i-i,  Grote. 

“ 11  var.  As-te-ro-Fdes,  Reakirt. 

4.  Pa-piPi-o  Tro'i-lus,  Linnaeus. 

5.  Pa-piPi-o  Pal-a-me'des,  Drury. 

6.  Pa-piPi-o  Tur'nus,  Linnaeus. 

u 11  dim.  form  Glau'cus,  Linnaeus. 

7.  Pa-piFi-o  Cres-phoiPtes,  Cramer. 

8.  Pa-piFi-o  Po-lyd'a-mas,  Linnaeus. 

9.  PPe-ris  Il-a-Fre,  Godart. 

10.  PPe-ris  Mo-nus'te,  Linnaeus. 

11.  PPe-ris  Pro-tod'i-ce,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

11  u form  Yer-na'lis,  Edwards. 

12.  PPe-ris  Na'pi,  Esper. 

“ 11  aberr.  Yir-gin-i-en'sis,  Edwards. 

11  11  form  Ol-e-ra'ce-a  HSs'ti-va,  Harris 

13.  PPe-ris  Yir-gin-i-en'sis,  Edwards. 

14.  PPe-ris  Ra'pae,  Linnaeus. 

u 11  var.  Man'ni,  Mayer. 

“ l<  var.  No'vae  An'gli-ae,  Scudder. 

15.  Na-tha'lis  I'o-le,  Boisduval. 

11  11  var.  I-re'ne,  Fitch. 

16.  An-thoch'a-ris  O-lym'pi-a,  Edwards. 

17.  An-thoch'a-ris  Ge-mPti-a,  Fabricius. 

18.  Cal-lid'ry-as  Eu-bu'le,  Linnaeus. 

19.  Cal-lid'ry-as  Sen'nae,  Linnaeus. 


52 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


20.  Cal-lid'ry-as  Phil'e-a,  Linnaeus. 

21.  Cal-lid'ry-as  A-gar'i-the,  Boisduval. 

22.  Kric-o-go'ni-a  Lys'i-de,  Godart. 

“ “ form  Te-ris'sa,  Lucas. 

23.  Co'li-as  Cae-so'ni-a,  Stoll. 

24.  Co'li-as  Eu-ryth'e-me,  Boisduval. 

“ “ form  A-ri-ad'ne,  Edwards. 

“ 11  11  Kee-way'din,  Edwards. 

25.  Co'li-as  Phi-lod'i-ce,  Godart. 

26.  Co'li-as  In-te'ri-or,  Scudder. 

27.  Te'ri-as  Ni-cip'pe,  Cramer. 

28.  Te'ri-as  Mex-i-ca'na,  Boisduval. 

29.  Te'ri-as  Li'sa,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

30.  Te'ri-as  De'li-a,  Cramer. 

31.  Te'ri-as  Ju-cun'da,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

32.  Hel-i-co'ni-a  Char-i-to'ni-a,  Linnaeus. 

33.  Dan'a-is  Ar-chip'pus,  Fabricius. 

34.  Dan'a-is  Ber-e-ni'ce,  Cramer. 

35.  Co-lae'nis  Ju'li-a,  Fabricius. 

36.  A-grau'lis  Ya-niPlae,  Linnaeus. 

37.  Ar-gyn'nis  I-da'li-a,  Drury. 

“ “ aberr.  Ash'ta-roth,  Fisher. 

38.  Ar-gyn'nis  Di-a'na,  Cramer. 

39.  Ar-gyn'nis  Cyb'e-le,  Fabricius. 

40.  Ar-gyn'nis  Aph-ro-di'te,  Fabricius 

41.  Ar-gyn'nis  Al-ces'tis,  Edwards. 

42.  Ar-gyn'nis  At-lan'tis,  Edwards. 

43.  Ar-gyn'nis  My-ri'na,  Cramer. 

44.  Ar-gyn'nis  Mon-ti'nus,  Scudder. 

45.  Ar-gyn'nis  Bel-lo'na,  Fabricius. 

46.  Eup-toi-e'ta  Clau'di-a,  Cramer. 

47.  Mel-i-tae'a  Pba'e-ton,  Drury. 

11  “ aberr.  Su-per'ba,  Strecker. 

“ 11  “ Phae-thu'sa,  Hulst. 

48.  Mel-i-tae'a  Har-ris'i-i,  Scudder. 

49.  Phy-ci-o'des  ISTyc'te-is,  Doubleday  and  Hewitson. 

50.  Phy-ci-o'des  Car-lo'ta,  Beakirt. 

51.  Phy-ci-o'des  Pha'on,  Edwards. 

52.  Phy-ci-o'des  Tha'ros,  Drury. 

11  11  form  Mar'ci-a,  Edwards. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


53 


Phy-ci-o'des  Tha'ros,  form  MoPphe-us,  Fabricius. 

“ 11  11  aberr.  Pack-aPdi-i,  Saunders. 

53.  Phy-ci-o'des  Bates'i-i,  Reakirt. 

54.  E-re'si-a  Fris'i-a,  Poey. 

55.  Grap'ta  In-ter-ro-ga-ti-o'nis,  Fabricius. 

“ form  Fa-bri^i-i,  Edwards. 

11  “ Um-bro'sa,  Lintner. 

56.  Grap'ta  Com'ma,  Harris. 

“ u form  Har-ris'i-i,  Edwards. 

“ “ “ Dry ''as,  Edwards. 

57.  Grap'ta  Fau'nus,  Edwards. 

58.  Grap'ta  Grac/i-lis,  Grote  and  Robinson. 

59.  Grap'ta  Prog'ne,  Cramer. 

60.  Grap'ta  J APbum,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

61.  Va-nes'sa  An-tPo-pa,  Linnaeus. 

11  11  aberr.  Lint-ne'ri-i,  Fitch. 

62.  Va-nes'sa  Mil-bePti-i,  Godart. 

63.  Py-ra-me'is  At-a-lan'ta,  Linnaeus. 

64.  Py-ra-me'is  Hun'te-ra,  Fabricius. 

65.  Py-ra-me'is  CaPdu-i,  Linnaeus. 

66.  Ju-no'ni-a  Coe'ni-a,  Hiibner. 

67.  A-naPti-a  JaPro-phae,  Linnaeus. 

68.  Eu'ni-ca  Mon'i-ma,  Cramer. 

69.  Ti-me'tes  PePre-us,  Cramer. 

70.  Vic-to-rPna  Sten'e-les,  Linnaeus. 

71.  Di-a-de'ma  Mi-sip'pus,  Linnaeus. 

72.  Li-men-Ptis  UPsu-la,  Fabricius. 

73.  Li-men-Ptis  APthe-mis,  Drury. 

11  11  form  LanPi-na,  Fabricius. 

“ “ 11  Pro-sePpi-na,  Edwards. 

74.  Li-men-Ptis  Di-sip'pus,  Godart. 

“ “ var.  Flor-i-den'sis,  Strecker. 

“ “ aberr.  Pseu-do-do-rip'pus,  Strecker 

75.  Li-men-Ptis  E'ros,  Edwards. 

76.  Ap-a-tiPra  CePtis,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

77.  Ap-a-tu'ra  A-licj'i-a,  Edwards. 

78.  Ap-a-tu'ra  Cly'ton,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

“ “ form  Pro-sePpi-na,  Scudder. 

“ 11  “ O-cel-la'ta,  Edwards. 

79.  Ap-a-tiPra  Flo'ra,  Edwards. 


54 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


80.  Pa'phi-a  Trog-lod'y-ta,  Fabricius. 

81.  De'bis  Port-lan'di-a,  Fabricius. 

82.  Ne-o-nynPpha  Can'thus,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

83.  Ne-o-nym'pha  GenPma,  Hiibner. 

84.  Ne-o-nym'pha  A-re-o-la'tus,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

85.  He-o-nynPpha  Eu'ry-tris,  Fabricius. 

86.  Ne-o-nynPpha  So-syb'i-us,  Fabricius. 

87.  SaPy-rus  Pe-ga'la,  Fabricius. 

88.  SaPy-rus  APo-pe,  Fabricius. 

11  11  form  Ma-riPi-ma,  Edwards. 

11  “ “ Neph'e-le,  Kirby. 

“ 11  “ 0-lym'pus,  Edwards. 

89.  Chi-o-no'bas  JuPta,  Hiibner. 

90.  Chi-o-no'bas  Se-mid'e-a,  Say. 

91.  Lib-y-the'a  Bach-man'ni,  Kirtland. 

92.  Ca-leph'e-lis  Cse'ni-us,  Linnaeus. 

93.  Ca-leph'e-lis  Bo-re-a'lis,  Grote  and  Kobinson 

94.  Eu-me'ni-a  APa-la,  Poey. 

95.  Thec'la  Ha-le'sus,  Cramer. 

96.  Thec'la  M APbum,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

97.  Thec'la  Fa-vo'ni-us,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

98.  Thec'la  Au-tol'y-cus,  Edwards. 

99.  Thec'la  Hu'mu-li,  Harris. 

100.  Thec'la  A-ca'di-ca,  Edwards. 

101.  Thec'la  Ed-wards'i-i,  Saunders. 

102.  Thec'la  Witt-feld'i-i,  Edwards. 

103.  Thec'la  Cal'a-nus,  Hiibner. 

“ “ var.  Lo-ra'ta,  Grote  and  Robinson. 

104.  Thec'la  On-ta'ri-o,  Edwards. 

105.  Thec'la  Stri-go'sa,  Harris. 

106.  Thec'la  Smi-la'cis,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

107.  Thec'la  A'cis,  Drury. 

108.  Thec'la  Po'e-as,  Hiibner. 

109.  Thec'la  Col-u-mePla,  Fabricius. 

110.  Thec'la  Au-gus'tus,  Kirby. 

111.  Thec'la  I'rus,  Godart. 

“ “ var.  APsa-ce,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

112.  Thec'la  Hen'ri-ci,  Grote  and  Robinson. 

113.  Thec'la  Ni'phon,  Hiibner. 

114.  Thec'la  Lae'ta,  Edwards. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


55 


115  Thec'la  Ti'tus,  Fabricius. 

116.  Fen-i-se'ca  Tar-quin'i-us,  Fabricius. 

117.  Chrys-o-pha'nus  Di-o'ne,  Scudder. 

118.  Chrys-o-pha'nus  Tho'e,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

119.  Chrys-o-pha'nus  Ep-ix-an'the,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

120.  Chrys-o-pha'nus  Hy-poph'le-as,  Boisduval. 

121.  Ly-cae'na  Lyg'da-mus,  Doubleday. 

122.  Ly-cae'na  Scud-de'ri-i,  Edwards. 

123.  Ly-cae'na  Pseu-dar-gi'o-lus,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

11  11  form  Lu'ci-a,  Kirby. 

11  u 11  Mar-gi-na'ta,  Edwards. 

11  11  11  Vi-o-la'ce-a,  Edwards. 

“ “ “ Hi'gra,  Edwards. 

“ “ “ Neg-lec'ta,  Edwards. 

124.  Ly-cae'na  Co-myn'tas,  Godart. 

125.  Lv-cae'na  Fi-le'nus,  Poey. 

126.  Ly-cae'na  I-soph-thal'ma,  Herrick-Schaefier. 

127.  Ly-cae'na  Ex'i-lis,  Boisduval. 

128.  Ly-cae'na  Am'mon,  Lucas. 

129.  Ly-cae'na  The-o'nus,  Lucas. 

130.  Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus  Man'dan,  Edwards. 

131.  Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus  O'ma-ha,  Edwards. 

132.  An-cy-lox'y-pha  Nu'mi-tor,  Fabricius. 

133.  Tliy-mel'i-cus  Pow'e-shick,  Parker. 

134.  Pam'phi-la  Mas-sa-so'it,  Scudder. 

135.  Pam'phi-la  Zab'u-lon,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

“ 11  var.  Ho-bo'mok,  Harris. 

“ 11  form  Po-ca-hon'tas,  Scudder. 

“ “ var.  Quad-ra-qui'na,  Scudder. 

136.  Pam'phi-la  Sas'sa-cus,  Harris. 

137.  Pam'phi-la  Me'te-a,  Scudder. 

138.  Pam'phi-la  Un'cas,  Edwards. 

139.  Pam'phi-la  Sem-i-no'le,  Scudder. 

140.  Pam'phi-la  Le-o-nar'dus,  Harris. 

141.  Pam'phi-la  Mes'ke-i,  Edwards. 

142.  Pam'phi-la  Hu'ron,  Edwards. 

143.  Pam'phi-la  Phy-lae'us,  Drury. 

144.  Pam'phi-la  Bret'tus,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

145.  Pam'phi-la  O'tho,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

'*  11  var.  E-ger'e-met,  Scudder. 


56 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


146.  Pam'phi-la  Peck'i-us,  Kirby. 

147.  Pam'phi-la  Mys'tic,  Scudder. 

148.  Pam'phi-la  Cer'nes,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

149.  Pam'phi-la  My'us,  French. 

150.  Pam 'phi-la  Man-a-ta'a-qua,  Scudder. 

151.  Pam'phi-la  Yer'na,  Edwards. 

152.  Pam'phi-la  Yes'tris,  Boisduval. 

153.  Pam'phi-la  Met-a-com'et,  Harris. 

154.  Pam'phi-la  Ac'ci-us,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

155.  Pam'phi-la  Lo'am-mi,  Whitney. 

156.  Pam'phi-la  Mac-u-la'ta,  Edwards. 

157.  Pam'phi-la  Pa-no'quin,  Scudder. 

158.  Pam'phi-la  O-co'la,  Edwards. 

159.  Pam'phi-la  Eth'li-us,  Cramer. 

160.  Pam'phi-la  Bi-mac'u-la,  Grote  and  Eobinson. 

161.  Pam'phi-la  Pon'ti-ac,  Edwards. 

162.  Pam'phi-la  I)i'on,  Edwards. 

163.  Pam'phi-la  Ar'pa,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

164.  Pam'phi-la  Pa-lat'ka,  Edwards. 

165.  Pam'phi-la  Yi-tel'li-us,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

166.  Pam'phi-la  Del-a-wa're,  Edwards. 

167.  Pam'phi-la  Bys'sus,  Edwards. 

168.  Pam'phi-la  O-sy'ka,  Edwards. 

169.  Pam'phi-la  Eu-fa'la,  Edwards. 

170.  Pam'phi-la  Fus'ca,  Grote  and  Eobinson. 

171.  Pam'phi-la  Hi-an'na,  Scudder. 

172.  Pam'phi-la  Yi-a'tor,  Edwards. 

173.  Am-bly-scir'tes  Yi-a'lis,  Edwards. 

174.  Am-bly-scir'tes  E'os,  Edwards. 

175.  Am-bly-scir'tes  Sam'o-set,  Scudder. 

176.  Am-bly-scir'tes  Tex'tor,  Hiibner. 

177.  Pyr'gus  Tes-sel-la'ta,  Scudder. 

178.  Pyr'gus  Cen-tau're-ae,  Eambur. 

179.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Bri'zo,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

180.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Ic'e-lus,  Lintner. 

181.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Som'nus,  Lintner. 

182.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Lu-cil'i-us,  Lintner. 

183.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Per'si-us,  Scudder. 

184.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Au-so'ni-us,  Lintner. 

185.  Nis-o-ni'a-dcs  Mar-ti-a'lis.,  Scudder. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


57 


186.  Nis-o-ni'a-des  Ju-ve-na'lis,  Fabricius. 

187.  Nis-o-nPa-des  Pe-tro'ni-us,  Lintner. 

188.  Nis-o-nPa-des  Nae'vi-us,  Lintner. 

189.  Phol-i-so'ra  Ca-tuPlus,  Fabricius. 

190.  Phol-i-sc/ra  Hay-hursPi-i,  Edwards. 

191.  Eu-da/mus  PyPa-des,  Scudder. 

192.  Eu-da/mus  Ba-thyFlus,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

193.  Eu-da'mus  Ly^i-das,  Smith  and  Abbott. 

194.  Eu-da'mus  CePlus,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

195.  Eu-da'mus  Zes'tos,  Hiibner. 

196.  Eu-da'mus  TiPy-rus,  Fabricius. 

•197.  Eu-da'mus  Pro'te-us,  Linnaeus. 

198.  E-ryq'i-des  Bat-a-ba-no',  Lefebvre. 

199.  E-ry^i-des  A-myn'tas,  Fabricius. 

200.  Meg-a-thy/mus  Yuc'cae,  Boisduval  and  Leconte. 

201.  Meg-a-thy'mus  Cof-a-quP,  Strecker. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  FOB  THE  DETEBMIN  ATION  OF 
THE  BUTTEBFLIES  OF  THE  EASTEBN  UNITED 
STATES. 

1. 

Antennae  filiform,  terminating  in  a knob  or  club, 

BUTTERFLIES,  2 

Antennae  not  knobbed,  MOTHS. 

2. 

Having  six  feet  adapted  for  walking,  - 3 

Having  four  feet  adapted  for  walking,  the  front  pair  aborted,  35 

3. 

Body  rather  slender,  width  of  thorax  from  one-eighth  to  one- 

sixth  the  length  of  hind  margin  of  fore  wings,  4 

Body  robust,  width  of  thorax  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  the 

length  of  hind  margin  of  fore  wings,  Hesperidae,  120 

4. 

General  or  ground  colors  black,  white,  or  yellow  ; size  generally 

from  medium  to  large,  ' Papilionidae,  5 

Colors  blue,  coppery,  or  blackish  f size  generally  small, 

Lycaenidae,  89 


& 


58  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

Colors  black  and  green,  with  fulvous  abdomen ; or  brownish 
fulvous,  with  many  black  spots,  Erycinidse,  9S>  87 

Colors  black  and  fulvous,  palpi  beak-like, 

Libythea  Bachmanni,  9 (91) 

5. 

Large  species,  hind  wings  tailed ; or  black  with  submarginal 

bands  of  yellow  spots,  Papilio,  6 

Small  or  medium-sized  species,  hind  wings  not  tailed,  Pierinae,  14 

6. 

Ground  or  principal  color  black,  7 

Ground  color  yellow,  with  several  black  bands,  Papilio  Turnus,  (6) 

7. 

Wings  crossed  by  a number  of  greenish  or  greenish-yellow 

bands,  red  at  anal  angle,  Papilio  Ajax,  (1) 

Wings  crossed  by  one  or  two  rows  of  yellow  or  greenish  spots,  8 

8. 

Wings  crossed  by  one  row  of  spots,  9 

Wings  crossed  by  two  rows  of  spots,  11 

9. 

Wings  tailed,  10 

Wings  not  tailed,  Papilio  Polydamas,  (8) 

10. 

No  blue  clouds  on  hind  wings,  spots  greenish,  Papilio  Philenor,  (2) 
Blue  clouds  on  hind  wings,  spots  yellow, 

Papilio  Turnus,  var.  Glauca,  9 (8) 

11. 

Bows  of  spots  yellow,  12 

Bows  of  spots  bluish  or  greenish,  two  rows  on  hind  wings  and 

near  the  posterior  angle  of  fore  wings,  Papilio  Troilus,  (4) 

12. 

Spots  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  13 

Bows  of  spots  not  parallel  with  the  outer  margin, 

Papilio  Cresphontes,  (7) 
13. 

Orange  anal  patch  pupilled  with  black,  Papilio  Asterias,  (3) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


59 


Orange  anal  patch  not  pupilled  with  black, 

Papilio  Palamedes,  (5) 

14. 

Antennae  abruptly  terminating  in  an  ovoid  club,  15 

Antennae  truncated  at  the  end  and  obconic,  or  terminating  in- 
sensibly in  an  obconic  club,  22 

15. 

Abdomen  shorter  than  the  hind  wings ; color  white  or  very 

pale  yellow,  16 

Abdomen  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  hind  wings;  color 
lemon-yellow,  black  at  apex,  along  hind  margin  of  fore 
wings  and  costa  of  hind  wings,  Nathalis  Iole,  (15) 

16. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  marks,  or  marked  along  the 

veins,  Pieris,  17 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  covered  with  a greenish  net-work, 

Anthocharis,  21 

17. 

Fore  wings  with  no  black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  18 

Fore  wings  with  a black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  more  or 
less  of  a black  border,  Pieris  Protodice,  (11) 

18. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  plain  white,  apex  of  fore  wings 

black,  Pieris  Ilaire,  (9) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  plain  yellow,  Pieris  Rapae,  (14) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  marked  along  the  veins,  19 

19. 

Black  border  to  both  wings,  Pieris  Monuste,  (10) 

No  black  border  to  the  wings,  20 

20. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  pale  yellow,  with  brownish  along 
the  veins,  Pieris  Napi,  aberr.  Virginiensis,  (12) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  white,  with  brownish  along  the  veins, 

Pieris  Virginiensis,  (13) 

21. 

No  orange  at  apex  of  fore  wings, 

Anthocharis  Olympia,  (16) 
A large  orange  apical  patch,  Anthocharis  Genutia,  (17) 


60 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


22. 

Antennae  insensibly  terminating  in  a club,  truncate  at  the  end, 

Callidryas,  23 

Antennae  terminating  in  an  obconic  club,  26 

23. 

Color  above,  lemon-yellow  or  dirty  yellowish  white  ; beneath, 

lemon-yellow,  with  or  without  orange  tint,  24 

Color  above,  orange  or  whitish  orange,  25 

24. 

Clear  lemon-yellow  above  and  below,  with  slight  greenish  tint ; 
female  with  discal  dot  and  terminal  row  of  spots, 

Callidryas  Eubule,  (18) 

Color  above,  lemon-yellow,  or  dirty  whitish  yellow;  beneath, 
orange-tinted ; female  with  discal  dot  on  fore  wings  and 
terminal  border,  Callidryas  Sennse,  (19) 

25. 

Color  light  orange  with  reddish-orange  spots, 

Callidryas  Philea,  (20) 

Color  light  orange  or  orange-tinted  white ; orange-tinted  be- 
neath ; sub  terminal  band  on  under  side  of  fore  wings 
straight,  Callidryas  Agarithe,  (21) 

26. 

Hind  wings  with  an  orange  discal  spot ; both  wings  with  black 
border,  Colias,  27 

Hind  wings  without  discal  spot,  30 

27. 

Ground  color  yellow,  28 

Ground  color  orange,  or  at  least  an  orange  patch  in  the  middle 

of  fore  wings,  Colias  Eurytheme,  (24) 

28. 

Fore  wings  black  at  base,  the  yellow  making  a “ dog’s  head,” 

with  the  discal  dot  for  an  eye,  Colias  Caesonia,  (23) 

Fore  wings  without  black  at  base,  29 

29. 

Under  side  with  a submarginal  row  of  dark  points, 

Colias  Philodice,  (25) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


61 


Under  side  without  submarginal  row  of  dark  points, 

Colias  Interior, 


30. 


Color  yellow  or  orange,  with  black  terminal  border,  Terias, 
Color  white,  base  of  fore  wings  yellow,  Kricogonia  Lyside, 


81. 

Hind  wings  with  a prominent  angle,  color  yellow, 

Terias  Mexicana, 

Hind  wings  rounded,  not  angled, 

32. 

Ground  color  orange,  Terias  Nicippe, 

Ground  color  yellow, 

33. 

Fore  wings  without  black  on  the  hind  margin,  Terias  Lisa, 
Fore  wings  with  black  along  the  hind  margin, 

34. 

Under  side  with  pink  at  apex  of  fore  wings  and  over  hind 
wings,  Terias  Delia, 

Under  side  without  pink,  Terias  Jucunda, 

35. 

Small  species,  brownish  fulvous  with  many  black  spots ; or 
black  and  green,  with  abdomen  orange,  Erycinidae,  ^s, 
Not  having  the  above  characters,  Nymphalidae, 

36. 

Fore  wings  long  and  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  wide, 

Fore  wings  not  long  and  narrow, 

37. 

Black,  with  yellow  zebra  stripes,  Heliconia  Charitonia, 

Fulvous,  with  black  border  and  oblique  stripe,  Colaenis  Julia, 

38. 

Palpi  remote,  not  extending  muchrbeyond  the  head ; discal  cell 
of  hind  wings  closed ; a black  spot  on  vein  of  hind  wings 
of  £ , Danais, 

Palpi  nearly  connivent,  porrect,  discal  cell  generally  open; 
veins  of  fore  wings  not  dilated  at  base, 

6 


(26) 

31 

(22) 


(28) 

32 


(27) 

33 

(29) 

34 


(30) 

(31) 


36 


37 

38 


(32) 

(35) 


39 


40 


62  the  butterflies  of  the 

Palpi  close,  elevated,  very  hairy ; discal  cell  always  closed ; 

veins  of  fore  wings  usually  dilated  at  base,  79 

Palpi  several  times  as  long  as  the  head,  contiguous,  in  the  form 
of  a beak  ; wings  angled  ; females  six-footed, 

Libythea  Bachmanni,  ^ (91) 

39. 

Color  fulvous,  veins  black,  Danais  Archippus,  (33) 

Color  fulvous  brown,  veins  not  black,  Danais  Berenice,  (34) 


40. 

Eyes  naked,  41 

Eyes  hairy,  69 

41. 

Club  of  antennae  short,  ovoid,  usually  flattened  in  dry  speci- 
mens, 42 

Club  of  antennae  obconic  or  gradually  terminating  in  a knob,  62 

42. 

Outer  margin  of  fore  wings  sinuous,  • 43 

Outer  margin  of  fore  wings  not  sinuous,  49 

43. 


Silver  spots  on  under  side  of  wings,  Agraulis  Vanillae,  (36) 

No  silver  spots  on  under  side  of  wings,  44 

44. 

Three  large  “ eye-spots”  on  the  upper  surface,  Junonia  Ccenia,  (66) 
Five  or  six  small  eye-spots,  with  or  without  pupils,  on  the 

upper  surface  of  the  hind  wings,  Apatura,  46 

Upper  surface  without  eye-spots,  45 

45. 

Fulvous,  with  a paler  mesial  band,  Euptoieta  Claudia,  (46) 

Fulvous,  marked  with  four  somewhat  united  basal  lines,  and 
three  bands  on  the  fore  wings  that  are  partially  united, 

Eresia  Frisia,  (54) 

46. 

One  eye-spot  near  outer  margin  of  fore  wings,  48 

No  eye-spots  on  fore  wings,  47 

47. 

Two  outer  rows  of  pale  spots  lighter  than  the  ground  color, 

Apatura  Clyton,  (78) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


63 


Two  outer  rows  of  spots  not  lighter  than  the  ground  color 

Apatura  Flora,  (79) 

48. 

Hind  wings  fulvous,  Apatura  Alicia,  (77) 

Hind  wings  dark  brown,  Apatura  Celtis,  (76) 

49. 

General  color  (except  9 of  Diana ) fulvous,  under  side  of  wings 

(except  Bellona)  with  silver  spots,  Argynnis,  50 

General  color  black,  with  a terminal  border  of  red  spots, 

Melitaea  Phaeton,  (47) 

General  color  fulvous,  with  a prominent  black  border ; no 

silver  spots  on  the  under  side,  57 

50. 

Under  side  of  wings  with  silver  spots,  51 

Under  side  of  wings  without  silver  spots,  though  white  spots 

may  he  present,  56 

51. 

Basal  two-thirds  of  wings  of  J dark  fulvous  brown,  outer 
third  fulvous  ; 9 blue-black,  outer  third  blue, 

Argynnis  Diana,  (38) 

Fore  wings  fulvous,  hind  wings  black,  Argynnis  Idalia,  (37) 

Both  wings  fulvous,  52 

52. 

Basal  part  of  wings  plain  fulvous  brown,  53 

Basal  part  of  wings  not  differing  from  the  rest,  size  medium, 

Argynnis  Myrina,  (43) 

53. 

Basal  half  of  wings  fulvous  brown,  Argynnis  Cybele,  (39) 

Less  than  half  of  wings  brown,  54 

54. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a light  submarginal  band,  55 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  a light  suhmarginal  band, 

Argynnis  Alcestis,  (41) 

55. 

Under  side  of  hind*  wings  light  brown,  Argynnis  Aphrodite,  (40) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  maroon,  Argynnis  Atlantis,  (42) 

56. 

With  white  spots  on  the  under  side,  Argynnis  Montinus,  (44) 


64  the  butterflies  of  the 

Under  side  without  white  spots,  Argynnis  Bellona,  (45) 

57. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  fulvous  ; a central  and  basal  band  of 
buff  spots  ; submarginal  lunules  white,  Mellitaea  Harrisii,  (48) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  brownish  or  brownish  yellow, 

Phyciodes,  58 

58. 

Broad  central  band  of  white  or  light  buff  on  under  side,  59 

Central  band  of  under  side  narrow  or  wanting,  submarginal 

row  of  spots  small,  60 

59. 

Submarginal  row  of  dark  brown  spots  on  under  side  of  hind 

wings  pupilled  with  white,  Phyciodes  Nycteis,  (49) 

Submarginal  row  of  spots  on  under  side  with  no  more  than  one 
pupilled  with  white,  Phyciodes  Carlota,  (50) 

60. 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  with  a pale  fulvous  or  almost  white 

band  beyond  the  cell,  61 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  without  a whitish  band, 

Phyciodes  Tharos,  (52) 

61. 

Expanse  from  1 to  1.25  inches ; a black  terminal  patch  on 
under  side  of  hind  wings,  Phyciodes  Phaon,  (51) 

Expanse  from  1.25  to  1.5  inches;  no  black  terminal  patch  on 
under  side  of  hind  wings,  Phyciodes  Batesii,  (53) 

62. 

Hind  wings  tailed,  63 

Hind  wings  not  tailed,  64 

63. 

Hind  wings  with  two  prominent  tails,  apex  of  fore  wings 

truncate,  Timetes  Petreus,  (69) 

Hind  wings  with  one  tail  and  a prominent  angle,  apex  rounded, 

Victorina  Steneles,  (70) 
Hind  wings  with  one  short  tail,  apex  pointed, 

Paphia  Troglodyta,  (80) 

64. 

Gray;  two  round  black  spots  on  hind  wings,  one  on  fore  wings, 

Anartia  Jatrophae,  (67) 
65 


Color  not  gray, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


65 


65 

Ground  color  chirk  chocolate  with  bluish-purple  reflections,  two 
white  patches  on  fore  wings  and  one  on  hind  wings  ; female 
fulvous,  with  blackish  border,  Diadema  Misippus,  (71) 

Ground  color  purplish  brown,  Eunica  Monima,  (68) 

Ground  color  black  or  fulvous,  or  mahogany-brown, 

Limenitis,  66 


66. 

Ground  color  black, 

Ground  color  fulvous  or  mahogany, 


67 

68 


67. 

Wings  without  broad  white  bands, 
Both  wTings  with  broad  white  bands, 


Limenitis  Ursula,  (72) 
Limenitis  Arthemis,  (73) 


68. 

Upper  side  fulvous,  under  side  paler,  Limenitis  Disippus,  (74) 
Both  surfaces  mahogany-brown,  Limenitis  Eros,  (75) 

69. 

A golden  or  silver  spot  on  under  side  of  hind  wings, 

Grapta,  70 

No  golden  or  silver  spot  on  under  side  of  hind  wings,  75 


70. 

Spots  in  the  discal  cell  of  fore  wings  wholly  or  partly  separate,  71 
Spots  in  the  cell  of  fore  wings  blended  into  a transverse  dash, 

Grapta  J Album,  (60) 

71. 

Silver  spot  on  under  side  of  hind  wing  in  two  pieces,  forming 

a semicolon,  Grapta  Interrogationis,  (55) 

Silver  spot  single,  72 

72. 

Fore  wings  with  a subterminal  row  of  three  round  black  spots, 

the  lowest  double,  73 

Fore  wings  with  a subterminal  row  of  three  round  black  spots, 
the  lowest  single,  74 

73. 


Silver  mark  a distinct  comma, 
Silver  mark  an  open  L, 


6* 


Grapta  Comma,  (56) 
Grapta  Gracilis,  (58) 


66 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


74. 

Under  side  of  wings  fawn  color,  marked  with  brown  and  lilac, 

Grapta  Faunus,  (57) 

Under  side  dark  brown  ; a light  band  across  the  fore  wings, 

Grapta  Progne,  (59) 

75. 


Apex  of  fore  wings  distinctly  truncate,  the  angles  sharp, 

Vanessa, 

Apex  of  fore  wings  somewhat  truncate,  the  angles  rounded, 

Pyrameis, 


76. 


76 

77 


Ground  color  maroon-brown,  outer  margin  yellow,  supple- 
mented by  a row  of  blue  spots,  Vanessa  Antiopa,  (61) 

Ground  color  brown,  submarginal  band  fulvous, 

Vanessa  Milbertii,  (62) 

77. 

Ground  color  black,  band  on  fore  wings  and  outer  margin  of 
hind  wings  fulvous,  Pyrameis  Atalanta,  (63) 

Ground  color  fulvous,  78 

78. 

Five  eye-spots  on  under  side  of  hind  wings, 

Pyrameis  Cardui,  (65) 

Two  eye-spots  on  under  side  of  hind  wings, 

Pyrameis  Huntera,  (64) 

79. 

Wings  entire,  eyes  hairy  or  naked,  80 

Wings  dentate,  hind  wings  strongly  angled  in  the  middle, 

eyes  hairy,  Debis  Portlandia,  (81) 

Hind  wings  dentate,  eyes  naked,  Satyrus,  85 


80. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  thick  marbling  of  dark- 

brown  abbreviated  lines,  alternating  with  gray  and  brown,  81 
Under  side  with  marbling  of  dark-brown  abbreviated  lines,  al- 
ternating with  gray  and  brown,  Chionobas,  86 


81. 

Wings  blackish  brown  or  wood-brown,  82 

Wings  russety,  eye-spots  above  prominent  on  both  wings, 

Neonympha  Canthus,  (82) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


67 


With  eye-spots  above, 
Without  eye-spots  above, 


82. 


83. 


Neonympha  Eurytris,  (85) 
83 


With  two  black  marks  on  the  outer  margin  of  hind  wings 

above,  Neonympha  Gemma,  (83) 

Without  marks  above,  84 

84. 

Transverse  lines  on  the  under  side  dark  brown, 

Neonympha  Sosybius,  (86) 
Transverse  lines  on  the  under  side  ferruginous  ochre, 

Neonympha  Areolatus,  (84) 

85. 

Fore  wings  with  a buff  band  containing  one  ocellus,  or  one 

ocellus  and  a small  black  spot,  Satyrus  Pegala,  (87) 

Fore  wings  with  or  without  a buff  band,  but  with  two  ocelli, 

Satyrus  Alope,  (88) 

86. 

With  eye-spots  above,  Chionobas  Jutta,  (89) 

Without  eye-spots  above,  Chionobas  Semidea,  (90) 

87. 

Brownish  fulvous  or  brown  ; numerous  rows  of  small  black 

spots,  88 

Black  and  green  ; abdomen  orange,  Eumenia  Atala,  (94) 

88. 

Brown  ; expanse  1 inch  or  more,  Calephelis  Borealis,  (93) 

Brownish  fulvous  ; expanse  .8  of  an  inch,  Calephelis  Caenius,  (92) 

89. 

Palpi  projecting  in  front  scarcely  the  length  of  the  head ; an- 
tennae reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  ; colors 
blue,  black,  or  blackish  brown,  Thecla,  90 

Palpi  projecting  in  front  more  than  the  length  of  the  head  ; 

antennae  not  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  107 


90. 

Hind  wings  with  two  slender  tails,  or  an  angle  in  place  of  the 
second,  91 


68  THE  butterflies  of  the 


Outer  margin  of  hind  wings  dentate ; no  orange  crescents  be- 
neath, 104 

Hind  wings  entire,  anal  angle  sharp,  106 

91. 

Upper  side  of  wings  blue,  with  a black  border,  92 

Upper  side  of  wings  dusky  or  blackish  brown,  94 

Upper  side  black,  more  or  less  tinged  with  blue  ; a red  line  be- 
neath edged  with  white,  Thecla  Poeas,  (108) 

92. 

Under  side  of  abdomen  orange,  Thecla  Halesus,  (95) 

Under  side  of  abdomen  not  orange,  93 

93. 

Dark  blue ; border  one-fourth  the  length  of  wing, 

Thecla  M Album,  (96) 

Pale  blue ; border  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  wing, 


Thecla  Acis,  (107) 

94. 

A pale-blue  patch  between  two  orange  spots  on  under  side  of 

hind  wings  near  anal  angle,  95 

No  blue  patch  near  anal  angle  ; under  side  green  marked  with 

brown  and  white,  Thecla  Smilacis,  (106) 

95. 

Upper  surface  with  orange  at  anal  angle,  96 

Upper  surface  without  orange,  or  at  least  very  faint,  98 

96. 

Orange  on  hind  wings,  a crescent  enclosing  a black  spot, 

Thecla  Humuli,  (99) 

Orange,  a patch  or  band  not  clearly  defined,  97 

97. 

The  points  of  the  W formed  by  the  inner  line  on  the  under 
side  of  the  hind  wings  touching  the  outer  line, 

Thecla  Favonius,  (97) 

The  points  of  the  W not  touching  the  outer  lino, 

Thecla  Autolycus,  (98) 


Under  side  pale  bluish  gray, 
Under  side  not  pale  gray, 


98. 


Thecla  Acadica,  (100) 
99 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


69 


99. 

Under  side  with  three  or  more  whitish  stripes, 

Thecla  Strigosa,  (105) 
Under  side  with  not  more  than  two  stripes,  100 


100. 

Color  dark  brown,  101 

Color  yellowish  brown,  Thecla  Edwardsii,  (101) 

101. 

Marks  at  the  ends  of  cells  on  under  side  of  both  wings,  102 

No  marks  at  the  ends  of  cells,  Thecla  Ontario,  (104) 


102. 

Under  side  ash-gray, 

Under  side  brown, 

103. 

Inner  line  on  the  under  side  double, 
Inner  line  on  the  under  side  single, 


Thecla  Columella,  (109) 
103 

Thecla  Calanus,  (103) 
Thecla  Wittfeldii,  (102) 


104. 

Brown  beneath  ; outer  half  lighter,  105 

Dark  brown;  under  side  with  two  light  bands  edged  with 
white  on  the  hind  wings  and  one  on  the  fore  wings, 

Thecla  Niphon,(113) 

105. 

A fine  dark-brown  line  separating  the  two  colors  of  the  under 
side,  Thecla  Augustus,  (110) 

A white  line  marking  the  separation  ; first  tooth  outside  of 
anal  angle  curving  outward,  Thecla  Irus  var.  Arsace,  (111) 
A white  line  marking  the  separation  ; first  tooth  outside  of  anal 

angle  not  curving  outward,  Thecla  Henrici,  (112) 


106. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  one  row  of  orange  spots, 

Thecla  Titus,  (115) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  two  rows  of  orange  spots, 

Thecla  Laeta,  (114) 
107. 

Color  above  fulvous,  or  coppery  and  black,  108 

Color  above  blue,  or  bluish  black,  Lycaena,  112 


70 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


108. 

Wings  fulvous  j border  of  fore  wings  and  base  of  hind  wings 

black,  Feniseca  Tarquinius,  (116) 

Wings  coppery,  or  purplish  black  with  fulvous  bands, 

Chrysophanus,  109 

109. 

Color  above  black  with  a coppery  tinge  ; under  side  gray,  with 

black  points,  110 

Color  distinctly  coppery ; orange  border  on  hind  wings  above 

and  below,  111 

110. 

Size  medium ; half  row  of  orange  crescents  on  under  side  of 
hind  wings,  Chrysophanus  Dione,  ( 117) 

Size  small ; crescents  faint,  Chrysophanus  Epixanthe,  (119) 


111. 

Size  medium,  Chrysophanus  Thoe,  (118) 

Size  small,  Chrysophanus  Hypophleas,  (120) 

112. 

Hind  wings  without  tails,  113 

Hind  wings  with  a slender  tail ; color  blue,  or  black  tinged  with 
blue ; hind  wings  with  two  orange  crescents, 

Lycaena  Comyntas,  (124) 


113. 

Upper  surface  blue,  114 

Upper  surface  not  blue,  118 

114. 

Under  side  with  black  spots,  having  metallic  scales  near  the 

anal  angle,  115 

Under  side  without  such  spots,  116 


115. 

Upper  side  blue,  narrow  or  broad  border,  or  almost  black  ; one 
anal  spot  on  under  side  circled  with  metallic  green  scales, 

Lycaena  Filenus,  (125) 

U pper  side  violet-blue  ; two  or  three  anal  spots  ; under  side  of 
hind  wings  with  two  black  spots  circled  with  metallic  blue, 

Lycaena  Ammon,  (128) 

Upper  side  almost  white,  with  broad  border,  or  pale  violet-blue ; 
u der  side  white,  with  many  dark  lines  ; anal  spot  circled 
with  blue,  Lycaena  Theonus,  (129) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


71 


116. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a border  of  metallic  spots, 

Lycaena  Scudderii,  (122) 
Under  side  without  metallic  spots,  117 

117. 

Under  side  dark  gray,  Lycaena  Lygdamus,  (121) 

Under  side  pale  bluish  gray,  Lycaena  Pseudargiolus,  (123) 

118. 

Upper  surface  black, 

Lycaena  Pseudargiolus,  var.  Violacea,  J (123) 
Upper  side  brown,  under  side  brown,  with  numerous  white 
bands,  119 

119. 

Six  subterminal  round  black  spots  on  under  side  of  hind  wings, 

Lycaena  Isophthalma,  (126) 

Seven  subterminal  round  black  spots  on  under  side  of  hind 

wings,  Lycaena  Exilis,  (127) 

120. 

Knob  of  antennae  thick,  ovoid,  or  elongate  ovoid,  121 

Knob  of  antennae  spindle-shaped,  185 

121. 

Knob  of  antennae  without  a hook  or  bent  projection  at  the  end,  122 
Knob  of  antennae  ending  in  a hook  or  bent  projection,  126 

122. 

Knob  blunt,  conical,  without  a spine,  123 

Knob  elongate  or  ovoid,  rounded  at  the  tip,  straight  or  a little 
semilunar;  somewhat  compressed,  Pyrgus,  125 

Knob  rounded  ; the  last  joint  ending  in  a short,  slender  spine ; 
fore  wings  brown  washed  with  yellow  ; hind  wings  yel- 
low, with  brown  border,  Ancyloxypha  Numitor,  (132) 

123. 

Third  joint  of  palpi  concealed  by  hair  of  second ; abdomen 
much  longer  than  hind  wings ; brown,  with  fulvous  yel- 
low spots,  Carterocephala,  124 

Third  joint  of  palpi  free ; abdomen  but  little  if  any  longer  tha 
hind  wings  ; brown  ; costal  edge  yellow, 

Thymelicus  Poweshiek,  (133) 


72 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


124. 

Costal  edge  not  yellow  ; marginal  and  abdominal  rows  of  spots, 

and  several  near  the  base,  Carterocephala  Mandan,  (130) 
Costal  edge  yellow,  to  near  the  end  of  cell ; submarginal  row  of 
spots,  Carterocephala  Omaha,  (131) 

125. 

Black,  with  three  more  or  less  complete  rows  of  transverse 
white  spots,  Pyrgus  Tessellata,  (177) 

Brownish  black,  with  two  rows  of  transverse  white  spots, 

Pyrgus  Centaurese,  (178) 

126. 

Tip  of  antennae  suddenly  bent,  with  a much  contracted,  pointed 
little  hook,  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  knob  ; third  joint  of 
palpi  almost  concealed,  Pamphila,  127 

Antennae  similar ; fringes  light ; black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ; 
abdomen  thin,  scarcely  reaching  the  anal  angle, 

Amblyscirtes,  182 

127. 

Hind  wings  yellow,  with  an  outer  border  of  dark  brown,  not 

more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  wing,  128 

Hind  wings  brown,  with  a yellow  band,  141 

Hind  wings  without  a yellow  band,  155 

128. 

Border  of  hind  wings  less  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  wing,  129 
Border  of  hind  wings  one-fourth  the  length  of  wing  or  more,  133 

129. 

Fore  wings  without  a black  sex-mark  or  stigma  in  the  middle,  130 
Fore  wings  with  a black  sex-mark  in  the  middle,  131 

130. 

Fore  wings  with  a brown  patch  beyond  the  cell ; veins  in  the 

yellow  part  usually  yellow,  Pamphila  Zabulon,  £ (135) 
Fore  wings  without  a patch  beyond  the  cell ; veins  brown, 

Pamphila  Delaware,  £ (166) 

131. 

Border  of  hind  wings  a series  of  triangular  spots, 

Pamphila  Phylseus,  j (143) 
132 


Border  of  hind  wings  continuous, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


73 


132. 

Yellow  of  hind  wings  clear;  fringes  fuscous, 

Pamphila  Sassacus,  ^ (136) 
Yellow  of  hind  wings  brownish ; fringes  white, 

Pamphila  Uncas,  £ (138) 


133. 

Fore  wings  with  a black  stigma  or  sex-mark  in  the  middle,  134 
Fore  wings  without  a sex-mark,  139 

134. 

Fore  wings  with  a brown  patch  connected  with  the  upper  end 

of  stigma,  135 

Fore  wings  with  a brown  oblique  ray  connected  with  the  upper 

end  of  stigma,  138 

Fore  wings  with  the  brown  subapical  patch  not  connected  with 
the  stigma  ; stigma  and  spot  containing  it  nearly  circular, 


Pamphila  Huron,  ^ (142) 

135. 

Under  side  ferruginous  brown,  136 

Under  side  not  ferruginous  brown,  137 

136. 

Yellowish- white  bands  on  under  side  of  both  wings, 

Pamphila  Leonardus,  ^ (140) 
Yellowish- white  bands  on  under  side  of  fore  wings, 

Pamphila  Meskei,  ^ (141) 

137. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  overlaid  with  yellow  scales  and  a yel- 
low band,  Pamphila  Brettus,  £ (144) 

Under  side  yellow,  with  a paler  yellow  band, 

Pamphila  Mystic,  j (147) 

138. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown  sprinkled  with  dark  yel- 
low scales,  with  yellow  band  but  no  yellow  ray  before 
inner  margin,  Pamphila  Pontiac,  (161) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  yellow,  a paler  ray  from  cell 

out,  and  one  before  inner  margin,  Pamphila  Dion,  £ (162) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  heavily  overlaid  with 
russety  brown  ; a pale  ray  through  cell, 

Pamphila  Palatka,  £ (164) 


D 


7 


74 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


139. 

Fore  wings  brown,  a broad  yellow  band,  and  the  basal  part 
heavily  washed  with  yellow ; under  side  of  hind  wings 
fulvous  yellow,  with  pale,  obscure  band, 

Pamphila  Byssus,  ^ (197) 

Fore  wings  with  basal  two-thirds  yellow  ; under  side  of  hind 
wings  brown,  heavily  overlaid  with  russety  brown,  with  a 
pale  ray  through  the  cell,  Pamphila  Palatka,  9 (194) 

Fore  wings  yellow  ; under  side  of  hind  wings  yellow,  without 

marks,  140 

Fore  wings  dark  brown,  with  a row  of  yellow  spots,  and  a spot 

in  the  cell,  Pamphila  Viator,  ^ and  $ (172) 

140. 

Fore  wings  yellow  at  the  base,  Pamphila  Vitellius,  £ (195) 

Fore  wings  dark  brown  at  base ; a bar  of  brown  at  end  of  cell, 

Pamphila  Delaware,  $ (199) 

141. 

Fore  wings  with  an  oblique  black  sex-mark,  142 

Fore  wings  without  a sex-mark,  but  with  a row  of  spots  be- 
yond the  middle,  143 

142. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  ferruginous  brown,  with  two  yellow 

bands,  Pamphila  Peckius,  ^ (149) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  yellowish  brown,  with  two  white 
bands,  the  basal  one  broken,  the  outer  one  sending  a ray 
outward  from  its  posterior  end,  Pamphila  Metea,  £ (137) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  ferruginous  brown,  with  one  yellow 

band  and  a spot,  Pamphila  Leonardus,  ^ (140) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  brown,  sprinkled  with  yellow ; five 

white  spots,  Pamphila  Seminole,  ^ (139) 

143. 

Basal  half  of  costal  margin  of  fore  wings  yellow,  or  heavily 


washed  with  yellow,  144 

Costa  not  yellow,  only  sprinkled  at  least,  148 

144. 

The  cell  of  fore  wings  yellow,  except  at  base,  145 

Cell  of  fore  wings  dark  brown,  146 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


75 


145. 

Band  on  upper  side  of  hind  wings  reduced  to  a yellow  central 
patch,  Pamphila  Vitellius,  9 (165) 

Band  on  upper  side  of  hind  wings  not  abbreviated, 

Pamphila  Mystic,  9 (147) 

146. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  ferruginous  brown,  147 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  ochre-yellow,  with  a paler  band  and 

brown  clouds,  Pamphila  Phylseus,  9 (143) 

147. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  one  yellow  hand  and  a spot, 

Pamphila  Leonardus,  9 (140) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  very  indistinct  hand,  or  none, 

Pamphila  Meskei,  9 (141) 

148. 

Yellow  band  of  hind  wings  faint,  149 

Yellow  band  of  hind  wings  distinct,  150 

149. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  with  rusty  brown  scales 
and  a continuous  pale  band, 

Pamphila  Zabulon  form  Pocahontas,  9 (135) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  washed  with  ochre  scales 
and  with  two  or  three  small  spots  ; upper  side  of  hind 
wings  sprinkled  with  yellow,  Pamphila  Sassacus,  9 (136) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  brown,  washed  with  ochre,  a sub- 
terminal white  band  sending  a ray  outward  from  its  pos- 
terior end,  Pamphila  Metea,  9 (137) 

150. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  two  light  bands,  151 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  one  light  band  or  none,  152 

151. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown  washed  with  pale  yel- 
low; bands  white,  separate,  Pamphila  Uncas,  9 (138) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  ferruginous  brown,  with  the  two 
yellow  bands  united  in  the  middle, 

Pamphila  Peckius,  9 (146) 

152. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  sprinkled  with  pale  yel- 
low and  ferruginous  scales,  153 


76  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  sprinkled  with  ferrugi- 
nous brown,  154 

Under  side  of  bind  wings  dark  rusty  yellow ; two  yellow  ray 
stripes,  Pamphila  Dion,  9 (162) 

Under  side  of  bind  wings  fulvous  yellow,  with  obscure  pale 
band,  Pamphila  Byssus,  9 (167) 

153. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a white  band  and  two  or  three 
unconnected  spots,  Pamphila  Huron,  9 (142) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a band  of  five  small  white  spots, 
and  a bar  across  cell  of  fore  wings  above, 

Pamphila  Seminole,  9 (139) 

154. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a band  of  five  elongated  yellow 

spots,  Pamphila  Pontiac,  9 (161) 

Hind  wings  with  three  whitish  spots  above  and  below, 

Pamphila  Ethlius,  £ and  9 (159) 


155. 

Fore  wings  with  an  oblique  stigma  or  sex-mark,  156 

Fore  wings  without  a sex-mark,  166 

156. 

Fore  wings  with  the  basal  half  more  or  less  yellow,  157 

Fore  wings  without  distinct  yellow  on  the  basal  half,  161 


157. 

Washed  with  greenish  yellow,  a large  subquadrate  black  patch 
below  stigma  sending  a spur  towards  posterior  angle, 

Pamphila  Otho  var.  Egeremet,  £ (145) 
Patch  below  stigma  only  moderate,  158 

158. 

Cell  of  fore  wings  and  costa  beyond  cell  clear  yellow,  159 

Costal  margin  not  clear  yellow,  160 


159. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  yellow,  but  without 
bands,  Pamphila  Cernes,  £ (148) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  pale  yellow,  with  an 

obscure  discal  whitish  band,  Pamphila  Myus,  £ (149) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


77 


160. 

Costal  margin  of  fore  wings  with  six  or  seven  yellow  rays 
above  and  beyond  the  cell ; under  side  of  bind  wings  yel- 
low ; no  spots,  Pamphila  Arpa,  ^ (163} 

Costal  margin  somewhat  washed  with  yellow,  but  without  rays ; 
under  side  of  hind  wings  brown,  sprinkled  with  yellow ; 
no  spots,  Pamphila  Bimacula,  (160) 

161. 

Fore  wings  with  a row  of  four  or  more  white  spots  beyond  the 

middle,  163 

Fore  wings  without  white  spots,  olivaceous  brown,  162 

162. 

With  a row  of  faint  spots  on  under  side  of  both  wings, 

Pamphila  Metacomet,  £ (153) 
Without  a row  of  faint  spots  on  under  side  of  wings, 

Pamphila  Vestris,  £ (152) 

163. 

Spots  in  three  subcostal  interspaces  and  one  in  first  median  in- 
terspace, 164 

Three  spots  in  subcostal  and  two  in  median  interspaces,  and  one 

in  submedian,  165 

164. 

Outer  part  and  basal  portion  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  lilac, 
with  brown  cloudings  and  a faint  purplish  band, 

Pamphila  Accius,  j (154) 

Outer  part  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  gray,  with  no  bands, 

Pamphila  Hianna,  £ (171) 

165. 

Fore  wings  with  a small  whitish  spot  in  lower  side  of  cell  near 
the  end,  Pamphila  Verna,  £ (151) 

Fore  wings  with  no  spot  in  the  end  of  cell, 

Pamphila  Manataaqua,  £ (150) 

166. 

Fore  wings  with  a yellow  or  whitish  spot  in  the  end  of  cell,  167 
Fore  wings  with  two  spots  in  the  end  of  cell, 

Pamphila  Loammi,  9 (155) 
Fore  wings  without  a spot  in  the  cell,  171 

7* 


78 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


167. 

Spot  in  anterior  part  of  cell  near  the  subcostal  vein,  168 

Spot  in  posterior  part  of  cell  near  the  median  vein, 

Pamphila  Panoquin,  £ and  9 (157) 

168. 

Spot  in  cell  white,  rounded,  169 

Spot  a yellow  ray,  six  yellow  spots  in  the  discal  row,  170 

169. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  gray,  a ray  near  inner  margin  with- 
out gray  ; a very  faint  whitish  hand, 

Pamphila  Eufala,  ^ and  9 (169) 
Outer  and  basal  part  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  lilac,  ante- 
rior part  brown  clouded ; an  indistinct  purple  band, 

Pamphila  Accius,  9 (164) 

Outer  part  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  gray,  with  no  bands, 

Pamphila  Hianna,  9 (171) 

170. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  yellow,  without  a 

band,  Pamphila  Cernes,  9 (148) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  pale  yellow,  with  dim 
whitish  discal  band,  Pamphila  Myus,  9 (149) 


171. 

Wings  without  marks,  Pamphila  Fusca,  J and  9 (170) 

Fore  wings  with  a more  or  less  distinct  outer  row  of  spots 


extending  to  submedian  vein,  172 

Fore  wings  with  more  or  less  of  an  outer  row  of  spots,  but  not 

reaching  submedian  vein,  176 

172. 

A band  on  under  side  of  hind  wings,  but  not  very  distinct,  173 
No  band  on  under  side  of  hind  wings,  175 

173. 

Outer  row  of  fore  wings  with  two  spots  beyond  the  cell  ; under 
side  of  hind  wings  lilac  along  outer  margin, 


Pamphila  Zabulon  form  Quadraquina,  9 (186) 
No  spots  beyond  the  cell  of  fore  wings,  174 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


79 


174. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  rusty  brown, 

Pamphila  Otho,  ^ and  9 (145) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  reddish  brown,  sprinkled  with 

pale  yellow  scales,  Pamphila  Manataaqua,  9 (150) 

175. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  yellow,  Pamphila  Arpa,  9 (163) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown,  the  veins  gray, 

Pamphila  Ocola,  £ and  9 (158) 

176. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  spots  or  bands,  spots  above 
not  very  distinct,  177 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a more  or  less  distinct  row  of 
spots,  78 

177. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown  sprinkled  with  gray, 

Pamphila  Osyka,  ^ and  9 (168) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  reddish  brown,  Pamphila  Vestris,  9 (162) 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  dark  brown  sprinkled  with  dusky 
yellow,  Pamphila  Bimacula,  9 (160) 

178. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  three  white  spots,  two  of  which 
are  contiguous,  Pamphila  Maculata,  J and  9 (166) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a faint  row  of  pale  spots,  179 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  distinct  yellow  band,  181 

179. 

Under  side  of  body  and  antennse  distinct  greenish, 

Pamphila  Otho  var.  Egeremet,  9 (146) 
Under  side  of  body  gray,  180 

180. 

Fore  wings  with  an  outer  row  of  live  distinct  white  spots,  the 

fifth  twice  as  large  as  the  fourth,  Pamphila  Verna,  9 (161) 
Fore  wings  lacking  the  anteapical  spots  of  the  outer  row,  or  the 
merest  trace  of  one  spot,  if  any  ; band  on  under  side  of  hind 
wings  distinct,  Pamphila  Metacomet,  9 (163) 

181. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  yellow  ferruginous ; a yellow  band, 
one  stripe  of  which  extends  as  a ray  to  middle  of  cell, 

Pamphila  Massasoit,  £ and  9 (134) 


80  THE  butterflies  of  the 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  dull  olivaceous,  with  clouds  of  black- 
ish brown ; a yellow  hand  towards  outer  margin, 

Pamphila  Brettus,  9 (144) 

182. 

Fore  wings  with  no  distinct  spots  except  the  anteapical,  183 

Fore  wings  with  more  than  the  three  anteapical  spots,  184 

183. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  washed  with  lilac,  with  no  clearly 
defined  row  of  spots,  hut  with  a row  of  whiter  clouds ; 
fringe  alternate  gray  and  fuscous,  Amblyscirtes  Vialis,  (173) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  washed  with  chalky  scales,  with  a 
row  of  whitish  points,  one  in  the  cell  and  two  above  the 
cell ; fringes  white  and  fuscous,  Amblyscirtes  Eos,  (174) 

184. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  an  outer  row  of  connected  pale 
yellow  spots,  and  one  in  the  cell,  Amblyscirtes  Samoset,  (175) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  an  outer  row  of  spots,  and  one 
below  the  cell,  Amblyscirtes  Textor,  (176) 

185. 

Palpi  gray  or  brownish  below,  186 

Palpi  white  below,  203 

186. 

Palpi  surpassing  the  front  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  eyes, 

Nisoniades, 

Palpi  surpassing  the  front  by  less  than  the  length  of  the  eyes, 

187. 

Fore  wings  without  a subterminal  row  of  white  transparent 
spots, 

Fore  wings  with  a suhterminal  row  of  white  semi-transparent 
spots ; four  near  the  costa  and  the  others  in  median  inter- 
spaces, 

188. 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  not  overlaid  with  pale  bluish  scales 
on  the  outer  part, 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  heavily  overlaid  with  pale  bluish 
scales  on  the  outer  part, 

189. 

The  discal  cross- vein  of  fore  wings  not  conspicuously  marked  in 

brown,  Nisoniades  Brizo,  (179) 


187 
196 

188 
191 

189 

190 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


81 


The  discal  cross-vein  of  fore  wings  conspicuously  marked  in 

brown,  Nisoniades  Ausonius,  (184) 

190. 

Outer  row  of  large  spots  overlaid  with  light  in  the  centre  so  as 
to  make  them  appear  as  an  irregular  row  of  black  rings, 

Nisoniades  Icelus,  (180) 

' Outer  row  of  large  spots  only  slightly  sprinkled  with  pale 

scales,  Nisoniades  Somnus,  (181) 

191. 

Upper  surface  umber-brown,  192 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  194 

192. 

Dark  spot  in  base  of  cell  of  fore  wings  and  the  two  rows  of 
spots  very  distinct,  Nisoniades  Martialis,  (185) 

The  spot  in  base  of  cell  of  fore  wings  not  distinct,  193 

193. 

The  mesial  band  distinct,  Nisoniades  Lucilius,  (182) 

The  mesial  band  not  distinct,  Nisoniades  Persius,  (183) 

194. 

No  pale  umber  patch  at  the  end  of  cell  of  fore  winga, 

Nisoniades  Juvenalis,  (186) 
A pale  umber  patch  at  the  end  of  cell  of  fore  wings,  195 

195. 

Umber  patch  at  the  end  of  cell  only,  Nisoniades  Nsevius,  (188) 
Umber  patch  at  the  end  of  cell,  between  median  and  submedian 

veins  and  near  posterior  angle,  Nisoniades  Petronius,  (187) 


196. 


Under  side  of  hind  wings  not  banded  with  brown  and  purple, 

Eudamus, 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  banded  with  brown  and  purple, 

Erycides, 


197. 


197 

206 


Hind  wings  rounded  at  the  anal  angle,  198 

Hind  wings  more  or  less  produced  or  tailed  at  the  anal  angle,  201 


198. 

Fore  wings  with  white  spots,  199 

Fore  wings  with  yellow  bands,  200 

/ 


82 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


199. 

White  spots  mere  points  on  the  costa  and  in  the  median  inter- 
spaces, Eudamus  Pylades,  (191) 

White  spots  larger,  forming  almost  continuous  bands, 

Eudamus  Bathyllus,  (192) 

200. 

Outer  part  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  white, 

Eudamus  Lycidas,  (193) 
Outer  part  of  under  side  of  hind  wings  not  white, 

Eudamus  Cellus,  (194) 

201. 

Hind  wings  produced,  not  tailed,  202 

Hind  wings  tailed,  Eudamus  Proteus,  (197) 

202. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a white  band  in  the  middle, 

Eudamus  Tityrus,  (196) 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  a white  band  in  the  middle, 

Eudamus  Zestos,  (195) 


203. 

Palpi  surpassing  the  front  by  about  the  length  of  the  eyes ; 

small  species,  Pholisora,  204 

Palpi  surpassing  the  front  by  less  than  the  length  of  the  eyes ; 

large  species,  205 

204. 


Outer  margin  entire, 

Outer  margin  dentate, 

205. 

Without  yellow  markings  above, 
With  yellow  markings  above, 


Pholisora  Catullus,  (189) 
Pholisora  Hayhurstii,  (190) 

Erycides,  206 
Megathymus,  207 


206. 

Upper  side  without  white  spots,  Erycides  Batabano,  (198) 

Upper  side  with  white  anteapical  spots,  also  at  end  of  cell  and 

in  median  interspaces,  Erycides  Amyntas,  (199) 


207. 

Hind  wings  with  a yellow  border  only  on  the  anterior  part  of 
the  outer  margin,  if  present  at  all,  Megathymus  Yuccae,  (200) 
Hind  wings  with  a yellow  border  reaching  to  the  submedian 
vein  at  least,  Megathymus  Cofaqui,  (201) 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


83 


FAMILY  PAPILIONIDiE. 

The  butterflies  of  this  family , the  highest  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera,  may  be  known  by  their  broad  wings,  which  are 
erect  in  repose ; the  antennae  are  slender,  the  knob  either 
straight  or  slightly  curved ; the  body  slender  and  fur- 
nished with  six  feet  fitted  for  walking,  the  first  pair  of 
normal  size  and  directed  forward,  the  other  two  pairs 
directed  outward  and  backward.  The  larvae  are  smooth, 
or  only  moderately  provided  with  short  hairs  or  pile, 
never  provided  with  branching  or  simple  spines,  and  in 
only  one  instance — Papilio  Pliilenor — provided  with 
fleshy  protuberances.  The  chrysalides  are  naked,  the  tip, 
or  cremaster,  fastened  to  a button  of  silk,  and  the  body 
suspended  obliquely  in  a loop  of  silk  that  passes  round 
it  a little  in  front  of  the  middle.  The  family  is  divided 
into  two  subfamilies,  Papilioninae  and  Pierinae. 

SUBFAMILY  PAPILIONINAE. 

This  contains  here  the  genus  Papilio.  These  are 
large  butterflies,  often  known  as  swallow-tails.  The 
wings  are  ample;  the  fore  wings  triangular;  the  hind 
wings  concave  next  to  the  body,  and  usually  provided 
with  a tail-like  appendage  before  the  anal  angle;  the 
outer  margin  dentate,  with  the  teeth  quite  prominent 
near  the  tail.  The  larvae  are  smooth,  or  with  a few 
short  scattered  hairs ; spindle-shaped,  being  thickest 
through  about  the  fourth  segment,  P.  Philenor  being 
provided  with  four  rows  of  slender  fleshy  processes. 
In  the  upper  anterior  part  of  the  second  segment  is  a 


84 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


forked  scent-organ  which  is  capable  of  being  thrust  out 
at  will  or  withdrawn  into  a slit-like  receptacle.  When 
extended,  this  organ  gives  off  a disagreeable  odor  which 
serves  as  a protection  to  the  larva. 

1.  Papilio  Ajax,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.6  to  3.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  body  and  wings  varying  from  pale 
black  to  deep  black,  banded  and  marked  with  a color  vary- 
ing from  greenish  yellow  to  pale  blue-green.  These  are 
arranged  in  three  bands  common  to  both  wings,  the  one 
next  to  the  body  narrow,  the  third  bifid  on  the  fore 
wings  from  the  costa  to  the  median  vein;  and  three 
short  bands  not  reaching  farther  than  the  median  vein. 
There  is  also  a subterminal  band  on  the  fore  wings 
crossed  by  the  black  veins,  and  a row  of  spots  on  the 
hind  wings  parallel  with  the  outer  margin.  Body 
blackish,  with  two  whitish  lines  on  the  sides. 

There  are  three  dimorphic  forms  of  this  species,  and 
one  variety.  The  first  of  these  is  the  winter  form, 
Walshii,  Edw. — In  this  the  black  is  pale,  the  light 
parts  greenish  yellow ; the  tail  to  the  hind  wings  about 
.6  of  an  inch  long,  black,  tipped  with  light ; and  the 
red  before  the  anal  ocellus  is  a bent  bar ; after  the  ocellus 
are  two  blue  lunules. 

Var.  Abbottii,  Edw. — Expanse  from  2.6  to  2.8 
inches.  This  resembles  the  above,  but  has  a more  or 
less  distinct  crimson  streak  on  the  hind  wings  nearly 
parallel  with  the  internal  margin. 

Winter  form,  Telamonides,  Feld. — Expanse  from 
2.8  to  3.2  inches.  This  is  about  the  same  in  color  and 
markings  as  form  Walshii , but  the  tail  is  a little  longer, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


85 


and  the  outer  end  is  not  merely  tipped  with  greenish 
yellow,  but  bordered  on  each  side  from  half  to  two- 
thirds  the  distance  from  the  tip  to  the  base,  and  the 
anteanal  crimson  bar  is  sometimes  two  spots. 

Summer  form,  Marcellus,  Bd. — Expanse  from  3.2 
to  3.5  inches.  This  is  black,  with  the  light  part  blue- 
green;  the  tail  over  an  inch  long  and  bordered  with 
yellow,  and  the  anteanal  crimson  mark  one  or  two  spots 
instead  of  a bar. 

All  of  these  forms  have  the  markings  of  the  upper 
side  repeated  beneath,  with  a more  or  less  prominent 
crimson  stripe  through  the  middle  of  the  hind  wings 
nearly  parallel  to  the  inner  margin. 

Of  these  three  forms  the  last  is  the  one  found  in 
summer,  and  comes  from  chrysalides  formed  the  same 
season,  while  the  others  emerge  from  chrysalides  that 
have  wintered  over.  They  were  originally  described  as 
separate  species,  and  were  generally  considered  so  till 
Mr.  ¥m.  H.  Edwards  proved  their  identity  by  breeding 
the  different  forms. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  leaves  of  the  pawpaw, 
upon  which  the  larvae  feed.  They  are  pale  green,  glob- 
ular, smooth,  .016  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  young 
larva  is  black,  covered  with  minute  papillae,  from  each 
of  which  proceed  fine  hairs.  After  the  first  moult  it  is 
ash-colored,  still  covered  with  the  papillae.  These  are 
lost  at  the  second  moult,  when  the  larva  assumes  the 
general  form  and  smooth  skin  which  it  shows  at  ma- 
turity ; the  color  yellowish  white,  with  transverse  gray 
stripes.  After  the  third  moult  the  color  is  smoky  brown, 
each  segment  crossed  by  four  lines,  of  which  the  ante- 
rior is  yellow  and  the  rest  white ; the  second,  third,  and 

8 


86 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


fourth  segments  without  yellow;  at  the  junction  of  the 
fourth  and  fifth  joints  is  a velvety-black  band,  preceded 
by  white  and  followed  by  yellow.  At  the  fourth  moult 
the  color  becomes  darker,  each  segment  crossed  by  a 
pale  yellow  and  four  gray  stripes. 

In  some  of  the  larvae  the  general  color  is  gray,  with 
white,  black,  and  yellow  bands  on  the  fourth  and  fifth 
segments,  and  the  segments  after  the  fifth  crossed  by  one 
yellow  and  two  dull  white  stripes.  In  other  specimens 
the  color  is  blue-green,  each  segment  crossed  by  gray, 
yellow,  and  clear  white,  the  white  band  replaced  by 
turquoise-blue.  In  still  others  the  color  is  pale  green 
throughout,  except  one  yellow  stripe  on  each  segment, 
the  bands  being  blue,  black,  and  yellow. 

Chrysalis  from  .8  to  .9  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
tapering  posteriorly  from  the  middle  of  the  abdomen ; 
head  triangular,  terminated  by  two  short  lateral  points ; 
another,  beak-like,  on  the  thorax ; from  this  two  small 
ridges  pass  along  the  wing-cases  and  down  the  abdomen 
to  the  extremity,  and  between  them  two  others  starting 
from  the  upper  segments  of  the  abdomen,  on  the  outer 
sides  of  which  last,  in  those  chrysalides  which  are  brown, 
is  a fine  light-colored  line.  Color  dead-leaf  brown  or 
bright  green. 

Location  from  Pennsylvania  to  Texas,  and  through 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  where  it  flies  from  March  or 
April  till  cool  weather  in  the  fall. 

2.  Papilio  Philenop,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.5  to  4.5  inches. 

Body  and  wings  black  ; the  hind  wings  of  the  male  re- 
flecting a metallic  green,  those  of  the  female  a steel-blue. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


87 


Parallel  with  the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings  there 
is  a row  of  more  or  less  distinct  spots  running  from  the 
posterior  angle  half-way  to  the  apex  ; on  the  hind  wings 
are  six  whitish  spots  between  the  venules,  the  one  before 
the  anal  ocellus  very  small.  Tail  about  .3  of  an  inch. 

On  the  under  side  the  marginal  spots  on  the  fore  wings 
arc  more  distinct,  as  are  also  the  yellowish  crescents  in 


Fig.  11. 


Papilio  Philenor  (natural  size). 


the  fringe.  The  metallic  sheen  of  the  hind  wings  occu- 
pies the  outer  half  of  the  wing,  and  contains  a crescent 
of  seven  orange  spots,  each  bordered  with  white  on  its 
costal  side,  and  more  or  less  completely  with  black  the 
rest  of  the  way. 

The  egg  is  spherical,  the  surface  much  covered  with  a 
rough  crust,  which  rises  to  a summit,  either  small  and 


88 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Fig.  12. 


pointed,  or  rather  large  and  truncated ; the  sides  of  this 
crust  irregularly  melon-ribbed.  Color  of  the  surface 
russet,  of  the  crust  bright  ferruginous. 

The  young  larva  is  ferruginous,  marked  longitudinally 
by  many  rows  of  low,  conical, 
black  tubercles,  each  supporting 
a black  hair.  When  mature 
(Fig.  12),  it  is  two  inches  long; 
color  velvety  black,  with  a slight 
purplish,  or  chestnut-brown  hue ; 
covered  with  long  fleshy  tubercles 
of  the  same  color  as  the  body, 
and  shorter  orange-colored  tuber- 
cles, as  follows : two  brown  ones 
on  joint  2 ; two  brown  ones  and 
two  orange  ones  on  joint  3 ; joints 
4 and  6 the  same ; joint  5 with 
four  orange  tubercles ; joints  7 
to  10  each  with  two  brown  lat- 
eral tubercles  and  two  orange 
ones;  joints  11  and  12  with  four 
brown  tubercles  that  often  have 
orange  bases;  joint  13  with  two 
dorsal  brown  tubercles  but  no 
lateral  ones.  Joints  8 to  11  have  each  a lateral  orange 
spot  just  before  and  above  the  spiracles,  which  are  sunk 
into  the  flesh  and  scarcely  perceptible.  Head,  legs,  and 
venter  the  same  color  as  the  body ; the  top  of  joint  2 
with  an  orange  transverse  spot  on  the  anterior  edge,  from 
which  is  thrust  out  the  osmaterium,  or  scent-organ. 

The  chrysalis,  represented  in  Fig.  13, — a,  shaded  back 
view ; 6,  lateral  outline,— 4s  at  first  yellowish  green,  but 


P.  Philenor,  larva. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


89 


soon  becomes  marked  with  gray  and  violet,  with  more 
or  less  yellow  on  the  back. 

This  insect  feeds  on  the  different  species  of  Aristo- 


Pig.  13. 


<z 

P.  Pbilenor,  chrysalis. 


lochia,  or  pipe- vine,  and  is  usually  abundant  where  these 
plants  are  found.  The  larvae  are  to  be  found  in  groups 
on  the  leaves  in  July  and  August ; the  pupal  period 
lasting  about  three  weeks. 

3.  Papilio  Asterias,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3 to  4 inches. 

Upper  surface  of  body  and  wings  black.  The  fore 
wings  have  two  rows  of  yellow  spots  parallel  with  the 
outer  margin,  eight  spots  in  each  row,  more  prominent  in 
the  male  than  in  the  female.  There  are  one  or  two  spots 
before  the  inner  row  towards  the  apex,  and  in  the  male  a 
bar  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell.  The  fringe  is  black, 
cut  with  yellow  opposite  the  spots  of  the  two  rows.  The 
spots  are  continued  across  the  hind  wings,  the  outer  row 
being  lunate,  with  a more  or  less  complete  row  of  blue 

8* 


90 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


clouds  between  the  rows  of  yellow  spots.  At  the  anal 
angle  there  is  an  orange  ocellus  with  a posterior  or  outer 
border  of  yellow,  and  a central  black  spot.  Fringes  as 
on  the  fore  wings.  Tail  black,  about  .3  of  an  inch 
long. 

On  the  under  side  the  spots  are  repeated,  those  on  the 
hind  wings  washed  with  orange.  The  body  has  a row 


Fig.  14. 


Papilio  Asterias,  male. 


of  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  which  continue  as  partial 
rings  on  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen. 

Var.  Asteroides,  Reak. — This  form  is  marked 
nearly  as  in  the  typical  Asterias.  In  the  male  the  inner 
row  of  yellow  spots  of  the  fore  wings  is  almost  obsolete, 
except  the  spot  on  the  hind  margin,  which  is  prolonged 
into  a dash.  Hind  wings  as  in  Asterias  female,  but  the 
blue  clouds  are  reduced  to  small  rounded  patches ; tails 
not  so  long  as  in  the  typical  form.  Below,  a discal 
row  of  large  fulvous  sagittiform  spots  on  the  fore  wings. 
Hind  wings  as  in  the  typical  form. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


91 


Aberr.  Calverleyii,  Grote. — Two  specimens  of  this 
singular  form  have  been  taken,  one  a male,  in  August, 
1863,  by  Mr.  Louis  Fischer,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
New  Lots,  Queens  County,  Long  Island,  and  another, 
a female,  in  April,  1869,  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  near  En- 
terprise, Florida ; both  being  suffused  forms,  probably 
caused  by  the  action  of  cold  on  the  chrysalides  soon  after 
pupating. 

In  the  male  the  upper  surface  has  the  basal  two-thirds 
black  without  marks,  and  the  remainder  of  the  wings 
yellow,  a narrow  outer  margin,  and  tail  black.  The 
boundary  between  the  black  and  yellow  on  the  fore 
wings  is  dentate,  with  the  black  extending  out  on  the 
veins.  The  hind  wings  have  a narrow  subterminal 
crenate  orange  line,  and  an  orange  patch  in  place  of  the 
ocellus. 

The  under  side  is  like  the  upper,  except  that  on  the 
hind  wings  there  are  elongate  orange  patches  between 
the  veins,  leaving  narrow  yellow  lines  along  the  veins 
and  between  the  ends  of  these  patches  and  the  black  on 
the  basal  part,  the  subterminal  line  being  dusky.  The 
orange  extends  a little  on  to  the  fore  wings  as  a partial 
terminal  border. 

The  female  is  like  the  male,  except  that  there  is  more 
black  along  the  veins ; the  outer  margin  of  the  wing  is 
more  broadly  bordered  with  black  ; there  is  a yellow  bar 
at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings ; the  hind  wings 
have  two  rows  of  orange  intervenular  patches  in  the 
yellow  field,  the  inner  round  and  the  outer  elongate  tri- 
angular, with  gray  spaces  between ; and  the  ocellus  has  a 
few  black  scales. 

The  under  side  is  like  the  upper,  except  that  there  are 


92 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


two  discal  bars,  with  yellow  on  the  subcostal  vein,  and 
the  orange  patches  of  the  hind  wings  are  larger. 

The  eggs  are  of  a delicate  light  yellow,  smooth  and 
round,  with  the  exception  of  being  slightly  flattened 
where  they  are  attached  to  the  leaf.  These  are  depos- 
ited on  the  leaves  of  parsley,  celery,  parsnips,  and  other 
related  plants  upon  which  the  larvae  feed. 

The  young  larvae  are  nearly  black,  with  a broad  white 
band  across  the  middle,  and  another  on  the  hind  part  of 
the  body;  thickly  beset  with  bristles  which  arise  from 
little  tubercles.  The  second  stage  differs  little  from  the 
first ; as  also  the  third,  though  there  are  bright  spots  on 
the  body.  The  fourth  stage  is  a bright  green  ground 
color  with  black  bands,  which  are  broad  on  the  middle 
of  the  segments.  These  bands  are  interrupted  by  brick- 
red  spots,  which  are  arranged  in  three  rows  on  each  side. 
The  tubercles  are  scarcely  perceptible. 

The  fifth  stage  is  the  mature  larva.  When  full  grown 


Fig.  15.  Fig.  16 


Papilio  Asterias,  mature  larva.  Papilio  Asterias,  pupa. 


the  caterpillar  is  about  an  inch  and  a half  long,  of  a 
bright  green  color,  with  a transverse  black  band  on  each 
segment  containing  a row  of  yellow  spots.  The  scent- 
organ  in  this  species  is  yellow. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


93 


The  chrysalis  is  an  inch  and  a quarter  long,  of  a pale 
green,  ochre-yellow,  or  ash-gray  color,  with  two  short 
ear-like  projections  above  the  head,  just  below  which,  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  back,  is  a little  prominence.  This 
chrysalis,  like  all  the  Papilios,  is  attached  at  the  tip  by  a 
button  of  silk,  and  supported  by  a loop  round  the  middle 
of  the  body.  The  last  brood  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state. 

United  States  generally. 

4.  Papilio  Troilus,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.5  to  3.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  body  and  wings  black,  the  fore  wiiigs 
crossed  by  a marginal  row  of  greenish-yellow  spots  ; in 
some  specimens  a part  of  a second  row  extends  from  the 
hind  margin  forward.  No  spot  in  cell.  Hind  wings  with 
the  marginal  lunules  and  an  inner  row  of  spots  forming 
a broad  macular  band,  all  blue  in  the  female  and  blue- 
green  in  the  male.  The  costal  spot  of  this  inner  row  is 
mostly  orange.  There  is  a row  of  blue  clouds  between 
these  two  rows.  Ocellus  part  orange,  not  pupilled. 
Tail  .4  of  an  inch  long. 

On  the  under  side  the  spots  are  more  prominent  : 
nearly  two  full  rows  of  blue-green  spots  on  the  fore 
wings,  and  two  rows  of  orange  spots  on  the  hind  wings. 
Body  black,  with  two  rows  of  yellow  spots  on  the  sides. 

The  larva  when  full  grown  is  a little  more  than  one 
and  a half  inches  long,  the  body  thickest  from  the  third 
to  the  fifth  segment.  It  is  bright  green  above,  a yellow 
stripe  edged  behind  with  black  across  the  anterior  part 
of  the  second  segment.  On  joint  4 are  two  prominent 
yellow  ocelli  annulate  with  black,  and  a large  pupil 
filling  most  of  the  lower  portion  ; a line  of  black  in 


94 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


front  of  the  segment,  and  a pale  pinkish  spot  above, 
margined  with  darker.  On  the  fifth  segment  are  two 
more  ocelli.  Segments  6 to  11  have  each  four  blue  dots 
margined  with  black,  and  there  is  a yellow  line  along 
the  sides  of  the  body  edged  with  black  below. 

The  chrysalis  is  1.3  inches  long,  shaped  in  general 
as  the  allied  species,  the  two  prominences  on  the  head 
projecting  forward  and  outward,  and  from  each  of  these 
extends  a ridge  along  the  side  to  the  anal  extremity  con- 
taining a slight  projection  opposite  the  dorsal  pronotal 
elevation.  Color  above  the  ridge  pinkish  orange  clouded 
and  spotted  with  blackish  brown,  there  being  a dorsal 
line,  and  on  the  abdomen  four  round  spots  to  each 
joint.  Below  the  color  is  mostly  brown,  veined  and 
clouded  with  yellowish. 

This  species  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  spice-bush  and 
sassafras. 

Atlantic,  Southern,  and  Western  States. 

5.  Papilio  Palamedes,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.5  to  4 inches. 

Upper  surface  olive-black ; the  fore  wings  crossed  by 
two  rows  of  prominent  yellow  spots,  the  costal  three  of  the 
inner  row  nearer  the  margin  than  the  others,  and  having 
another  spot  standing  before  them;  a bar  at  the  end  of 
the  discal  cell.  Hind  wings  with  an  outer  row  of  yellow 
lunules  and  a band  corresponding  to  the  inner  row  of 
the  fore  wings.  Between  these  there  is  a more  or  less 
complete  row  of  blue  clouds,  this  space  somewhat  washed 
with  yellow  : the  more  yellow  the  less  blue.  Anal  ocellus 
orange,  partly  bordered  with  yellow,  not  pupilled ; some 
orange  in  the  band  near  the  internal  margin.  Tail  .4 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  95 

of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  a central  ray  of  yellow. 
Body  black,  with  a yellow  lateral  stripe. 

On  the  under  side  the  fore  wings  are  about  as  above ; 
the  hind  wings  have  the  band  white,  with  orange  clouds 
on  its  outer  edge  between  the  veins,  and  each  lunule  has 
a broad  dash  of  orange ; the  blue  clouds  more  prominent 
than  above.  There  is  also  a dull  yellow  stripe  across 
the  wings  nearly  parallel  with  the  inner  margin. 

The  egg  is  spherical,  a little  flattened  at  the  base.  The 
color  is  greenish  yellow.  It  hatches  in  five  days. 

The  young  larva  is  .1  of  an  inch  long;  cylindrical, 
greatly  thickened  from  joints  3 to  6,  from  6 tapering 
to  12,  then  thickening  to  the  end.  There  are  eight  rows 
of  fleshy  processes,  those  at  the  ends  being  larger  than 
the  others.  Color  of  body  brownish  yellow  marked 
with  white;  a white  band,  not  very  clearly  defined, 
passes  along  the  sides  of  segments  3 to  8 ; segments  12 
and  13  white.  It  moults  in  four  days. 

After  the  first  moult,  its  length  is  .33  of  an  inch.  In 
this  stage  the  two  subdorsal  rows  of  tubercles,  or  fleshy 
processes,  are  minute  on  joints  6 to  10;  the  whole  of 
the  two  dorsal  rows  minute.  Color  yellow-brown, 
darkest  posteriorly ; white  marks  as  before. 

In  two  days  it  moults  again,  when  it  is  .36  of  an 
inch  long ; the  same  general  shape  as  before.  Joint  3 is 
a little  excavated  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  dorsum ; 
on  the  second  is  a square-topped  ridge,  but  the  processes 
have  disappeared.  On  joints  12  and  13  the  processes 
are  as  during  preceding  stage,  but  the  rest  of  the  dorsal 
and  subdorsal  have  disappeared.  Color  yellow-brown  to 
dark  brown ; the  sides  of  posterior  segments  of  a black 
hue;  white  stripes  as  before.  During  preceding  stage 


96 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


joint  4 had  a large  suboval  black  oGellus  in  a narrow 
yellow  ring.  Now  the  front  part  of  ocellus  is  velvety 
black,  but  back  of  this  it  is  vitreous  black. 

After  three  days  it  moults  the  third  time.  The  length 
is  .8  of  an  inch,  color  about  the  same,  the  anterior  seg- 
ments a little  darker,  their  surfaces  finely  and  thickly 
but  indistinctly  dotted  green  ; the  middle  segments 
lighter-colored  and  distinctly  dotted  green ; the  side- 
bands salmon  color  ; the  last  segments  a redder  salmon  ; 
13  white  above  base  at  extremity ; along  base  of  body, 
with  a little  above  spiracles,  a white  macular  band ; on 
dorsum  of  13  are  two  small  conical  white  processes;  on 
dorsum  of  5 are  two  abbreviated  bars  of  red  lilac,  one 
on  each  side  in  the  subdorsal  row,  and  on  6 to  10  is  a 
small  rounded  lilac  spot  on  each  in  same  row  ; on  side 
of  8 to  10  one  similar  spot  to  each ; below  the  basal 
ridge  is  a small  indistinct  blue-lilac  spot  on  each  segment 
from  6 to  11;  ocellus  as  before ; the  buff  ring  now  open 
on  anterior  side ; head  greenish  yellow. 

In  four  days  more  it  moults  the  last  time,  taking  nine 
days  from  this  to  reach  maturity.  The  mature  larva  is 
1.6  inches  long;  cylindrical,  Shaped  as  during  the  pre- 
ceding stages.  Color  dull  velvety  green  on  joints  3,  4, 
5,  and  on  12,  13,  nearly  solid,  but  a little  specked  with 
lighter  green ; the  other  segments  light  and  dark  green 
in  fine  markings ; the  basal  ridge  whitish  green  ; under 
this  is  a fine  black  line  from  3 to  12,  and  on  6 to  11  is  a 
subtriangular  blue  spot  in  black  edging  on  each  segment 
just  below  the  line ; 2 has  a narrow  yellow  ridge  in 
front,  nearly  flat  on  top,  the  curves  rounded  ; on  anterior 
side  of  this  and  next  it  is  a black  subdorsal  dash  on 
each  side ; behind  the  ridge  is  a black  rough  band  ; 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


97 


the  scent-organs  light  yellow-brown ; the  ocellus  on  the 
side  of  4 with  a vitreous  black  process,  the  circlet  orange- 
red,  having  a black  stripe  within  its  anterior  edge,  and 
a blue  spot  on  its  upper  side ; the  blue  spots  along  the 
body  are  set  in  fine  black  rings ; on  the  dorsum  of  5 at 
posterior  edge  is  a buff*  spot  just  outside  the  lilac  spot 
and  touching  it ; head  olive-green. 

The  chrysalis  is  1.4  inches  long,  the  ventral  side 
highly  arched,  the  dorsum  much  incurved ; the  former 
narrow  at  summit,  rounded,  sides  sloping.  Color  varia- 
ble; one  phase  shows  the  whole  dorsal  side  a delicate 
green,  with  a darker  green  dorsal  stripe  from  mesonotum 
back ; below  mesonotum  a subdorsal  low  red  tubercle  on 
each  side ; on  either  side  of  the  abdominal  segments 
two  rows  of  dull  lilac  points;  whole  ventral  side  one 
shade  of  green,  a little  darker  than  dorsum  and  less 
yellow ; lateral  ridge  cream  color,  more  or  less  marked 
by  a red  line,  which  broadens  on  the  process  of  head  ; 
on  ventral  side  below  head  two  red  dots  near  the  middle 
line;  a series  of  white  dots  along  the  margins  of  the 
wing-cases ; below  the  ridge,  on  last  segments,  are  traces 
of  blue  spots. 

The  natural  food-plant  seems  to  be  red  bay,  or  Persea 
Carolinensis , though  they  readily  eat  sassafras. 

Gulf  States,  Florida  to  Virginia. 

6.  Papilio  Turnus,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.5  to  4.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  wings  clear  pale  yellow,  costa  and 
outer  border  of  fore  wings,  and  outer  and  posterior  bor- 
der of  hind  wings,  black ; the  outer  portion  of  the  black 
along  the  costa  suffused  with  yellow ; the  outer  border 
e g 9 


98 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


having  a row  of  eight  yellow  spots  on  the  fore  wings, 
and  five  lunules  on  the  hind  wings,  the  first  more  or  less 
orange ; the  anal  ocellus  orange,  with  yellow  on  the  pos- 
terior part,  not  pupilled.  The  fore  wings  have  four 
black  bands  or  stripes;  the  first,  about  one-fourth  the 
distance  from  the  base  to  the  outer  margin,  is  continued 


Fig.  17. 


Papilio  Turnus  (natural  size). 


two-thirds  across  the  hind  wings,  where  it  turns  abruptly 
to  meet  a black  edging  that  extends  along  the  base  of 
the  fore  wings  and  along  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind 
wings  to  this  point.  The  second  extends  from  the 
costa  to  the  median  vein,  or  sometimes  beyond ; the  third 
extends  from  the  costa  across  the  end  of  the  discal  cell ; 
the  fourth,  from  the  costa  to  the  fifth  subcostal  venule  or 
beyond.  The  broad  black  terminal  border  of  the  hind 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


99 


wings  contains  a series  of  more  or  less  prominent  inter- 
venular  blue  clouds,  sometimes  small  and  not  reaching  the 
costal  end  of  the  border,  at  other  times  suffusing  most  of 
the  black,  and  it  may  be  some  of  the  yellow.  Tail  .5  of 
an  inch  long,  black,  edged  on  the  inside  with  yellow. 

Under  side  similar  to  the  upper,  but  the  black  termi- 
nal borders  suffused  with  yellow,  and  the  lunules  washed 
with  orange,  there  being  a little  of  this  on  the  posterior 
part  of  the  yellow  ground  color. 

Body  black,  with  a broad  yellow  stripe  on  each  side. 

Sometimes  the  ground  color  instead  of  being  pale 
yellow  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  dark  yellow  border- 
ing on  orange,  and  this  may  be  suffused  with  black. 
These  are  transition  stages  between  the  typical  form  and 
the  black  female. 

Aberr.  form  9 Glaucus,  Linn. — This  is  black  in- 
stead of  yellow.  In  this  case  the  spots  and  lunules  of  the 
outer  border  remain  the  same,  but  the  blue  clouds  of 
the  hind  wings  extend  in  a crescent  band  from  the  costa 
to  the  internal  margin,  preceded  by  a wavy  black  line, 
and  more  or  less  of  the  wing  inside  this  line  washed 
with  blue.  The  black  ground  color  is  usually  dull,  so 
that  the  transverse  black  bands  can  be  traced,  at  least  on 
the  under  side. 

The  eggs  are  nearly  globular,  smooth ; dark  green  when 
first  laid,  but  soon  change  to  greenish  yellow,  speckled 
with  reddish  brown. 

The  young  larva  is  of  a brownish  color  mottled  with 
black,  and  has  a large  whitish  spot  on  the  middle  of  the 
back.  On  each  side  of  the  dorsum  on  the  second  and 
last  three  segments  a tubercle,  and  two  on  each  side  of 
third  and  fourth.  Duration  of  this  period  four  days. 


100 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


During  the  second  stage,  or  after  the  first  moult,  the 
color  is  blackish  brown,  mottled  with  light  brown  or 
dark  green,  and  dorsal  ly  dotted  with  white.  Dorsal 
patch  yellowish,  tubercles  black.  In  five  days  it  moults 
the  second  time,  when  the  length  is  .7  of  an  inch.  The 
color  is  mottled  light  and  dark  green  on  the  anterior 
and  last  segments;  the  large  patch  salmon-colored,  as 
is  often  more  or  less  of  the  last  segment ; tubercles  and 
lilac  spots  as  before ; on  fourth  segment  a round  ochra- 
ceous  patch  appears,  on  which  is  a black  ring  with  a lilac 
centre ; head  brown. 

Moults  the  third  time  in  four  days,  when  the  length 
is  one  inch ; anterior  segments  much  thickened.  Color 
green,  the  salmon  patch  nearly  and  sometimes  wholly 
lost ; the  spots  on  joint  4 pale  green,  central  points  purple; 
on  the  same  segment  are  two  small  purple  spots  between 
the  others ; on  joint  5 is  a row  of  four  purple  spots,  and 
on  9 to  11  there  is  one  spot  on  each  side  of  each.  Moults 


Fig.  18. 


Papilio  Turnus,  full-grown  larva. 


the  last  time  in  five  days.  The  mature  larva  is  about 
1.5  inches  long,  of  a deep  green  color,  paler  beneath,  the 
head  reddish  brown.  The  anterior  edge  of  segment  2 
and  the  posterior  part  of  segment  5 are  yellow;  the 
anterior  part  of  6 is  velvety  black.  Some  examples 
are  dark  reddish  brown,  or  blackish,  with  the  same 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


101 


markings.  Head  above  pinkish  brown.  In  about 
seven  days  it  changes  to  a chrysalis.  This  is  1.4  inches 
long ; cylindrical;  thickest  at  the  fifth 
and  sixth  segments;  and  tapering  rap- 
idly to  the  last ; shaped  as  in  Fig.  19. 

Color  variable.  Some  examples  light 
or  wood-brown  striped  with  dark 
brown  ; others  very  dark;  either  brown 
or  blackish ; some  with  a few  broken 
stripes  of  green. 

. Papilio  Turnus,  pupa. 

Ihe  larvae  teed  on  a great  variety 
of  trees, — apple;  quince;  thorn,  plum,  cherry,  birch,  bass- 
wood, ash,  alder,  oak,  sassafras,  catalpa,  willow,  and  tulip- 
tree  being  given.  The  eggs  are  deposited  singly  on  the 
leaves,  and  hatch  in  a little  less  than  two  weeks.  The 
mature  larvae  rest  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  covering 
it  with  silk  and  curving  it  up  so  as  partially  to  enclose 
itself. 

Atlantic  States;  Mississippi  Valley  to  Texas. 

7.  Papilio  Cresphontes,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  4 to  5.25  inches. 

Wings  above  olive-black,  crossed  by  two  rows  of  prom- 
inent yellow  spots.  One  row  begins  at  the  apex  of  the 
fore  wings  and  extends  across  the  hind  wings  near  the 
base,  the  part  on  the  hind  wings  being  a band  reaching 
from  costa  to  inner  margin.  The  second  row  begins  on 
the  costa  above  the  end  of  the  cell,  extends  outward  till 
it  meets  the  first  row,  the  third  spots  of  each  row  coa- 
lescing ; opposite  the  sixth  spot  of  the  first  row  it  is  re- 
newed, and  extends  in  three  spots  to  the  posterior  angle. 
From  the  apex  of  the  hind  wings  it  is  continued  to  the 

9* 


Fig.  19. 


102 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Fig.  20. 


Papilio  Cresphontcs  (natural  size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  103 

inner  margin  just  below  the  ocellus.  Ocellus  jet-black, 
with  an  orange  bent  bar,  and  clouded  with  blue  on  the 
basal  side.  There  are  some  blue  clouds  inside  the  yellow 
row.  Tail  .4  of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  an  ovate  yellow 
spot  near  the  tip. 

Most  of  the  ground  color  of  the  under  side  yellow, 
the  blue  clouds  more  distinct,  and  some  orange  beyond 
the  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  and  at  the  anal  angle. 

Body  black  above,  sides  and  under  parts  yellow. 

Egg  spherical,  a little  flattened  at  the  base,  pale  ochre, 
with  sometimes  a greenish  tinge,  at  other  times  inclining 
to  orange. 

Fig.  21. 


P.  Cresphontes,  larva. 


The  young  larva  is  dark  brown,  beset  with  tubercles, 
from  which  spring  short  hairs,  the  sixth  and  eleventh 
segments  straw  color.  After  the  first  moult  there  is  but 
little  change,  as  also  after  the  second.  After  the  third 


104 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


moult  the  body  becomes  shining,  the  tubercles  disappear- 
ing, except  on  joints  2 to  5 ; thickest  through  joint  4 ; 
from  joint  4 to  5 an  abrupt  decrease  in  size,  as  shown 
in  the  figure.  Head  olivaceous,  the  ridge  on  joint  2 
pale  olivaceous,  parts  of  joints  6 and  7 creamy  tinged 
with  olivaceous;  the  terminal  part  of  the  body  some- 
what enlarged  and  pearly-whitish  on  the  back,  tinged 
with  olivaceous  round  the  edges ; the  rest  of  the  body 
olivaceous  brown. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.75  inches  long,  shaped  much 
as  before  the  last  moult,  a prominent  ridge  extending 
across  the  second  segment,  along  the  sides  and  over  the 
back  of  segment  4,  this  being  the  highest  part.  Inside 
this  space  it  is  somewhat  flattened.  The  dark  parts  are 
dark  brown  ; a white  band  extends  from  above  the  head 
round  to  the  elevation  on  joint  4,  the  lateral  portion 
being  mottled  with  olive  and  brown ; several  white  rings 

on  the  elevated  ridge, 


Fig.  22.  and  a few  on  the  dor- 

sum of  joint  5.  On 
the  dorsum  of  joints 
6 to  8 is  a light  space 
extending  a little 
over  on  the  sides ; 
another  similar  space 
on  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body;  from 
two  to  four  small  blue 

P.  Cresphontes,  pupa.  Spots  On  each  JOlllt 

back  of  the  third. 

The  chrysalis  is  1.5  inches  long,  some  a little  shorter; 
shaped  as  in  the  figure ; the  abdomen  with  a subdorsal 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


105 


row  of  small  tubercles.  Color  variable.  One  form  gray 
marked  with  dark  gray  and  brown,  another  pale  green 
marked  with  gray  and  brown  ; the  latter  color  mostly  on 
the  head  and  down  the  ventral  part  of  the  thorax. 

There  are  two  broods  of  this  insect  in  a season  in 
this  latitude,  the  larva  feeding  on  prickly-ash,  orange, 
hop-tree  ( Ptelea  trifoliata ),  and  Didamnus  Fraxinella. 

Southern  and  Western  States ; Ohio,  West  Virginia, 
Michigan,  New  York,  Connecticut. 

8.  Papilio  Polydamas,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  3.5  inches. 

Color  of  upper  surface  greenish  black  ; a single  row 
of  yellow  spots  to  each  wing,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
outer  margin.  • The  apex  is  more  produced  than  in  the 
preceding  species,  and  the  row  of  spots  only  partly  fol- 
lows the  flexures ; the  row  on  the  hind  wings  not  curved 
so  much  as  the  outer  margin,  and  forming  a continuous 
band  but  for  the  black  veins.  No  ocellus  or  tail. 

On  the  under  side  the  black  has  a brownish  tinge ; 
the  yellow  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated  except 
towards  the  apex,  but  the  yellow  spots  of  the  hind  wings 
are  absent ; but  close  to  the  margin  are  seven  red  spots, 
the  anal  one  a bar,  the  rest  more  or  less  figure-3-shaped. 

Body  black,  with  a narrow  orange  stripe  on  each  side, 
and  orange  spots  on  the  collar. 

Indian  River,  Florida ; Cuba,  Mexico. 


106 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


SUBFAMILY  PIERIN^E. 

In  the  Eastern  United  States  this  subfamily  contains 
all  of  the  Papilionidge  except  the  genus  Papilio.  The 
butterflies  do  not  have  the  tail  to  the  hind  wings,  though 
a few  have  an  angle  in  the  outer  margin  of  these  wings ; 
and  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings  is  convex  and 
bent  downward  so  that  the  two  sides  form  a gutter,  in 
which  the  abdomen  apparently  rests.  The  larvae  are 
cylindrical,  have  a few  scattered  hairs  over  the  body, 
sometimes  a fine  short  pile  also,  but  lack  the  scent- 
organ  of  the  Papilios.  Some  of  the  chrysalides,  as  Pieris 
and  Colias,  resemble  those  of  the  Papilios  except  in  size, 
but  others  are  strongly  projecting  ventrally  so  as  to  be 
nearly  triangular. 

9.  Pieris  Ilaire,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.5  inches. 

Wings  white  ; the  apex  brownish  black,  the  costa  and 
the  anterior  two-thirds  of  the  outer  margin  bordered  with 
the  same ; a very  slight  border  of  black  in  the  fringe  of 
the  hind  wings.  This  color  is  not  repeated  on  the  under 
side  except  along  the  costa.  The  basal  part  of  the  costa 
of  the  hind  wings  is  tinged  with  dark  yellow.  Body 
black,  with  white  hairs. 

Indian  River,  Florida;  Texas,  Arizona. 

10.  Pieris  Monuste,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Wings  white,  costa  black,  a black  border  on  the  outer 
margin,  covering  about  the  outer  fourth  of  the  wing  at 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


107 


the  apex,  but  narrowing  to  a point  at  the  posterior  angle. 
This  border  is  serrated  on  its  inner  edge,  with  two  or 
three  white  rays  extending  nearly  across  the  border  near 
the  apex.  Hind  wings  with  a very  narrow  border  com- 
posed of  triangular  spots.  Female  has  a bowed  black 
line  on  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings. 

The  under  side  has  the  border  less  distinct  than  above,  . 
the  veins  colored,  and  a shade  partly  across  the  middle 
of  the  hind  wings.  In  the  female  the  border  is  more 
prominent  than  in  the  male. 

This  species,  the  largest  one  of  the  genus  with  us,  is 
spread  over  the  Gulf  portion  of  the  Southern  States, 
where  it  is  known  as  the  Larger  Cabbage  Butterfly. 

According  to  Professor  Riley,  the  eggs  are  light  yellow, 
subovoid,  with  the  base  applied  to  the  leaf,  smooth. 

The  larva,  when  full  grown,  is  about  1.6  inches  long, 
lemon-yellow  in  color,  with  four  longitudinal  bands  of 
a purplish  shade.  Each  joint  is  somewhat  spotted  with 
black  and  covered  with  sparse  delicate  bristles. 

The  chrysalis  is  pale  yellowish  marked  with  blackish, 
and  characterized  by  two  black  filamentous  spines  on 
the  middle  of  its  body. 

The  food-plants  are  cabbage,  kale,  lettuce,  turnip  • 
and  it  has  also  been  found  feeding  on  a species  of  Cleome 
and  Polanisia. 

Southern  States,  Texas. 

11.  Pieris  Protodice,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.8  inches. 

Summer  form,  Protodice,  Bd. — Lee.  Male. — Upper 
surface  white,  fore  wings  with  a broad  black  dash  or  bar 
across  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  (Fig.  23),  and  a submar- 


108  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

ginal  row  of  three  more  or  less  distinct  spots,  the  last 
almost  or  quite  touching  the  hind  margin.  There  are 

traces  of  rays  run- 
Fig.  23.  ning  from  this  row 

to  the  outer  edge. 
Hind  wings  with- 
out spots. 

On  the  under  side 
the  spots  and  bars 
are  repeated ; the 
veins  of  the  hind 

Pieris  Protodice,  male  (natural  size).  wingS  are  broadly 

marked  with  green- 
ish yellow  sprinkled  with  brown  scales,  and  the  tips  of 
the  fore  wings  tinged  with  greenish  yellow. 

Female  (Fig.  24). — The  color  is  the  same,  and  the 

fore  wings  have  the 
bar  at  the  end  of 
cell  and  the  sub- 
terminal  row  of 
spots,  but  these 
show  a tendency 
to  blend,  and  the 
outer  margin  sup- 
ports a border  of 
triangles  connect- 
ing with  the  sub- 
terminal row  by  rays.  The  hind  wings  have  a zigzag  sub- 
terminal blackish  line,  the  outer  portions  sending  rays  to 
the  margin,  where  they  are  somewhat  expanded.  The  base 
of  both  wings  is  more  sprinkled  with  dark  scales  than  in 
the  males.  The  under  side  similar  to  that  of  the  male. 


Fig.  24. 


1\  Protodice,  female  (natural  size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


109 


Winter  form,  Vernalis,  Edw. — This  form  is  smaller 
than  the  summer  form,  and  the  dark  colors  are  more 
prominent.  The  spots  of  the  subterminal  row  of  the 
fore  wings  are  more  inclined  to  be  connected.  It  ex- 
pands scarcely  1.6  inches. 

Body  black,  with  some  white  hairs  and  scales. 

The  eggs  are  long,  slender,  pointed,  and  deposited 
singly  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  its  food-plant, 
often  a number  on  one  leaf. 


Fig.  25. 


The  larva  when  first  hatched  is  of  a uniform  orange 
color,  with  a black  head.  When  full  grown  it  averages 
1.15  inches  in  length  and  is  nearly  cylindrical.  The 
most  common  color  is  green  verging  into  blue,  each 
joint  with  six  transverse  wrinkles.  There  are  four 
longitudinal  yellow  lines  each  equidistant  from  the 
other,  and  each  interrupted  by  a pale  blue  spot  on  the 
first  and  fourth  wrinkles  of  each  joint.  There  are  traces 
of  another  substigmatal  line.  On  each  wrinkle  is  a row 
of  various-sized,  round,  black,  piliferous  spots,  those  on 
wrinkles  one  and  four  being  largest  and  most  regularly 

10 


110 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


situated;  a black  hair  arising  from  each  spot.  Head 
concolorous  with  the  body,  covered  with  black  spots,  and 
usually  with  a yellow  or  orange  patch  each  side. 

The  chrysalis  is  .65  of  an  inch  long,  varying  in  color, 
but  mostly  bluish  gray  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  black, 
with  the  ridges  and  prominences  edged  with  buff  or  flesh 
color. 

This  butterfly  is  usually  known  as  the  Southern 
Cabbage  Butterfly,  though  it  is  to  be  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States,  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf,  and  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  Though  it  has  such  a wide 
range,  it  is  to  be  met  with  as  an  injurious  insect  only 
in  the  Southern  States  and  the  States  bordering  on 
these.  In  the  Northern  States  P.  Rupee  is  more 
common,  in  many  places  driving  out  Protodice.  Where 
the  two  occur,  the  European  species  is  more  destructive, 
as  the  larvse  of  this  species  not  only  eat  the  outer  leaves, 
but  may  be  found  boring  into  the  head  as  well,  while 
the  Protodice  larvse  feed  mostly  on  the  outer  leaves. 

There  are  several  broods  during  a season,  the  broods 
somewhat  intermingling,  so  that  larvse  of  various  stages 
of  growth  may  be  found  at  any  time.  It  hibernates  in 
the  pupa  state. 

Middle,  Southern,  and  Western  States  to  the  Pacific. 

12.  Piekis  Napi,  Esper. 

It  has  been  shown  by  Mr.  Edwards  that  some  one 
or  more  forms  of  this  variable  species  are  to  be  found 
from  Arctic  America  as  far  south  as  California  on  the 
west,  and  Michigan  and  New  England  on  the  east, 
being  mostly  represented  in  the  regions  farther  to  the 
north.  As  a mere  matter  of  information,  the  full  ar- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


Ill 


rangement  of  the  forms  as  found  in  Mr.  Edwards’s  new 
catalogue  is  given,  with  the  locality  of  each,  after  which 
those  occurring  in  the  Eastern  United  States  will  be 
considered. 

Pieris  Napi,  Esper. 

Arctic  form,  Bryonia,  Ochs. — Alaska. 

Var.  Hulda,  Edw. — Kodiak,  Alaska. 

1.  Winter  form,  Venosa,  Scud. — California  to  British 

Columbia. 

Aberr.  Flava,  Edw. — California. 

2.  Winter  form,  Oleracea-hiemalis,  Harr. 

Yar.  Borealis,  Grote. — Labrador,  Anticosti. 

Yar.  Frigida,  Scud. — Boreal  America. 

Aberr.  Yirginiensis,  Edw. — New  York,  Ontario. 

3.  1.  Summer  form,  Acadica,  Edw. — Newfound- 

land. 

2.  Summer  form,  a.  Pallida,  Scud. — California  to 

British  Columbia. 

b.  Castoria,  Reak. — California  to  British 
Columbia. 

Aberr.  Flava,  Edw. — California. 

3.  Summer  form,  Oleracea-^estiva,  Harr.— 

New  England  to  Michigan ; Ontario,  Quebec. 

Aberr.  Yirginiensis,  Edw. — Expanse  of  wings  1.7 
inches.  Upper  side  white,  less  pure  than  the  form 
Oleracea,  and  much  obscured  by  gray-brown  scales, 
which  are  scattered  over  the  whole  surface,  but  are  dense 
on  apex,  costa,  and  basal  half  of  fore  wings,  and  at  base 
and  along  the  subcostal  and  median  venules  of  hind 
wings ; a gray  patch  on  costa  of  hind  wings. 


112 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Under  side  white,  the  venules  all  bordered  with  gray- 
brown,  most  conspicuously  on  the  median  vein  of  both 
wings  and  the  branches  of  this  vein  on  hind  wings ; 
shoulder  pale  orange. 

The  female  expands  1.9  inches ; similar  to  the  male, 

the  surface  usually  still 
more  obscured. 

New  York. 

Summer  form,  Ole- 
race  A-iESTIV  A,  HaiT. 
This  is  often  of  larger 
size  of  wings,  and  the 
wings  are  thinner,  and 
purer  white  on  the 
upper  side,  than  in 
hiemalis( Fig.  26).  Also 
the  base  is  less  obscured, 
and  the  costa,  apex,  and  outer  margin  not  at  all.  On  the 
under  side  it  is  either  white  or  delicate  yellow ; the  veins 
of  both  wings  but  scantily  edged  with  brown  scales,  and 
often  not  at  all  over  considerable  areas. 

The  females  have  the  basal  and  apical  areas  pale  gray, 
and  not  infrequently  there  is  a trace  of  the  spot  of  Napi 
on  upper  median  interspace ; sometimes  also  a trace  of 
the  second  spot,  and  of  the  gray  bordering  to  the  hind 
margin  of  fore  wings.  The  veins  beneath  are  more 
edged  with  brown  scales  than  in  the  male.  The  shoul- 
ders of  hind  wings  are  of  a very  pale  yellow , and  often 
there  is  no  color  at  all. 

New  England  to  Michigan. 

The  eggs,  represented  in  Fig.  27,  are  somewhat  pear- 
shaped,  pale  greenish  white  in  color,  marked  with  about 


Fig.  26. 


Pieris  Napi,  winter  form,  Oleracea-hiemalis : 
a,  larva. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  U3 

fifteen  sharp  longitudinal  ridges  with  cross-lines  between. 
Length  about  .05  of  an  inch. 

The  young  larva  is  of  a glassy  white,  thinly  clothed 
with  fine  short  hairs.  As  with  several  other  species,  the 
egg-shell  from  which  it  emerges  forms  the 
first  meal  of  the  young  larva. 

The  mature  larva  is  about  1.25  inches 
long,  of  a pale  green  color,  with  a darker 
dorsal  line,  the  entire  surface  covered  with 
fine  short  whitish  hairs. 

The  chrysalis  is  of  a greenish  or  whitish 
color  finely  speckled  with  black,  and  shaped 
much  as  the  other  species. 

The  larva,  when  ready  to  pupate,  leaves 
the  cabbages  and  seeks  some  protected  place 
on  the  under  side  of  a board  or  a fence-rail, 
where  it  spins  its  button  and  loop  of  silk  and  changes 
to  a pupa.  This  habit  is  not  confined  to  this  species, 
but  is  common  to  the  rest  of  the  genus  occurring  in  the 
eastern  United  States. 

13.  PlERIS  VlRGINIENSIS,  Edw. 

This  is  a form  occurring  in  West  Virginia,  like  Ole - 
racea , except  that  it  has  no  yellow  on  the  under  side  of 
the  wings.  It  is  single-brooded,  producing  no  summer 
form,  while  farther  north  the  aberrant  form  Virginien - 
sis  is  one  of  the  spring  forms  of  Oleracea , and  the  parent 
of  Oleracea-cestiva , a summer  form.  The  preparatory 
stages  are  like  those  of  the  preceding  species,  it  seeming 
to  be  a descendant  of  one  of  its  forms,  probably  Ole - 
racea-cestiva. 

West  Virginia. 
h 


Fig.  27. 


P.  Napi,  form 
Oleracea;  egg, 
X27. 


10* 


114 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Fro.  28. 


Pieris  Rapse,  male  (natural  size). 


14.  Pieris  Rap^i,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.8  inches. 

Upper  surface  white,  the  usual  form  having  a brownish- 
or  grayish-black  patch  across  the  apex.  The  male  has  a 

submarginal  round 
spot  in  the  first  me- 
dian interspace  (see 
Fig  28),  and  a some- 
what elongated  spot 
on  the  costa  of  the 
hind  wings.  The 
females  have  a sec- 
ond round  spot  at 
the  same  distance 
from  the  outer  margin  on  the  upper  side  of  the  subme- 
dian vein.  The  base  of  the  wings  is  dusted  a little  with 

gray  scales,  more  so 
in  the  female. 

On  the  under  side 
the  fore  wings  are 
white,  pale  yellow  to- 
wards the  apex,  and 
with  two  black  spots 
in  both  sexes  corre- 
sponding to  the  two 
on  the  upper  side  of 
the  fore  wings  of  the  female.  Hind  wings  pale  yellow, 
without  marks,  but  sprinkled  with  black  atoms. 

Body  black  above,  white  beneath. 

Var.  Nov^- Anglije,  Scud. — This  form  occurs,  so  far 
as  is  now  known,  only  in  the  Eastern  States  and  New 
York.  Ground  color  of  both  wings  dull  sulphur-yellow. 


P.  Rapse,  female  (natural  size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


115 


Farther  south  the  winter  form,  or  the  one  that  comes 
in  early  spring  from  chrysalides  that  have  hibernated, 
tends  to  pure  white  on  the  upper  surface.  One  male 
in  the  writer’s  cabinet  has  an  obscure  patch  on  the  apex 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  costal  mark  of  the  hind  wings 
about  as  much  obscured,  no  trace  of  the  spot  in  the  me 
dian  interspace  except  what  shows  through  from  below. 
Another  male  has  scarcely  a trace  of  the  apical  patch,  or 
the  costal  mark,  with  perhaps  half  a dozen  scales  in  the 
median  interspace.  On  the  under  side  these  specimens 
differ  a little  from  the  usual  form,  both  being  more  suf- 
fused with  black  on  the  hind  wings,  the  fore  wings  with 
scarcely  any  or  no  yellow  at  the  apex,  and  only  a few 
scales  in  place  of  the  usual  dots. 

Var.  Manni,  Mayer. — This  is  a pale  yellow  form, 
having  all  the  usual  markings,  but  the  upper  surface  pale 
yellow  of  a clear  type  and  not  ochraceous-tinted.  Under 
side  like  the  others.  Found  in  both  sexes. 

Georgia ; Chicago,  Illinois. 

The  larva  of  this  species  feeds  on  cabbage,  turnips, 
and  some  other  plants.  It  is  not  a native  of  this  country, 
but  was  introduced  from  Europe  about  1863,  since  which 
time  it  has  spread  over  the  most  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  usually  known  as  the  European  Cabbage  Butter- 

fly- 

The  eggs  are  deposited  irregularly  over  the  surface  of 
the  leaf  of  the  food-plant,  mostly  on  the  under  side. 
They  are  somewhat  pear-shaped,  flattened  at  the  base, 
and  the  apex  truncate.  In  color  they  are  yellowish, 
marked  with  twelve  longitudinal  ribs,  crossed  by  very 
fine  lines  between. 

The  young  larva  is  pale  yellow.  It  first  eats  the  shell 


116 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


of  the  egg  from  which  it  emerges,  then  covers  a space 
with  silk,  where  it  rests  except  when  feeding. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  is  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  of  a pale  green  color,  finely  dotted  with 
black;  a pale  yellow  dorsal  stripe, 
sometimes  indistinct,  and  a row  of 
yellow  spots  along  the  region  of  the 
stigmata. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  30,  b ) varies  in 
color  from  a dull  yellowish  green  to 
an  ash-gray,  a light  gray  with  nu- 
merous black  points  being  the  most 
common  form. 

There  are  probably  two  broods  of 
this  species  in  the  most  northern  por- 
tions of  the  United  States,  in  the  lat- 
p. RaPae:a, larva;  6,  itude  of  South ern  Illinois  three  at 

pupa. 

least  occur,  and  it  is  quite  probable 
that  still  farther  south  there  are  four  or  five.  Like  the 
other  species,  it  hibernates  in  the  pupa  state. 

New  England  to  the  Rocky  Mountains ; south  to 
Georgia. 

15.  Nathalis  Iole,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.15  inches. 

Upper  surface  yellow ; a large  patch  of  black  across 
the  apex  of  fore  wings,  and  a stripe  of  the  same  along 
the  hind  margin.  The  fringes  and  a little  along  the 
outer  part  of  the  costa  are  yellow ; and  the  black  along 
the  hind  margin  does  not  quite  reach  that  margin,  nor 
does  it  extend  to  the  end  of  the  wing,  but  bends  forward 
a little  before  reaching  the  posterior  angle,  where  it  is 


Fig.  30. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  H7 

more  or  less  completely  separated  from  the  apical  patch 
by  yellow. 

The  hind  wings  have  a black  stripe  along  the  basal 
two-thirds  of  the  costa,  the  rest  of  the  wing  being  yellow 
in  the  male,  except  a few  black 
scales  on  the  outer  ends  of  some  Fig*  31* 

of  the  veins;  but  in  the  female 
there  is  a partial  broad,  dusky 
outer  border,  separated  from  the 
black  of  the  costa  by  a yellow 
space,  the  surface  having  a tinge  Nathaiis  ioie,  female, 
of  yellow. 

On  the  under  side  the  posterior  stripe  of  the  fore 
wings  is  repeated,  in  the  female  somewhat  dull,  the 
bent  portion  being  replaced  by  three  dots  ; in  the  female 
these  three  dots,  or  spots,  form  a prominent  posterior 
part  of  a subterminal  row,  the  posterior  stripe  wanting 
or  dull.  The  anterior  and  outer  portion  of  the  fore 
wings  is,  in  both  sexes,  washed  with  orange ; the  apex 
and  hind  wings  of  the  female  grayish. 

Var.  Irene,  Fitch. — This  has  the  under  side  of  the 
fore  wings  destitute  of  a blackish  central  dot,  and  of  the 
three  black  spots  near  the  posterior  angle,  the  posterior 
one  is  connected  with  the  posterior  stripe ; and  the  base 
of  the  wing  instead  of  its  outer  margin  is  orange-yellow. 

Illinois,  Missouri  to  California,  New  Mexico,  Arizona. 

16.  Anthocharis  Olympia,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  white,  gray  at  base  of  wings ; a large 
gray  patch  at  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  partially  re- 
placed by  white.  Costal  margin  slightly  specked  with 


118 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


black;  a black  bar  at  the  end  of  cell.  The  hind  wings 
have  a few  black  scales  at  the  outer  angle  and  a small 
wedge-shaped  black  spot  near  the  base  on  costa. 

Under  side  white.  The  fore  wings  have  a small  gray 
subapical  patch  on  costa,  nearly  covered  with  green 
scales,  and  a faint  greenish  patch  on  the  outer  margin. 
Discal  spot  narrow,  lunate,  enclosing  a white  streak. 

Hind  wings  crossed  by  bands  of  yellow-green  on  a 
gray  ground.  The  one  near  the  base  is  slightly  trifid 
on  the  costa,  the  outer  one  broadly  trifid,  but  runhing 
from  the  outer  margin  instead  of  the  costa,  the  middle 
and  outer  one  joined  on  the  median  vein.  There  is  also 
a spot  of  the  same  color  between  the  anterior  ends  of  the 
second  and  third. 

Body  black  above,  the  under  side  white,  the  thorax 
tinged  with  greenish  yellow. 

West  Virginia,  Indiana,  Nebraska. 

17.  Anthocharis  Genutia,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.55  inches. 

Upper  surface  white,  with  a large  orange  apical  patch, 
bordered  outwardly  with  black,  in  which  there  are  seven 
yellowish- white  spots  on  the  edge  of  the  wing.  There 
is  a black  dot  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell,  some  specks 
on  the  costa,  and  several  somewhat  triangular  spots  on 
the  outer  border  of  both  wings. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  and  apex  of  fore  wings 
pale  greenish  yellow,  the  rest  of  fore  wings  tinged  very 
slightly  with  this  color;  hind  wings  and  apex  of  fore 
wings  finely  netted  with  black.  Discal  dot  of  fore  wings 
reproduced. 

Body  black  above,  white  below;  antennae  annulate 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


119 


with  black  and  white.  Apex  of  fore  -wings  produced 
so  that  the  outer  margin  is  excavated  below  the  apex. 

New  York  to  Virginia ; Western  States,  Texas. 

18.  Callidryas  Eubule,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  bright  lemon-yellow,  usually  paler  on 
the  internal  margin  of  hind  wings;  and  the  male  with 
paler  rays  of  raised  scales  extending  inward  from  the 
outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings  between  the  veins,  the 
anterior  five  of  these  rays  extending  almost  to  the  cell, 
the  rest  triangular.  The  hind  wings  have  a similar 
border,  but  it  is  narrower  and  more  continuous.  The 
male  is  without  spots;  the  female  has  a dark  brown 
spot  with  a ferruginous  centre  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  costa  and  fringe  brown,  with 
brown  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

The  under  side  of  the  male  is  almost  a greenish  yellow, 
with  a more  or  less  distinct  ferruginous  bar  at  the  end 
of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  and  a white  or  silvery  spot 
circled  with  ferruginous  on  the  cell  of  the  hind  wings.  In 
some  examples  there  are  no  other  marks,  but  in  others 
there  are  traces  of  marks  which  are  more  distinct  in  the 
female. 

The  under  surface  of  the  female  is  greenish  yellow, 
but  little  darker  than  the  male,  with  the  costa  rosy  and 
the  fringe  ferruginous  brown.  There  is  a bar  at  the  end 
of  cell  of  fore  wings  composed  of  five  rosy  spots  circled, 
and  separated  by  brown  and  ferruginous.  On  the  end 
of  cell  of  hind  wings  are  two  silvery- white  spots  circled 
like  the  others,  and  set  in  a patch  of  brown  and  fer- 
ruginous scales.  On  the  fore  wings  beyond  the  cell  are 


120 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


two  rows  of  elongate,  wavy,  ferruginous  and  brown 
patches,  one  of  these,  of  three  spots,  extending  from  near 
the  apex  obliquely  inward,  and  the  other,  of  two  spots, 
submarginal  and  nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin. 

The  hind  wings  are  similarly  marked,  except  that  the 
first  row  has  only  two  spots ; there  being  also  six  more 
or  less  distinct  round  spots  near  the  base, — two  above  the 
cell,  one  in  the  cell,  two  below  the  cell,  and  one  at  the 
insertion  of  the  wings.  There  are  also  three  others 
farther  out  below  the  cell.  The  fore  wings  are  usually 
sprinkled  with  fine  ferruginous  scales. 

Thorax  black  above,  the  head  and  prothorax  more  or 
less  rosy,  abdomen  yellow;  all  the  under  parts  yellow. 
Antennae  rose  tipped  with  ferruginous. 

In  the  larval  state  this  species  is  said  to  feed  on  the 
species  of  Cassia. 

Southern  States  to  West  Virginia  and  Ohio,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Arizona,  Southern  California;  occasionally  in 
New  York  and  Rhode  Island. 

19.  Callidryas  Sennje,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.75  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  clear  lemon-yellow,  the  same 
shade  as  C.  Eubule.  Like  that  species,  this  has  an  outer 
border  of  intervenular  spots  of  the  same  shade  of  yellow 
as  the  wings,  and  the  scales  composing  these  spots  are 
slightly  raised,  as  though  placed  over  the  others,  so  that 
in  certain  lights  they  seem  lighter  than  the  other  parts, 
the  remainder  of  the  wing  having  in  the  same  lights  a 
slight  greenish  tinge.  On  the  fore  wings,  beginning  at 
the  costa,  those  in  the  first  and  second  subcostal  inter- 
spaces reach  almost  to  the  base  of  these  spaces,  the  same 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


121 


as  they  do  in  Eubule , the  third  does  not  go  quite  so  near, 
while  the  fourth  does  not  extend  more  than  a third  of 
the  distance  from  the  margin  to  the  cell,  in  Eubule  both 
of  these  going  as  near  to  the  cell  as  do  the  first  and 
second.  The  remainder  are  blunt  conical,  similar  to 
those  of  the  border  of  Eubule , but  a little  more  blunt. 
In  one  small  specimen  from  Indian  River,  Florida,  all 
of  these  are  more  abbreviated  than  in  the  above  descrip- 
tion. On  the  hind  wings  the  border  is  a band  scarcely 
sinuous  on  the  inner  edge,  narrowing  towards  the  anal 
angle.  In  the  small  specimen  the  border  extends  along 
only  the  anterior  half  of  the  margin.  Like  Eubule , 
there  are  no  colored  spots  on  the  upper  surface. 

Under  side  a little  darker  than  above,  slightly  orange- 
tinted,  except  along  the  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings. 
Marked  after  the  pattern  of  Eubule . There  are  on  the 
fore  wings  two  purplish-brown  spots  on  the  end  of  the 
cell,  the  lower  twice  as  large  as  the  upper,  elliptical,  with 
an  elliptical  rosy  patch  in  the  centre;  the  upper  with 
rosy  scales  on  the  cross-vein.  In  addition,  there  are 
the  usual  three  series  of  spots  along  the  outer  margin, 
— the  first  three  parallel  with  the  apical  portion  of  the 
costa,  and  situated  in  the  first  three  subcostal  interspaces ; 
the  next  three  in  the  next  three  interspaces,  extending 
obliquely  inward,  the  lower  spot  not  quite  half-way  from 
the  margin  to  the  cell ; the  third  series  contains  only 
two  spots,  lying  nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin : 
these  spots  vary  from  a washing  to  sprinkling  of  dark 
brown  scales  with  a few  rosy. 

Hind  wings  have  one  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  with 
a central  silver  spot,  and  four  rows  of  somewhat  scattered 
spots,  all  of  them  a little  oblique : the  first  row  consists  of 


122 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


a rosy  spot  at  the  base  of  the  wing  and  a dark  one  on 
each  side  of  the  costal  vein  in  line ; the  second,  passing 
obliquely  through  nearly  the  middle  of  the  cell,  contains 
three  geminate  spots ; the  third,  not  quite  in  a straight 
line,  contains  the  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  which  is 
composed  of  several  small  spots  ; the  fourth,  submarginal, 
consists  of  four  elongate,  irregular  patches,  the  third  near- 
est the  margin.  Besides  these,  both  wings  are  sparsely 
sprinkled  with  orange  scales.  The  margin  of  each  wing 
is  edged  with  a fine  line,  with  orange-brown  points  at  the 
ends  of  most  of  the  veins. 

Female. — About  three  forms  of  this  sex  are  to  be 
met  with.  One  is  of  the  same  color  above  as  the  male, 
with  a dark  brown  round  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
nearly  divided  by  a rosy  orange  line ; and  a brown 
edging  along  the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings,  with 
small  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  these  being  mere 
points  on  the  hind  wings,  and  the  edge  orange.  Another 
form  is  dirty  whitish  yellow,  the  discal  spot  a little 
larger ; and  both  wings  have  a terminal  border  of  quite 
prominent,  slightly  lunate  spots,  there  being  four  or 
five  small  clusters  of  scales  within  the  margin  in  the 
subcostal  and  discal  interspaces.  Another  form  is  more 
like  the  first,  but  less  clear  yellow.  A fourth  form  is 
smaller  than  the  others,  expanding  about  two  inches. 
In  this  the  general  color  is  darker  than  in  the  male,  with 
the  hind  wings  considerably  orange-tinted.  The  spot  at 
end  of  cell  is  fully  twice  as  large  as  in  the  first,  with  the 
central  spot  shorter  and  broader,  the  outer  border  broader 
than  in  the  second  form,  some  of  the  spots  approaching 
conical,  with,  on  the  fore  wings,  the  three  series  of  three 
spots  each  of  the  under  side  represented  by  small  patches 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  123 

of  scales.  On  the  hind  wings  the  two  small  spots  of  the 
under  side  at  the  end  of  the  cell  show  through. 

Under  side  of  the  same  orange-tinted  color  as  in  the 
male,  but  darker ; marks  the  same,  but  generally  heavier. 
The  first  form  has  the  two  discal  spots  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  blended,  an  irregular  dark  brown  outline  within  in  a 
rosy  orange  patch,  with  some  silver  scales  in  the  centre ; 
the  hind  wings  have  a round  silver  mark  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  on  the  cross-vein,  and  another  above  and  outside, 
both  in  a rosy  orange  patch,  with  a sprinkling  of  orange 
scales,  the  other  spots  not  heavier  than  in  the  male.  The 
second  form  is  dirty  whitish  yellow  as  above,  as  also  the 
third  ; the  discal  spot  of  the  fore  wings  is  larger  and  mostly 
rosy  silver,  the  terminal  border  more  prominent.  The 
fourth  example  differs  from  the  others  in  having  the 
marks  much  heavier;  the  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings  is  a large  silver  patch,  somewhat 
divided  into  four  parts ; the  subterminal  spots  and  the 
rows  on  the  hind  wings  are  inclined  to  blend,  and  the 
outer  margin  has  a terminal  border  of  rosy  scales  which 
shades  out  into  the  general  color,  almost  reaching,  on 
the  fore  wings,  the  subterminal  spots ; and  the  surface  is 
more  sprinkled  with  the  rosy  scales. 

Thorax  black  above,  with  whitish  hairs;  abdomen 
yellow ; head  brownish  rosy,  extending  to  the  tip  of 
palpi,  sides  rosy ; beneath  yellow,  more  or  less  tinted 
with  orange. 

The  larva  is  said  to  be  deep  citron-yellow,  punctured 
with  black,  and  a blue  transverse  line  on  each  segment ; 
abdomen  below  and  feet  yellow,  with  a lateral  range  of 
small  blue  lines  above  the  feet. 

Food-plant,  Cassia. 


124 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Indian  River,  Florida;  Texas,  Arizona,  Southern 
Illinois. 

20.  Callidryas  Philea,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  3.5  inches. 

Female.— Upper  surface  dark  yellow,  washed  a little 
with  orange  along  the  costa,  with  a prominent  orange 
border  to  the  hind  wings  not  quite  reaching  the  apex, 
there  being  a marginal  row  of  dark  brown  spots  along 
the  outer  third  of  the  costa  to  the  apex  and  round  the 
outer  margin  of  both  wings.  At  the  apex  these  are 
blended  into  an  apical  patch.  Discal  dot  not  very 
prominent.  The  fore  wings  have  a submarginal  row  of 
spots  answering  to  those  usually  found  on  the  under 
side. 

Under  side  yellow,  heavily  sprinkled  with  ferruginous, 
more  prominent  towards  the  base  of  the  hind  wings. 
Marks  similar  to  those  of  C.  Sennce , but  heavy,  and  the 
brown  has  a washing  of  rose  color. 

The  males  are  yellow,  with  a patch  of  light  orange 
near  the  anterior  margin  of  the  fore  wings,  nearer  the 
base  than  the  outer  margin.  Hind  wings  with  the 
orange  border  similar  to  that  of  the  female,  except  that 
it  lacks  the  brown  spots. 

Occasionally  in  Texas,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin. 

21.  Callidryas  Agarithe,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  3 inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  clear  light  orange,  a little  paler 
over  the  inner  portion  of  the  hind  wings ; without  spots, 
but  with  a terminal  border  of  elevated  soales  which  in 
certain  lights  seem  to  be  paler;  the  border  in  width 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


125 


nearly  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  fore  wing,  but  about 
half  as  wide  on  the  hind  wings ; crenate  on  the  inner 
edge  on  the  fore  wings. 

Under  side  paler  yellow  than  above,  but  orange-tinted, 
scarcely  darker  than  the  under  side  of  the  male  Sennce ; 
nearly  without  marks.  At  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the 
fore  wings  there  is  usually  a small  blackish-brown  spot, 
with  or  without  a few  rosy  scales,  some  examples  not 
having  either  the  black  or  the  rosy.  There  is  a more  or 
less  distinct  oblique  stripe  of  dark  scales  extending  from 
near  the  apex  to  near  the  hind  margin,  usually  stopping 
at  the  lower  branch  of  the  median,  opposite  the  lower  side 
of  the  cell,  almost  half-way  from  the  outer  edge  to  the  cell. 
The  hind  wings  have  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a faint  dark 
brown  circle,  and  one  in  the  interspace  above  outside 
the  cell;  in  some  examples  scarcely  a trace  of  these. 
Besides  these  there  are  traces  of  a submarginal  row  of 
spots,  and  a row  through  the  end  of  the  cell  like  Sennce , 
but  they  are  represented  by  a few  scattered  scales  or  not 
at  all ; also  some  scales  in  the  places  along  the  costa  and 
near  the  base  of  the  cell,  representing  an  inner  row. 

Female. — This  is  more  of  the  color  of  the  dirty  yellow 
form  of  Sennce , or  dirty  whitish  yellow.  At  the  end  of 
cell  of  fore  wings  an  elliptical  blackish-brown  spot ; the 
costa  blackish  brown,  the  costal  margin  sprinkled  with 
this,  the  apex  blackish  brown ; along  the  outer  margin 
a series  of  brown  semi-oval  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins, 
which  are  not  quite  connected,  these  extending  along  the 
hind  wings  nearly  to  the  anal  angle.  Extending  from 
the  apical  patch  on  the  fore  wings  is  an  oblique  row  of 
six  spots  separated  by  the  veins,  and  three  smaller  ones 
in  the  subcostal  interspaces.  The  hind  wings  have  three 

11* 


126  the  butterflies  of  the 

submarginal  spots,  which  are  not  quite  so  distinct  as  those 
oil  the  fore  wings. 

Under  side  whitish  sprinkled  with  rosy  scales,  es- 
pecially along  the  outer  margin  and  apex  of  fore  wings 
and  outer  margin  of  hind  wings;  subterminal  row  of 
spots  of  the  upper  side  repeated,  but  not  the  terminal. 
The  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  is  large,  long,  silvery, 
surrounded  with  blackish  scales,  broken  into  four  or  five 
parts,  much  as  on  Sennce. 

The  hind  wings  have  the  silver  spots,  one  on  the  cross- 
vein  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  other  on  the  inter- 
space above  and  outside,  these  circled  with  blackish 
brown  and  with  rosy  scales.  Besides  these  there  are 
the  same  traces  of  spots  that  are  found  on  the  male, 
though  a little  more  prominent. 

Thorax  black,  with  whitish  hairs,  abdomen  yellow, 
.head  and  palpi  above  dark,  below  concolorous  with  the 
wings ; antennae  brown,  with  brownish  tip. 

Florida,  Texas,  Kansas,  Arizona,  occasional  in  Ne- 
braska. 

22.  Krjcogonia  Lyside,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.7  to  1.95  inches. 

Upper  surface  white,  in  some  examples  very  slightly 
green-tinted.  The  fore  wings  with  the  basal  third 
bright  lemon-yellow,  shading  a little  into  the  white  on 
the  outer  edge ; the  apex  yellow-tinted ; the  base  of  the 
wing  black-edged.  Hind  wings  uniform  white,  except  a 
little  tinting  of  yellow  at  the  base. 

There  are  two  forms  of  this,  a winter  form,  Lyside, 
Godt.,  which  has  the  upper  surface  as  above  described  ; the 
under  side  of  the  fore  wings  as  on  the  upper  surface,  ex- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


127 


cept  that  there  is  more  yellow  at  the  apex,  and  the  costal 
margin  is  yellow-tinted.  The  hind  wings  uniform  pale 
yellow,  heavily  sprinkled  with  whitish  or  slightly  buff- 
tinted  scales,  giving  the  wing  a slight  grayish  cast ; a 
few  brown  scales  on  the  middle  of  the  cross- vein. 

Summer  form,  Terissa,  Luc.,  is  like  the  winter  form 
above,  except  that  there  is  a bronzy  black  bar  about  .15 
of  an  inch  long  on  the  hind  wings  from  the  costa  back 
about  two-thirds  the  distance  from  the  base.  The  under 
side  of  fore  wings  the  same,  but  the  hind  wings  are  more 
yellow-tinted,  lack  the  whitish  scales,  and  the  brown  on 
the  cross-vein  is  more  distinct. 

Texas  ; Indian  River,  Florida. 

23.  Colias  CLesonia,  Stoll. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  yellow,  with  a broad  terminal  border, 
the  inner  part  bent  inward  along  the  costa,  and  making 
a deep  sinus  between  the  second  discal  and  the  second 
median  venule.  The  base  of  the  wing  has  a heavy 
shading  of  black  scales,  the  anterior  portion  extending 
half-way  across  the  wing,  and  from  the  median  vein  to 
the  costa.  This  leaves  the  yellow  portion  somewhat 
resembling  a dog’s  head,  the  discal  dot  answering  for  an 
eye.  Hind  wings  with  a narrow  black  border,  dentate 
on  the  inside ; an  orange  discal  spot,  and  a smaller  one 
just  outside  the  cell. 

In  the  female  the  yellow  of  the  fore  wings  is  more 
encroached  upon  by  the  black  basal  shading,  with  a 
sprinkling  of  black  atoms  over  the  “ dog’s  head,”  and 
rays  of  black  between  the  veins  of  the  hind  wings. 
There  is  also  a slight  blue  reflection  over  the  “ dog’s 


128 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


head.”  Costa,  antennae,  and  portions  of  the  fringe 
rosy. 

On  the  under  side  the  discal  spots  are  more  prominent 
than  above,  and  pupilled  with  silver ; a submarginal  row 


Fig.  32. 


Colias  Caesonia,  male  (natural  size). 


of  dots  are  black  on  the  fore  wings,  but  red  on  the  hind 
wings.  Ground  color  of  hind  wings  and  apical  portion 
of  fore  wings  dark  yellow ; a rosy  ray  from  the  body 
outward  on  the  hind  wings. 

The  larva  is  said  to  be  green,  with  a lateral  white 
band,  punctured  with  yellow ; besides  this  band,  there  is 
on  each  segment  a transverse  black  band,  bordered  with 
yellow.  It  feeds  on  the  different  species  of  clover. 

Southern  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Texas  to  Cali- 
fornia ; occasional  in  Minnesota. 

24.  Colias  Eurytheme,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.35  inches. 

Varying  considerably  in  color,  but  the  usual  form  of 
male  orange-yellow,  shading  to  sulphur-yellow  on  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


129 


costa  of  both  wings  and  on  inner  margin  of  hind  wings ; 
the  base  and  inner  margin  sprinkled  with  black  scales. 
Outer  border  black,  broadest  at  apex,  somewhat  irregular 
on  inner  edge,  extending  a little  on  the  costa  and  hind 
margin  of  fore  wings;  the  anterior  veins  yellow  where 
they  cross  the  black.  In  width  the  border  is  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  wing.  Discal  spot  black.  On 
the  hind  wings  the  border  is  narrower,  and  does  not 
reach  the  anal  angle.  Discal  spot  of  hind  wings  orange, 
composed  of  two  spots.  Both  wings  have  a roseate 
reflection. 

Under  side  yellow,  middle  of  fore  wings  tinged  with 
orange.  On  both  wings  a subterminal  row  of  dots,  the 
three  posterior  of  the  fore  wings  black,  the  rest  brownish, 
also  two  dots  on  the  costa  near  the  apex.  Discal  spots 
repeated,  the  anterior  black,  with  a few  light  scales; 
posterior  geminate,  silvery,  annulate  with  roseate  brown 
or  ferruginous ; a dash  on  the  costa  of  the  hind  wings 
near  the  apex,  and  a rosy  spot  at  the  base. 

The  typical  female  is  of  the  same  general  color,  a 
little  more  yellow  along  the  costa  and  beyond  the  discal 
cell.  The  border  instead  of  being  solid  black  contains 
a row  of  yellow  spots,  the  third  from  the  posterior  end 
on  the  fore  wings  subobsolete.  The  hind  wings  have 
the  border  wider  than  in  the  males,  and  it  contains  the 
rudiments  of  a row  of  spots.  The  black  scales  scattered 
over  the  base  cover  more  of  the  wings  than  in  the  male. 
Under  side  similar  to  that  of  the  male. 

A white  or  albino  female  form  is  sometimes  found, 
with  all  the  markings  as  in  the  yellow  form.  There 
are  the  following  seasonal  and  local  variations  from  the 
typical  form. 


130 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Winter  form,  Ariadne,  Edw.  This  has  an  expanse 
of  wings  in  the  male  of  from  1.3  to  1.6  inches;  in  the 
female,  of  from  1.6  to  1.8  inches.  The  upper  surface  is 
of  a bright  lemon-yellow.  On  the  fore  wings  an  orange 
patch  extends  from  the  hind  margin  to  the  median  vein 
or  beyond,  sometimes  very  pale,  but  usually  decided  and 
gradually  passing  into  the  yellow  beyond. 

Hind  wings  sometimes  slightly  tinted,  but  more  often 
without  orange  save  the  discal  spot.  Marginal  borders 
narrow,  scarcely  half  as  wide  as  in  the  form  Keeway - 
din . 

Under  side  more  greenish  yellow  than  Keewaydin , a 
large  double  discal  spot  on  the  hind  wings,  silver,  annu- 
late with  ferruginous,  and  placed  in  a patch  of  pink 
ferruginous. 

In  the  female  the  orange  on  the  fore  wings  is  much 
as  in  the  male,  the  hind  wings  greenish  yellow  much 
dusted  over  with  black  scales.  Marginal  borders  narrow, 
the  border  on  the  fore  wings  only  partly  enclosing  the 
submarginal  spots,  or  even  without  trace  of  spots,  es- 
pecially on  the  hind  wings. 

This  form  is  found  only  in  the  Southern  States,  more 
distinctly  marked  in  Texas  than  elsewhere:  here  the 
summer  form  Eurytheme  flies  through  the  summer,  but 
the  forms  Ariadne  and  Keewaydin , from  chrysalides  win- 
tered over,  take  its  place  in  the  spring,  Ariadne  being  the 
first  one  that  emerges.  In  the  Northern  States  Keeway- 
din is  the  winter,  form,  while  in  the  mountain  regions 
Keewaydin  and  Eurytheme  are  found  flying  together 
during  the  summer. 

Winter  form,  Keewaydin,  Edw.  This  may  be 
known  from  the  typical  Eurytheme  by  its  smaller  size, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


131 


its  duller  yellow  and  less  roseate  reflection,  and  both 
sides  more  sprinkled  with  black  scales.  The  costal  yel- 
low of  the  fore  wings  is  broader,  encroaching  more  upon 
the  orange,  the  latter  being  deepest  near  the  base.  In 
some  specimens  there  is  very  little  or  even  no  orange  on 
the  fore  wings,  and  in  the  latter  case  there  is  no  orange 
on  the  hind  wings  except  the  large  discal  spot.  Those 
specimens  that  have  considerable  orange  on  the  fore 
wings  have  the  hind  wings  washed  with  orange,  but  not 
so  deep  as  the  fore  wings.  The  orange  discal  spot  is 
larger  than  in  the  form  Eury theme. 

On  the  under  side  the  yellow  is  less  of  a deep  yellow 
and  more  of  a greenish  yellow,  resulting  from  a sprink- 
ling of  fine  black  scales.  The  discal  spot  of  the  fore 
wings  is  more  or  less  triangular,  white  in  the  centre ; 
the  hind  wings  have  one  or  two  discal  spots,  annulate, 
with  roseate  scales,  less  ferruginous  than  the  typical  form. 

Summer  form,  Eurytheme,  Bd. — This  is  the  form 
first  described. 

The  egg  of  this  species  is  .06  of  an  inch  long,  narrow, 
fusiform,  tapering  evenly  from  the  middle  to  each  ex- 
tremity, the  base  broad,  the  summit  pointed;  ribbed 
longitudinally,  and  crossed  by  numerous  striae.  Color 
buff- white  when  first  deposited,  but  after  one  or  two  days 
changing  to  crimson,  and  near  the  close  of  the  stage  to 
black. 

The  young  larvae  are  cylindrical,  of  even  diameter  to 
the  eleventh  segment,  each  segment  several  times  creased, 
and  on  the  ridges  thus  formed  many  black  points,  from 
which  spring  white  hairs.  Color  dark  brown  or  choco- 
late. 

After  the  first  moult  the  length  is  .125  of  an  inch; 


132 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


shaped  as  before;  body  covered  with  minute  black 
tubercles,  disposed  on  the  ridges  so  as  to  form  both 
longitudinal  and  transverse  rows,  each  tubercle  sending 
out  a white  hair.  Color  dull  green,  head  ovoid,  dark 
brown. 

After  the  second  moult  the  length  is  .28  of  an  inch. 
Color  dark  green,  head  as  before. 

After  the  third  moult  the  length  is  .45  of  an  inch ; 
cylindrical,  long  and  slender.  Color  dark  green;  at 
base  of  body  a white  stripe,  through  which  runs  a crim- 
son line,  and  under  this  stripe  are  black,  semicircular  or 
ovate  spots,  sometimes  seen  only  on  segments  3 to  6,  but 
usually  from  3 to  11,  sometimes  wanting.  Towards  the 
last  of  the  stage  a paler  subdorsal  line.  Tuberculated 
and  pilose  as  before. 

After  the  fourth  moult  the  length  is  .56  of  an  inch. 
Color  dark  green,  but  varying,  some  examples  having 
the  sides  only  dark,  the  dorsum  yellowish  ; the  subdorsal 
stripe  sometimes  wanting,  but  usually  present.  Head 
ovoid,  yellowish  green. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.1  to  1.2  inches  long, 
cylindrical,  each  joint  as  in  the  early  stage  several  times 
creased,  and  on  the  ridges  thus  formed  several  fine 
papillae,  white  or  black,  each  supporting  a fine  short 
white  hair.  Color  dark  green,  at  the  base  of  body  a 
band  of  pure  white,  through  which  runs  a bright  crimson 
line  from  segments  2 to  11  almost  continuously.  Be- 
neath this  band,  from  joint  3 to  12,  is  a large  semicircular 
or  semi-ovate  black  spot  to  each  joint,  the  anterior  ones 
largest.  There  is  a faint  white  subdorsal  line  thickened 
at  the  posterior  end  of  each  joint  so  as  to  present  a well- 
defined  white  spot.  Above  this  a line  of  crimson,  broken 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


133 


on  each  segment.  Beneath  these  lines,  on  joints  5 to  10, 
is  a black  dot  to  each  joint.  Under  side,  feet  and  legs 
pale  green  ; head  ovoid,  pale  or  yellow  green. 

The  chrysalis  has  the  anterior  part  and  the  wing-cases 
dark  green,  the  abdomen  yellow-green.  There  is  a light 
buff  stripe  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen  from  the  end 
of  the  wing-cases  to  the  extremity,  and  on  the  ventral 
side  of  this  stripe  a demi-band  of  dark  brown.  Between 
the  stripe  and  the  bend  are  three  black  dots,  one  to  each 
segment,  with  a submarginal  row  of  black  dots  on  the 
wing-cases. 

Clover  forms  the  food-plant  of  this  species. 

Western  States  to  the  Pacific ; occasionally  in  the 
Middle  States  to  Massachusetts. 

25.  Colias  Philodice,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  wings  sulphur-yellow,  with  a broad 
terminal  border  of  black,  broader  on  the  fore  wings  of 
the  female  than  on  those  of  the  male,  and  containing  a 
submarginal  row  of  yellow  spots  which  are  absent  in  the 
male.  Discal  dot  of  fore  wings  black,  elliptical  in  the 
males,  oval  in  the  females ; on  the  hind  wings  orange, 
usually  with  a smaller  accompanying  dot.  The  antennse, 
costa,  collar,  and  fringes  are  roseate. 

Under  side  about  the  same  color  as  above,  but  sprinkled 
more  or  less  with  brown  scales,  except  from  the  cell  to 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  fore  wing,  the  winter  forms 
more  heavily  sprinkled  than  the  summer.  Discal  spots 
silvery  in  the  centre,  the  anterior  annulate  with  black, 
the  posterior  brown  set  in  a pinkish-brown  patch.  There 
is  a submarginal  row  of  dots,  the  last  three  on  the  fore 

12 


134 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


wings  black,  all  the  rest  brown  with  pink-brown  scales ; 
a roseate  spot  at  the  base  of  hind  wings. 

A female  form  occurs  with  the  wings  nearly  or  quite 
white,  and  also  a black  form.  The  winter  forms,  or 
those  from  hibernating  chrysalides,  are  usually  somewhat 
smaller  than  the  summer  forms. 

The  eggs  are  pale  yellow  when  first  deposited,  but 
change  in  a few  hours  to  a dark  crimson.  They  are 
spindle-shaped,  attached  by  one  end,  ribbed  longitudi- 
nally, and  crossed  by  numerous  striae.  These  are  de- 
posited on  the  leaves  of  clover,  Medicago  (lucern),  buf- 
falo-pea, and  some  other  allied  plants.  From  these  a 
brownish-green  larva  hatches  in  six  or  seven  days  which 
is  .06  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  of  uniform  size  from 
segment  2 to  segment  11,  then  tapering  to  the  last.  Color 
brownish  green,  each  segment  creased  by  four  or  five 
transverse  creases ; each  ridge  with  several  black  dots 
on  each  side,  each  dot  supporting  a short  whitish  clubbed 
process.  Head  obovate,  dark  brown.  At  first  the  larva 
eats  little  holes  in  the  leaves,  but  as  it  grows  older  it 
eats  the  whole  leaf  from  the  outside. 

After  the  first  moult  it  is  .12  of  an  inch  long;  shaped 
and  creased  as  before ; the  whole  upper  surface  covered 
with  minute  whitish  tubercles  which  are  black  at  their 
summits,  these  tubercles  forming  longitudinal  and  trans- 
verse rows  on  the  ridges.  Color  dull  green  ; head  black. 

After  the  second  moult  the  length  is  .3  of  an  inch. 
Color  blue-green,  showing  a faint  whitish  lateral  stripe ; 
head  pale  green ; tuberculated  as  before. 

After  the  third  moult  the  length  is  .7  of  an  inch ; the 
principal  changes  are : lateral  stripe  white  and  distinct, 
with  usually  a red  or  orange  discoloration  on  the  anterior. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  135 

segments;  sometimes  black  lunate  spots  beneath  the 
stripe. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.2  of  an  inch  long;  cylindrical, 
tapering  slightly  from  joint  7 to  the  anal  and  from  joint 
5 to  the  head ; the  tubercles  and  white  hairs  as  before. 
Color  dark  green,  pale  on  the  under  side ; in  line  with 
the  spiracles  a white  or  creamy- white  stripe,  through  the 
middle  of  which  runs  a streak  of  crimson,  broken  at 
the  junction  of  the  segments;  frequently  below  this 
stripe  is  a series  of  lunate  black  spots.  Head  pale 
green. 

The  chrysalis  is  an  inch  long,  of  a yellowish-green 
color,  with  a yellow  line  along  each  side.  From  the 
time  that  the  egg  is  deposited  to  the  emergence  of  the 
butterfly  from  the  chrysalis  is  about  forty  days  during 
the  warm  part  of  the  year,  and  the  number  of  broods 
will  vary  according  to  the  locality.  This  is  not  usually 
considered  a very  injurious  insect,  but  Professor  C.  H. 
Fernald,  of  Orono,  Maine,  estimates  that  these  cater- 
pillars often  destroy  as  much  as  twenty-five  per  cent,  of 
the  entire  clover-crop.  Their  numerous  parasites  and 
other  enemies  serve  in  a great  measure  to  keep  them  in 
check. 

Atlantic  States  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

26.  Colias  Interior,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.25  inches. 

Professor  Fernald  says  that  the  males  of  this  species 
closely  resemble  those  of  C.  Philo  dice,  except  that  the 
submarginal  row  of  dots  on  the  under  side  of  the  wings 
is  entirely  wanting  in  both  sexes,  and  the  terminal  black 
band  of  the  fore  wings  does  not  reach  the  hind  margin, 


136 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


and  is  almost  wholly  wanting  on  the  hind  wings  of  the 
females. 

Maine. 

27.  Terias  Nicippe,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.9  inches. 

Upper  surface  orange ; a black  terminal  band  in  the 
males  unbroken  from  the  posterior  angle  of  the  fore 
wings  to  the  base  of  the  costa,  but  broadest  at  the  apex ; 
the  basal  portion  on  the  costa  washed  with  yellow.  On 
the  hind  wings  the  border  extends  from  apex  to  anal 
angle,  the  inner  edge  irregular.  Inner  margin  of  hind 
wings  yellow. 

The  female  has  the  border  of  the  fore  wings  broken 
at  the  posterior  angle,  and  the  anal  half  of  the  border  to 
the  hind  wings  is  so  much  suffused  with  orange  as  to 
leave  only  scattering  black  scales,  most  numerous  on 
the  veins.  There  is  a narrow  black  discal  spot  on  the 
fore  wings  of  both  sexes. 

This  species  may  vary  from  the  color  given  above  to 
sulphur-yellow,  but  orange  is  the  color  of  most  speci- 
mens. 

Under  side  of  the  hind  wings  canary-yellow,  the  fore 
wings  yellow  along  the  costa  and  terminal  border,  the 
rest  orange.  Males  with  a brown  spot  on  the  costa  of 
hind  wings  two-thirds  the  length  from  the  body  out, 
and  brown  scales  scattered  over  the  surface ; discal  spot 
of  fore  wings  not  prominent.  Females  have  a white 
space  towards  the  outer  end  of  the  hind  wings  enclosed 
in  a subterminal  row  of  brown  spots,  the  first  two  united 
and  continued  obliquely  inward  nearly  across  the  white 
space ; on  the  inside  three  spots  in  a row,  the  middle  of 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  137 

which  is  on  the  end  of  the  cell.  Fore  wings  as  in  the 
males. 

This  species  feed  on  senna,  Cassia  Marilandica , and 
possibly  other  species.  The  eggs  are  long,  narrow,  spindle- 
shaped  ; the  sides  marked  by  about  thirty  longitudinal 
ribs  without  cross-strise.  When  first  deposited  they  are 
greenish  yellow,  turning  red  after  a few  hours. 

The  young  larva  is  whitish,  semi-translucent,  a few 
whitish  clubbed  appendages  to  each  segment. 

The  mature  larva  is  about  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
thickest  through  joints  2 and  3.  Dorsal  surface  pale 
green,  the  lower  part  of  the  sides  soft  whitish  green. 
Each  joint  has  four  or  five  creases,  and  on  the  ridges  are 
small  tubercles,  which  send  out  short  hairs.  Along  the 
basal  ridge  is  a whitish  stripe,  sometimes  containing  an 
orange  patch  to  each  joint,  or  there  is  an  orange  line  the 
whole  length.  The  chrysalis  is  long,  slen- 
der ; the  ventral  side  greatly  produced,  so 
as  to  be  somewhat  triangular.  Color  of 
dorsum  pale  green  or  whitish  green,  with 
a darker  line ; of  wing-cases  and  ventral 
side  of  abdomen,  yellow-green,  side-ridges 
cream  color,  with  several  brown  spots  on 
different  parts  of  the  body. 

Pacific  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  Arizona,  California;  occasional  in  New 
England. 

28.  Terias  Mexican  a,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.9  inches. 

Upper  surface  pale  yellow,  the  anterior  half  of  the  hind 
wings  deeper  yellow.  Fore  wings  with  a broad  black  ter- 

12* 


Fig.  33. 


Terias  Nicippe, 
pupa. 


138 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


minal  border,  attenuated  on  the  posterior  margin  to  near 
the  base,  a broad  quadrate  of  yellow  in  the  middle  ex- 
tending two-thirds  the  distance  across  the  border.  Fringe 

Fig.  34. 


and  apical  portion  of  the  costa  white.  The  hind  wings 
have  a prominent  angle  at  the  end  of  the  first  median 
venule,  a narrow  terminal  border  ending  before  reaching 
this  angle,  with  scarcely  a trace  of  a discal  dot.  The 
female  is  a little  more  yellow. 

Under  side  yellow,  except  the  posterior  two-thirds  of 
the  fore  wings,  which  are  almost  white.  Discal  dots 
more  prominent  than  above;  a broken  brown  bar  ex- 
tending nearly  across  the  hind  wings  from  above  the 
anal  angle,  and  some  brown  scales  scattered  over  the 
surface. 

This  species  seems  to  be  gradually  spreading  over  the 
North  and  East ; the  habitat  as  given  in  Mr.  Edwards’s 
new  catalogue  being  Texas,  Arizona,  Southern  California, 
Kansas ; occasional  in  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Wis- 
consin, and  Ontario,  Canada ; the  last  four  places  having 
been  added  since  1877. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


139 


29.  Terias  Lisa,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.15  to  1.45  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  yellow,  a black  terminal  border 
broadest  at  the  apex,  narrow  at  posterior  angle,  the  inner 
edge  of  the  border  somewhat  dentate,  the  costa  suffused 
with  black  scales.  The  hind  wings  have  a narrow  border 
also  dentate  within ; a few  black  scales  on  the  cross-bar 
of  fore  wings.  Fringe  roseate,  antennae  and  collar  black. 

Under  side  uniform  yellow,  with  scattered  brown 
scales,  part  of  those  on  the  hind  wings  forming  a more 
or  less  distinct  submarginal  row  of  spots ; a pinkish  or 
pinkish-brown  apical  spot  to  the  hind  wings. 

The  female  differs  from  the  male  in  the  border  of  the 
fore  wings  not  reaching  the  posterior  angle,  in  that  of  the 
hind  wings  being  more  or  less  abbreviated,  in  the  ground 
color  being  a duller  yellow,  and  in  the  base  of  the  fore 
wings  being  more  densely  powdered  with  blackish. 

Specimens  occur  having  the  ground  color  whitish  or 
white. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  four  lines  along  the  body,  and 
is  said  to  feed  on  clover  and  some  other  leguminous 
plants. 

Isle  of  Shoals,  Maine ; south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
Western  States,  Arizona. 

30.  Terias  Delia,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.15  to  1.5  inenes. 

Upper  surface  citron-yellow,  with  a broad,  black, 
terminal  border,  broadest  at  the  apex,  and  somewhat 
dentate  internally,  terminating  abruptly  before  reaching 
the  posterior  angle;  costa  sprinkled  with  black  scales. 


140 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


A black  bar  runs  along  the  posterior  part  of  the  fore 
wing,  parallel  with  the  hind  margin,  not  reaching  the 
posterior  angle,  and  bordered  with  darker  yellow  below. 

The  hind  wings  have  a somewhat  triangular  apical 
patch  in  line  with  some  indistinct  marginal  points  or 
rays  on  the  ends  of  the  veins.  Fringes  rosy  above. 

Under  side  of  the  fore  wings  yellow,  with  the  outer 
margin  and  apical  portion  wine-red.  Hind  wings  tinged 
with  wine-red,  and  having  a transverse  undulate,  brown- 
ish, interrupted  band. 

On  the  female  the  black  longitudinal  bar  is  nearly 
wanting,  and  the  base  is  sprinkled  with  blackish. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  a longitudinal  white  line  above 
the  feet,  and  is  said  to  feed  on  clover,  Cassia,  and  per- 
haps other  allied  plants. 

Gulf  States. 

31.  Terias  Jucunda,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.4  inches. 

Closely  related  to  the  preceding,  but  is  white  on  the 
under  side  of  the  hind  wings,  and  without  pink  or  wine 
color  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings.  The  white 
is  sprinkled  over  with  gray  scales. 

The  female  is  paler,  marked  like  the  female  of  T. 
Delia , the  fore  wings  powdered  with  blackish.  Under 
side  like  the  male. 

Gulf  States. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


141 


FAMILY  NYMPHALIDiE. 

These  may  be  known  by  their  ample  wings,  slender 
antennae,  the  knob  slender  or  not,  and  by  having  in  both 
sexes,  with  the  exception  of  the  genus  Libythea,  only 
four  feet  adapted  for  walking.  The  front  pair  of  legs 
are  present,  but  have  no  developed  tarsi,  being  mere 
lappets  placed  against  the  prothorax ; the  second  pair 
are  directed  forward,  and  the  third  or  hind  pair  back- 
ward. The  larvae  are  more  or  less  hairy,  or  covered 
with  more  or  less  branching  spines ; the  head  is  more  or 
less  bilobed,  the  apex  of  these  lobes  often  supporting 
branching  spines.  The  chrysalides  are  naked,  often  very 
irregular  in  shape,  and  attached  to  a button  of  silk  by 
the  hooks  of  the  cremaster  alone.  The  family  is  repre- 
sented in  the  United  States  by  five  subfamilies, — Helico- 
ninae,  Danainae,  Nymphalinae,  Satyrinae,  and  Libytheinae 

SUBFAMILY  HELICONINH3. 

In  this  the  wings  are  long,  rather  narrow,  with  a 
slender  body  and  antennae.  It  is  represented  by  but 
one  species,  Heliconici  Charitonia , where  the  characters 
of  imago,  larva,  and  chrysalis  may  be  found. 

32.  Heliconia  Charitonia,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  4 inches. 

Wings  long  and  narrow.  Upper  surface  black,  banded 
with  lemon-yellow,  as  in  Fig.  35 ; three  of  these  on  the 
fore  wings  and  two  on  the  hind  wings.  The  outer  one 
on  the  fore  wings  is  obliquely  transverse  before  the  apex, 
the  second  nearly  parallel  just  outside  the  cell,  the  third 


142 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


extends  from  the  base  on  both  sides  of  the  median  vein  to 
the  third  venule,  from  which  it  bends  obliquely  outward, 
reaching  the  margin  in  a dot. 

The  two  basal  bands  of  the  hind  wings  form  a straight 
line  when  the  wings  are  spread ; below  this  is  a line  of 


Fig.  35. 


Heliconia  Cliaritonia  (natural  size). 


dots,  the  outer  end  bending  round  so  as  to  form  a sub- 
marginal row  from  about  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin 
to  the  apex.  There  are  a few  marginal  dots  at  the  anal 
angle,  and  usually  two  or  three  red  dots  at  the  base. 

Under  side  dull  black,  with  the  yellow  lines  and  dots 
repeated,  though  paler.  The  costa  of  the  fore  wings 
with  red  at  the  base,  three  red  dots  on  the  base  of  the 
hind  wings,  and  two  below  the  first  band. 

The  egg  is  described  by  Mr.  Edwards  as  cylindrical, 
one-half  higher  than  broad,  flat  at  base,  tapering  very 
slightly  from  base  to  about  three-fourths  the  length, 
then  conoidal,  the  top  flattened  and  a little  depressed. 
Marked  by  fourteen  longitudinal  ridges  crossed  by  low 
horizontal  ridges.  Color  yellow. 

The  young  larvse  are  cylindrical,  tapering  slightly 
from  about  the  seventh  segment ; marked  by  four  prin- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


143 


cipal  rows  of  flattened  tubercles  and  two  rows  of  smaller 
ones.  Color  pale  reddish  brown. 

After  the  first  moult  the  color  is  light  brown,  chang- 
ing as  the  stage  proceeds  to  greenish  white  mottled  with 
brown  ; armed  with  six  rows  of  spines,  which  are  short, 
slender,  tapering,  and  black,  with  a few  short  black 
bristles  on  the  sides.  The  truncated  head  is  a little 
depressed  in  the  middle,  and  each  vertex  armed  with  a 
short  tapering  black  process  thinly  beset  with  bristles. 

There  are  but  few  changes  during  the  next  inter- 
vals, except  in  size,  and  in  the  color  gradually  becoming 
whiter. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.25  to  1.5  inches  long, 
cylindrical,  armed  as  after  the  first  moult.  Color  dead- 
white,  with  no  gloss,  smooth,  no  hairs,  and  spotted  with 
black  or  brown. 

The  chrysalis  is  very  irregular  in  shape,  two  leaf-like 
appendages  extending  from  the  head.  Color  brown, 
marked  with  varying  shades  of  the  same,  and  some  gray 
or  whitish. 

This  insect  feeds  on  the  passion-flower ; and  there  are 
many  interesting  things  connected  with  its  life  and  habits. 

Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

SUBFAMILY  DANAINJE. 

In  this  group  the  head  is  broad,  the  palpi  far  apart. 
The  wings  are  ample,  the  discal  cell  of  the  fore  wings 
open,  but  that  of  the  hind  wings  closed,  or  with  9 vein 
across  the  outer  end  of  it.  The  larvae  are  cylindrical, 
banded  transversely,  two  fleshy  appendages  from  the  top 
of  the  joints  near  the  end.  The  chrysalides  are  well 
represented  in  Fig.  39. 


144 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


33.  Danais  Archippus,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.75  to  4.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  tawny  red  or  fulvous,  with  the  veins 
heavily  marked  with  black,  a black  terminal  border 
containing  two  rows  of  white  spots,  and  a complete  and 
a partial  row  of  white  or  lighter  fulvous  spots  in  a black 
space  beyond  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings.  The  males  have 

Pig.  36. 


Danais  Archippus,  male  (natural  size). 

a black  spot  beside  the  second  median  venule,  near  the 
middle  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  under  side  is  paler  than  above,  especially  the  hind 
wings,  and  the  white  spots  are  more  prominent. 

Body  black,  with  white  spots. 

Usually  the  larva  of  this  species  is  to  be  found  on 
the  different  species  of  milk-weed  (Asclepias),  but  it 
feeds  on  other  plants  of  the  order  as  well. 

When  first  deposited,  the  eggs  are  white,  but  in  two  or 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


145 


three  days  they  tarn  yellow,  and  just  before  hatching 
they  change  to  dull  gray.  They  are  somewhat  conical 
in  form,  and  marked  by  about  twenty-five  longitudinal 

Fig.  37. 


Danais  Archippus : a,  egg,  X ; c,  natural  size. 


ribs,  with  about  the  same  number  of  transverse  ridges,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  37. 

The  young  larva,  which  hatches  from  this  in  about  a 
week,  is  yellowish  white,  with  a large  black  head.  It 
first  eats  the  egg-shell,  after  which  it  eats  the  leaves. 


Fig.  38. 


The  mature  larva  is  about  1.75  inches  long ; the  head 
yellowish,  marked  by  two  triangular  black  stripes.  The 
body  above  is  marked  with  transverse  stripes  of  black, 
yellow,  and  white,  as  shown  in  Fig.  38.  Joint  3 supports 
g k 13 


146 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


two  long,  black,  fleshy  horns  which  point  forward  ; joint 
1 1 has  a similar  pair  which  point  backward,  but  they  are 
shorter.  Under  side  black,  with  green- 
ish between  the  joints. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  39)  is  about  an 
inch  long,  color  bright  green  dotted 
with  gold,  and  with  a band  of  golden 
dots  extending  more  than  half-way 
round  the  body  above  the  middle. 
The  band  is  shaded  with  black,  and 
the  cremaster  is  black.  There  are 
two  or  more  broods  in  a season,  and 
it  hibernates  in  the  butterfly  state. 

United  States  generally. 

34.  Danais  Berenice,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.75  to  3.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  reddish  chocolate-brown,  with  a black 
terminal  border  containing  two  partial  rows  of  white 
dots  on  the  fore  wings,  but  the  dots  are  obliterate  on  the 
hind  wings.  The  fore  wings  have  two  oblique  rows  of 
white  spots  beyond  the  cell,  the  inner  one  crossing  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  a few  dots  forming  a submarginal 
row.  The  males  have  a black  spot  beside  the  second 
median  venule  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  under  side  is  similar  to  the  upper,  except  that  the 
terminal  border  contains  two  full  rows  of  white  spots, 
and  the  veins  of  the  hind  wings  are  heavily  marked 
with  black  edged  with  gray. 

The  larva  is  “ whitish  violet,  with  transverse  stripes 
of  a deeper  color ; a transverse  band  of  reddish  brown 
on  each  ring,  divided  in  its  length  by  a narrow  yellow 


Danais  Archippus, 
chrysalis. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


147 


band.  Along  the  feet  a longitudinal  band  of  yellow- 
citron.  Long,  fleshy  processes  of  brown-purple,  disposed 
in  pairs  on  the  second,  fifth,  and  eleventh  rings.” 

The  chrysalis  is  similar  to  that  of  D.  Archippus ; 
green,  with  golden  points  on  the  anterior  side,  and  a 
semicircle  of  the  same  color  on  the  dorsal  side,  a little 
beyond  the  middle,  separated  from  a blue  band  by  a row 
of  small  black  dots.  The  larva  feeds  on  Nerium  and 
Asclepias. 

Southern  States,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona. 

SUBFAMILY  N YMPHALIN^E. 

The  palpi  are  approximate,  more  or  less  porrect ; the 
discal  cells  generally  open,  and  the  veins  of  the  fore 
wings  not  dilated  at  the  base.  The  wings  are  various, 
but  none  of  ours  have  as  narrow  wings  as  the  Helico- 
ninse.  The  larvae  are  cylindrical,  and  furnished  with 
several  (usually  seven)  rows  of  more  or  less  branching 
spines  or  tubercles.  The  chrysalides  vary  from  nearly 
cylindrical  to  considerably  depressed  on  the  dorsal  side 
just  back  of  the  thorax,  as  in  Figs.  41,  47,  51,  etc. 

35.  Coljenis  Julia,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  3.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  clear  reddish  fulvous,  the  prominent 
veins  of  the  fore  wings  narrowly  black ; the  fore  wings 
with  a narrow  terminal  black  border  without  spots,  but 
the  border  on  the  hind  wings  twice  as  broad  as  the  one 
on  the  fore  wings,  and  containing  two  more  or  less  com- 
plete rows  of  narrow  fulvous  spots.  Costa  black,  with  a 
narrow  fulvous  line  between  the  black  costal  and  sub- 
costal veins.  Outer  third  of  costal  region  and  round 


148  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

the  apex  has  the  black  border  a little  widened.  Above 
the  outer  end  of  the  cell  begins  a curved  black  stripe 
which  runs  from  the  subcostal  vein  across  the  upper  part 
of  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  along  the  first  median  venule 
to  the  outer  border ; a spur  from  the  border  above  this 
stripe  extends  inward  one-third  the  distance  to  the  cell. 
The  subcostal  vein  beyond  the  cell  is  fulvous  to  the  black 
at  the  apex. 

Under  side  pale  fulvous  brown,  paler  on  the  outer 
third,  and  somewhat  clouded.  The  hind  wings  have  at 
the  base  two  small  white  spots  annulate  with  black,  and 
a fulvous  spot.  At  the  posterior  angle  of  the  fore  wings 
are  two  geminate  whitish  spots  in  black,  at  the  anal 
angle  two  pairs  of  these  spots,  and  one  pair  at  the  apex : 
these  spots  form  part  of  two  indistinct  pale  fulvous  ter- 
minal lines.  Fore  wings  long  and  narrow,  the  hind 
margin  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  costa ; hind 
wings  triangular. 

Southern  Florida,  Texas. 

36.  Agraulis  Vanilla,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  rich  reddish  or  yellowish  fulvous,  the 
veins  of  the  fore  wings  black  on  the  outer  two-thirds  of 
the  wing,  the  black  enlarged  at  the  ends  of  the  median 
venules  and  submedian  vein.  There  are  three  white 
spots  in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  each  set  in  a black 
patch,  one  at  the  end  and  two  in  the  middle ; and  three 
black  spots  between  the  submedian  vein  and  the  median 
venules.  Hind  wings  with  an  outer  border  of  black 
containing  circular  fulvous  spots  between  the  veins,  and 
three  black  spots,  one  in  the  cell  and  two  submarginal. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


149 


Under  side  of  hind  wings  and  apical  portion  of  fore 
wings  yellowish  brown  streaked  a little  with  yellow,  the 
rest  of  fore  wings  fulvous.  There  are  twenty-three  or 
twenty-four  silver  spots  edged  with  black  on  each  of  the 
hind  wings,  and  about  ten  on  the  apex  and  outer  margin 
of  the  fore  wings;  those  on  the  hind  wings  and  apex 
of  fore  wings  mostly  large. 

The  eggs  are  conoidal,  truncated,  the  top  a little  arched ; 
the  sides  more  or  less  convex,  marked  by  fourteen  ribs 
from  base  to  top,  and  crossed  by  eleven  tiers  of  striae ; 
the  spaces  between  the  ribs  are  quadrangular,  the  spaces 
at  the  summit  hexagonal. 

The  young  larva  is  cylindrical,  thickest  at  joint  4, 
tapering  slightly  to  the  anal  extremity.  Color  brownish 
orange,  glossy ; on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  line,  on  each 
joint  after  the  second,  is  a row  of  conical,  pale  black 
tubercles,  and  two  similar  rows  on  each  side  forming 
transverse  rows  of  six  tubercles,  from  the  top  of  each  of 
which  springs  a short  black  hair.  On  joint  2 is  a black 
dorsal  collar  with  fine  tubercles.  Head  brown. 

After  the  first  moult  the  color  is  about  the  same,  but 
after  moulting  again  it  is  more  of  a dark  or  red  brown, 
with  a subdorsal  greenish-brown  band,  and  head  black. 
After  the  third  moult  the  color  changes  to  dark  glossy 
orange,  with  the  dorsal  stripe  olive-brown  and  a sub- 
dorsal of  the  same,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  body  olive- 
brown. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.5  inches  long,  of  a red-orange 
color,  with  a broad  dorsal  line  of  greenish  black,  and  a 
broad  slate-black  band  outside  this  reaching  to  the  first 
lateral,  except  a narrow  stripe  of  the  ground  color.  Base 
slate-black,  orange  through  the  region  of  the  spiracles. 

13* 


150 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Each  segment  is  furnished  with  six  long,  tapering  black 
spines,  blunt  at  the  top,  from  each  of  which  springs  a 
bristle.  Feet  and  legs  black ; head  ovoid,  deeply  cleft, 
with  high  conical  vertices,  on  each  of  which  stands  a 
stout,  spinous,  recurved  process. 

The  chrysalis  is  a little  more  than  an  inch  long, 
slender,  the  thorax  much  compressed,  the  wing-cases 
very  prominent,  forming  a narrow  carinated  hunch, 
which  rounds  abruptly  on  posterior  end.  Colors  varia- 
ble, some  specimens  buff  with  greenish  markings,  or  on 
the  abdomen  greenish  brown ; some  black,  the  wing- 
cases  and  anterior  parts  mottled  in  light  and  dark  black ; 
some  with  the  anterior  parts  pink-tinted  mottled  with 
greenish  black. 

The  larva  of  this  beautiful  insect  feeds  on  the  passion- 
flower. It  is  found  in  the  Southern  States ; Arizona, 
California,  and  occasionally  as  far  north  as  Coalburgh, 
West  Virginia ; Cape  May,  New  Jersey;  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. 

37.  Abgynnis  Idalia,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.75  to  3.6  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  black 
along  the  costa,  with  a black  outer  border  which  is  a little 
wider  than  the  costal  border ; base  and  hind  margin 
brown.  In  the  cell  are  three  black  bars,  at  the  end  an- 
other bar  with  an  open  8 united  to  it  enclosing  a fulvous 
spot.  Beyond  the  cell  runs  a transverse  zigzag  line,  a 
submarginal  row  of  black  dots,  and  next  the  border  a 
row  of  black  crescents.  On  the  costa,  instead  of  a sub- 
terminal  spot  there  is  a black  patch,  with  another  between 
this  and  the  zigzag  line. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


151 


Hind  wings  black,  with  violet  reflections ; the  base  of 
the  wing  washed  with  fulvous.  There  is  a black  spot  in 
the  cell,  an  irregular  row  of  yellowish  spots  beyond  the 
cell,  and  a marginal  row  of  fulvous  spots.  Fringes  alter- 
nate spots  of  black  and  wThite.  Under  side  of  fore  wings 
fulvous,  white  along  the  costa,  a marginal  row  of  silver 
spots  enclosed  in  black  crescents,  and  some  silver  on  the 
costa  and  near  the  apex.  The  black  of  the  upper  side 
repeated.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  yellowish  brown, 
with  twenty-nine  silver  spots  and  patches,  besides  some 
silver  shading. 

The  female  differs  from  the  male  in  being  larger,  in 
the  terminal  band  of  the  fore  wings  being  broader  and 
containing  a row  of  white  spots,  with  six  more  white 
spots  near  the  apex,  and  in  the  outer  row  of  spots  on  the 
hind  wings  being  of  the  same  color  as  the  inner. 

An  aberrant  form,  Ashtaroth,  more  suffused  than 
the  typical  form,  is  sometimes  found. 

Mr.  Edwards  describes  the  egg  as  conoidal,  truncated, 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  sides  well  rounded,  depressed  at 
the  summit,  marked  vertically  by  about  eighteen  ribs, 
half  of  which  extend  to  the  summit,  and  between  these 
equidistant  transverse  slightly-raised  striae. 

In  about  twenty-five  days  the  larva  hatches  from 
tills.  It  is  cylindrical,  somewhat  thickest  in  the  middle. 
Color  pale  yellow-brown,  translucent ; each  segment  from 
3 to  12  marked  by  a transverse  row  of  eight  elongate 
tubercular  dark  spots,  the  whole  forming  eight  longitu- 
dinal rows;  one  or  two  long,  black,  curved  hairs  arising 
from  each  tubercle.  Head  bilobed,  the  vertices  rounded. 

After  the  first  moult  the  color  becomes  cinereous, 
mottled  and  striped  with  brown ; a macular  stripe  along 


152 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  dorsal  rows  of  spines,  and  another  jnst  outside  the 
first  laterals.  The  spines  from  six  rows  are  long,  fleshy, 
black,  each  beset  with  short  black  hairs.  Head  black. 

After  the  second  moult  the  larva  is  mottled  and  striped 
with  light  and  dark  cinereous,  the  spines  longer,  each  dull 
yellow  at  base. 

After  the  third  moult  the  dark  portions  become  black, 
and  the  light  a dirty  white,  and  the  dorsum  has  a white 
stripe  with  a central  black  line ; at  the  juncture  of  several 
segments  a transverse  white  stripe,  on  which  are  short 
black  lines.  Each  segment  is  crossed  longitudinally  by 
black  stripes,  interrupted  by  the  spines,  with  a wedge- 
shaped  mark  between  the  spines.  Head  light  brown. 

The  color  after  the  fourth  moult  is  buff,  with  the  mark- 
ings much  as  before.  The  larva  moults  five  times  before 
reaching  maturity,  when  it  is  1.75  inches  long,  velvety 
black,  banded  and  striped  with  ochrey  yellow  changing 
to  dull  orange  or  red,  and  furnished  with  six  rows  of 
tapering,  fleshy  spines,  each  of  which  has  several  small 
black  bristles.  Two  of  the  rows  along  the  back  are 
silvery  white,  with  black  tips,  those  at  the  end  of  the 
rows  somewhat  smaller.  The  spines  of  the  rows  along 
the  sides  are  smaller,  and  yellowish  or  orange  at  the  base. 
The  head  is  reddish  above  and  black  beneath. 

The  chrysalis,  to  which  the  larva  changes  in  some  shel- 
tered place,  is  1.1  inches  long,  and  shaped  as  in  allied 
species.  The  color  is  brown  and  yellow  over  the  ab- 
domen, the  mesonotum  pinkish  brown,  the  wing-cases 
brown,  pink-tinted,  with  dark  brown  and  black  patches 
over  the  body. 

This  species,  like  others  of  the  genus,  feeds  on  violets 
in  the  larval  state.  In  the  North  it  is  single-brooded, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


153 


but  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range  there  are  two 
broods  in  a season.  It  occurs  from  Maine  to  Nebraska, 
New  Jersey,  Arkansas. 

38.  Argynnis  Diana,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3.25  to  4 inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  from  the  base  to  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  wings  dark  velvet-brown,  the  rest  of  the 
wings  deep  orange,  forming  a wide  band,  crenate  next 
to  the  brown,  and  with  a brown  shading  along  the  veins 
almost  to  the  edge,  and  a brown  line  near  the  margin. 
Inside  this  line  are  two  rows  of  brown  dots  more  or  less 
distinct,  one  submarginal,  the  other  next  to  the  brown 
space. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  black  at  base,  beyond  which 
are  the  zigzag  and  other  markings  found  on  the  under 
side  of  A.  Oybele  and  other  related  species,  the  color 
between  these  markings  that  of  the  outer  part  of  the  wing 
above,  but  somewhat  suffused  with  black.  Outer  part 
similar  to  that  above,  but  paler. 

Hind  wings  with  the  basal  two  thirds  of  a leaf-brown 
color,  the  outer  part  same  as  above,  without  spots.  Be- 
tween these  parts  is  an  edging  of  black,  more  or  less 
covered  with  silver  scales,  terminating  at  each  margin 
in  a triangular  silver  spot.  Between  the  costal  and  sub- 
costal veins  is  a silver  crescent  edged  internally  with 
black ; some  silver  scales  at  the  juncture  of  these  veins, 
and  in  the  cell.  Just  within  the  margin  rests  a continu- 
ous band  of  silver  crescents. 

The  female  has  the  upper  part  blue-  or  green-black, 
the  outer  third  of  fore  wing  a little  paler,  with  three  rows 
of  blue  or  whitish  spots ; the  inner  row  reinforced  by 


154 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


three  more  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind  wings  have 
the  style  of  the  marks  more  like  that  of  the  males. 

On  the  under  side  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  fore 
wings  are  marked  like  the  males,  but  the  colors  are 
black  and  pale  blue ; the  apical  portion  dark  brown, 
an  apical  whitish  spot  edged  within  with  silver,  a row 
of  whitish  spots  near  the  margin,  another  answering  to 
the  inner  one  above,  and  between  these  several  light  bars 
tinged  a little  with  pale  buff.  Hind  wings  with  the 
basal  two-thirds  dark  brown,  the  outer  portion  with  the 
veins  brown,  and  the  part  between  the  veins  black 
washed  with  brown.  The  silver  marking  the  same  as 
in  the  males. 

The  egg  is  conoidal,  truncated,  depressed  at  the  summit, 
marked  vertically  by  about  eighteen  prominent,  slightly 
wavy  ribs,  eight  of  which  extend  from  base  to  summit 
and  form  there  a serrated  vein  or  crown,  the  ribs  crossed 
by  about  twelve  transverse  stride. 

The  young  larva  is  about  .05  of  an  inch  long,  cylin- 
drical, greenish  brown,  with  rows  of  tuberculated  darker 
spots,  from  each  of  which  grows  a black  hair;  head 
brown. 

The  mature  larva  is  velvety  black,  the  body  armed 
with  six  rows  of  long  fleshy  spines  which  radiate  from  it 
like  spokes,  and  from  each  of  which  proceed  several  short 
black  bristles.  The  length  of  most  of  these  spines  is  .2 
of  an  inch,  but  the  two  on  the  top  of  the  second  segment 
are  .3  of  an  inch  long  and  bend  forward  over  the  head. 
The  base  of  the  spines  is  deep  orange  or  fulvous.  Be- 
tween each  pair  of  dorsals  are  two  whitish  dots  placed 
transversely.  The  head  is  brown  in  front  and  fulvous 
behind.  When  full  grown  it  is  2.5  inches  long. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


155 


The  chrysalis  is  cylindrical,  with  a depression  on  the 
dorsal  portion  near  the  anterior  part,  and  several  slight 
elevations  on  the  anterior  part.  Color  brown,  marked 
with  different  shades  of  the  same. 

Food-plant,  violets. 

West  Virginia  to  Georgia,  Southern  Ohio  to  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Arkansas. 

39.  Aegynnis  Cybele,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  3 to  3.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous  or  yellowish  fulvous,  the  base 
of  the  wing  to  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  below  this  to  the 
zigzag  line,  yellowish  brown,  there  being  more  of  the 
yellow  in  the  male.  In  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  are 
the  usual  five  black  bars,  all  but  the  fourth  bent  outward 
in  the  lower  half,  the  two  router  united  above.  Beyond 
the  cell  are  the  usual  zigzag  black  line  and  the  subter- 
minal row  of  dots,  the  middle  ones  of  the  fore  wings  the 
largest.  Just  within  the  outer  margin  is  a terminal 
narrow  line,  and  within  this,  and  on  the  fore  wings,  with 
their  points  resting  on  this  line,  is  a series  of  crescents ; 
the  fore  wings  edged  with  the  same  color.  The  cell  of 
the  hind  wings  with  three  more  or  less  distinct  bars. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  pale  yellowish  brown,  the 
apical  space  yellowish  and  enclosing  a bright  brown 
costal  patch ; the  lines  and  dots  the  same  as  above,  but 
near  the  apex  more  brown.  The  apical  five  or  six  of 
the  spaces  enclosed  within  the  submarginal  crescents  are 
wholly  or  partly  silver,  with  three  silver  patches  within 
this  line. 

The  hind  wings  have  the  basal  two-thirds  reddish 
brown  more  or  less  mottled  with  yellow,  the  outer 


156 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


boundary  of  this  color  a row  of  seven  silver  spots. 
Outer  margin  brown,  fading  into  yellow  at  the  anal 
angle,  and  within  this  another  row  of  seven  large  silver 
spots  rounded  within  and  edged  witli  brown.  Between 
these  two  rows  is  a bright  yellow  band  without  spots. 
In  all  there  are  twenty-four  or  twenty-five  silver  spots 
to  each  wing. 

Like  both  the  preceding  species,  this  feeds  on  violets. 
The  egg  is  conoidal,  truncated,  broad  at  base,  the  sides 
moderately  rounded,  depressed  at  the  summit ; marked 
by  eighteen  longitudinal  ridges,  half  of  which  reach  the 
summit,  with  transverse  striae  between  the  ribs. 

The  young  larva  is  like  that  of  A . Diana . The  mature 
larva  is  from  1.8  to  2 inches  long.  Color  velvety  black, 
the  under  side  chocolate-brown.  As  in  A.  Diana , there 
are  six  rows  of  slender  black  spines  which  are  reddish 
yellow  at  the  base,  and  beset  with  many  short  black 
bristles.  Between  each  dorsal  pair  of  spines  on  the 
joints  from  3 to  11  are  two  gray  transverse  dots.  The 
spines  of  the  second  joint  are  wholly  black,  and  directed 
forward,  but  they  are  not  longer  than  the  others.  Head 
small,  subcordate,  the  front  flattened  and  finely  tuber- 
culated,  the  back  rounded,  the  vertices  having  on  the 
anterior  side  of  each  a small  black  process.  Color  of 
front  dull  dark  brown,  of  back  reddish  yellow. 

The  shape  of  the  chrysalis  is  similar  to  that  of  A . 
Diana . The  color  is  variable,  sometimes  glossy  dark 
brown,  with  fine  mottlings  of  reddish  orange  not  dis- 
tinct, or  dark  brown  mottled  with  drab,  or  dark  brown 
mottled  with  light  brown. 

Atlantic  and  Western  States  to  Nebraska. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


157 


40.  Argynnis  Aphrodite,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  of  wings  bright  reddish  fulvous  ; the 
basal  third  of  both  wings  washed  with  cinnamon-brown. 
The  black  markings,  similar  to  those  of  A . Oybele , but 
not  quite  so  heavy,  are  shown  in  Fig.  40. 

The  black  bars  forming  the  median  zigzag  line  are 
often  not  connected  by  black  on  the  veins,  so  that  they 


Fig.  40. 


Argynnis  Aphrodite  (natural  size). 


form  a broken  line.  The  two  lines  at  the  outer  margin 
of  the  female  are  more  or  less  blended,  and  the  two  are 
present  on  the  hind  wings  of  both  sexes.  The  under 
side  of  the  fore  wings  is  pale  reddish  fulvous,  the  apical 
portion  and  along  the  costa  buff,  with  pale  brown  mark- 
ings ; six  marginal  and  three  submarginal  silver  spots. 
The  hind  wings  are  cinnamon-brown,  marked  as  in  A. 
Oybele , but  the  submarginal  yellow  band  is  narrower, 
* spotted  with  brown,  almost  or  quite  obliterate  on  its  ex- 
tremities. The  silver  spots  are  smaller  than  in  A . Oybele , 
and  are  more  or  less  edged  with  black. 

14 


158 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


This  may  be  known  from  Oybele  by  its  smaller  size, 
by  its  being  less  brown  on  the  base  of  the  wings  on  the 
upper  side,  and  by  the  submarginal  band  on  under  side 
of  hind  wings  being  narrower  and  spotted  with  brown. 

The  preparatory  stages  are  almost  identical  with  those 
of  A.  Oybele , though  the  larvae  are  a little  smaller ; and 
this  also  feeds  on  violets. 

It  is  found  in  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  Western 
States  to  Tennessee  ; also  in  Nebraska,  Montana,  and 
Kansas. 

41.  Argynnis  Alcestis,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

This  closely  resembles  the  preceding,  the  upper  sur- 
face being  fulvous,  in  the  female  a little  more  yellowish 
than  in  A.  Aphrodite , and  the  brown  at  the  base  a little 
wider,  but  narrower  than  in  A.  Oybele , extending  on  the 
fore  wings  from  the  inner  bar  of  the  cell  outward  to 
the  lower  end  of  the  zigzag  line;  this  line  being  contin- 
uous instead  of  broken  on  the  fore  wings  of  the  female. 
On  the  hind  wings  of  the  female  there  is  a round  black 
spot  in  the  cell  nearer  the  base  than  the  other  usual 
marks. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  of  the  male  reddish  fulvous, 
the  apex  cinnamon-brown,  with  the  usual  black  and 
silver  spots.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  uniform  brown, 
without  the  submarginal  yellow  band,  the  silver  spots 
the  same  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The  under  side 
of  the  female  is  the  same,  except  that  the  color  on  the 
apex  of  the  fore  wings  and  the  whole  of  the  hind  wings  * 
is  rather  dark  reddish  brown,  with  sometimes  a few 
yellow  scales  near  the  central  silver  spots.  The  female 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


159 


has  nine  silver  spots  on  each  fore  wing  and  twenty-five 
on  each  hind  wing,  and  the  black  marks  of  both  sexes 
are  heavier  than  in  A.  Aphrodite.  This  species  may 
readily  be  known  from  the  preceding  by  the  absence  of 
the  yellow  submarginal  band  on  the  under  side  ot  the 
hind  wings. 

The  eggs  are  described  as  conoidal,  truncated,  not 
so  broad  at  the  base  as  Idalia , the  sides  less  rounded ; 
depressed  at  the  summit ; marked  vertically  by  about 
eighteen  prominent,  slightly  wavy  ribs,  half  of  which 
reach  the  summit ; and  crossed  by  transverse  striae. 

The  young  larva  is  translucent  greenish  brown,  each 
joint  from  3 to  12  marked  by  eight  rows  of  tubercular 
dark  spots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a long,  black, 
clubbed  hair,  which  is  curved  forward.  On  the  second 
segment  is  a blackish  dorsal  patch,  with  two  small  spots 
on  each  side,  all  furnished  with  hairs. 

The  color  after  the  first  moult  is  yellow-green  mottled 
with  brown  on  the  dorsum ; as  in  the  other  species,  six 
rows  of  spines ; the  dorsals  begin  at  joint  2 and  run  to 
13,  the  laterals  begin  at  5 and  stop  at  12  and  13.  The 
spines  are  long,  tapering,  black,  and  beset  with  many 
short  and  fine  bristles.  Head  subcordate,  black. 

After  the  second  moult  the  color  is  black-brown,  the 
sides  less  dark  than  the  dorsum.  The  tubercles  of  the 
dorsal  spines  are  buff  on  the  outside ; the  first  laterals 
have  black  tubercles,  the  second  buff ; the  intermediate 
tubercles  on  anterior  segments  are  yellow.  After  the 
next  moult  the  color  is  velvety  black  with  a brown  tint, 
with  the  buff  changed  to  dull  yellow  and  a little  of  it 
on  the  first  laterals.  The  head  has  the  front  shining 
black ; the  back  is  yellow.  After  the  fourth  moult  the 


160 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


yellow  is  orange  or  reddish  yellow,  and  the  lower  lateral 
spines  are  of  this  color  half-way  to  the  tip. 

The  mature  larva  is  about  1.5  inches  long,  cylindrical, 
velvety  black.  The  six  rows  of  spines  are  of  about 
equal  length,  the  dorsals  about  .15  of  an  inch,  those  on 
the  top  of  the  second  segment  directed  forward,  and  all 
are  beset  with  short  black  bristles.  Those  on  the  dorsal 
rows  are  translucent  brown  at  base,  except  on  joints  3 
and  4,  where  they  are  dull  yellow ; all  of  the  two  lateral 
and  the  intermediate  rows  are  dull  yellow  from  the  base 
half-way  to  the  top ; tops  of  all  the  spines  black.  Head 
subcordate,  deeply  cleft,  flattened  in  front,  on  each  vertex 
a small  conical  process.  It  moults  five  times  in  coming 
to  maturity. 

The  chrysalis  is  of  the  same  shape  as  that  of  Diana , 
the  color  varying.  Some  are  red-brown  irregularly 
mottled  with  black,  others  are  drab  and  black. 

Like  the  others,  the  food-plant  is  violets. 

Michigan,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Montana,  Colorado. 

42.  Argynnis  Atlantis,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  about  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  obscured  by  brown  scales  on 
the  fore  wings  from  the  second  bar  in  the  cell  obliquely 
to  below  the  median  zigzag  line  on  the  hind  margin  ; 
the  two  marginal  lines  of  both  wings  so  blended  that 
not  much  of  the  ground  color  is  left.  Marks  as  in  A. 
Aphrodite. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  reddish  fulvous,  the 
costa  and  apex  light  buff,  the  apical  patch  and  outer 
margin  brown,  with  the  usual  apical  silver  spots.  The 
hind  wings  are  dark  red-brown,  much  mottled  with 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


161 


greenish  gray  or  drab,  the  submarginal  band  pale  yellow, 
usually  pure  from  margin  to  margin.  Silver  spots  the 
same  as  in  Aphrodite . 

This  species  resembles  A.  Aphrodite , but  may  be 
known  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  its  being 
more  brown  at  the  base  of  the  wings  above, 
and  having  a darker  color  on  the  under  side  of 
the  hind  wings. 

The  early  stages  are  almost  the  same  as  those 
of  A.  Gybele  and  Aphrodite , and  the  food-plants 
are  violets.  The  pupa,  or  chrysalis,  is  repre- 
sented in  outline  in  Fig.  41.  It  has  been  found 
in  New  England,  New  York,  and  Iowa. 

43.  Akgynnis  Myuina,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.7  to  1.85  inches. 

Upper  surface  yellowish  fulvous,  less  than  the  basal 
fourth  of  the  wing  dusky  brown.  In  the  cell  of  the 
fore  wings  are  the  usual  five  bars,  the  second  and  third 
united,  but  not  the  fourth  and  fifth,  the  fourth  an  open 
3.  Beyond  the  cell  the  usual  black  zigzag  line;  and 
below  the  cell  under  the  double  bar  a longitudinal  dash, 
with  projections  towards  the  cell,  the  inner  running  to 
the  base  of  the  wing.  Outer  margin  black,  inside  this 
a line  composed  of  crescents,  with  the  usual  submarginal 
row  of  black  dots,  the  whole  more  or  less  blended  at  the 
apex,  so  that  the  marginal  line  and  the  row  of  crescents 
form  a band  containing  a row  of  fulvous  spots. 

Hind  wings  with  the  margin  and  row  of  black  spots 
as  in  the  fore  wings,  except  that  they  are  less  prominent 
anteriorly.  Within  the  median  zigzag  line  is  another 
crossing  the  end  of  the  cell,  where  it  sends  out  a short 
l 14* 


Fra.  41. 


Argynnis 

Atlantis, 

pupa. 


162 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


spur,  the  cell  containing  two  more  or  less  distinct  round 
spots. 

The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  fulvous,  the 
apical  portion  yellow,  the  markings  on  that  and  the 
outer  margin  rusty  brown ; the  black  marks  much  as 
they  are  above ; a marginal  row  of  silver  crescents,  and 
three  subapical. 

The  hind  wings  rusty  brown  mottled  with  patches 
of  yellow,  mostly  through  the  middle  and  outer  por- 


tions ; a marginal  row  of  seven  and  a sub- 


Pig.  42. 


Egg  of  Argyll- 
nis  M.yrina, 
X 24. 


marginal  row  of  eight  silver  spots  ; between 
the  two  rows  a row  of  black-brown  dots. 
Inside  the  second  row  about  eight  more 
silver  spots,  one  in  the  cell  pupilled  with 
black. 

The  eggs  are  pale  green,  shaped  some- 
what like  the  frustum  of  a cone,  and  marked 
with  about  fourteen  longitudinal  ribs  and 
fine  transverse  striae  (Fig.  42). 

The  young  larvae  are  pale  green,  with  a brownish- 
black  head.  Brown  patches  nearly  cover  joints  5,  7,  9, 
and  11.  Black  hairs  arise  from  tubercles  on  all  the 
joints  and  curve  forward.  In  passing  from  the  young 
to  the  mature  larvae  they  moult  four  times.  The  mature 
larvae  are  an  inch  long,  ashy  brown  mottled  with  velvety 
black,  with  six  rows  of  fleshy  spines  beset  with  black 
bristles,  those  on  the  second  segment  three  and  a half 
times  as  long  as  the  others  and  pointing  forward.  Head 
bronze-colored. 

The  chrysalis  is  .6  of  an  inch  long;  light  brown 
streaked  with  darker,  and  armed  with  two  rows  of  sharp 
conical  tubercles  on  the  back.  The  perfect  insect  flies 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  163 

from  June  to  July,  and  is  found  from  New  England  to 
Montana,  and  in  Colorado. 

It  feeds  on  violets. 

44.  Argynnis  Montinus,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  rich  reddish  fulvous,  much  the  color  of 
A . Bellona , marked  with  the  usual  zigzag  line  beyond 
the  middle  and  the  row  of  round  black  spots ; the  sub- 
marginal row  of  black  lunules  and  the  black  terminal 
edge  somewhat  suffused  on  the  fore  wings,  so  that  there 
is  but  little  clear  fulvous  between  the  edge  and  the 
lunules.  The  cell  of  the  fore  wings  is  marked  with  four 
marks, — three  black  bars  almost  straight,  and  an  elon- 
gate 0 : the  latter  is  the  second  from  the  base,  and  may 
be  considered  as  formed  of  two  bars,  making  the  number 
five,  as  in  other  species.  Below  the  cell  there  is  an  open 
V,  the  point  turned  outward.  The  basal  portion  of  both 
wings  is  suffused  with  black,  extending  out  somewhat 
along  the  posterior  and  internal  margins. 

The  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  and  the  apical  por- 
tion of  the  fore  wings  are  deep  cinnamon-red,  the  rest  is 
ochraceous  fulvous,  the  markings  of  the  fore  wings  faintly 
repeated.  Hind  wings  with  the  median  broken  line  re- 
peated less  distinctly  than  above,  obsolete  opposite  the 
cell,  and  partially  so  between  this  and  the  costa.  Costa 
black,  more  or  less  bordered  within  by  ochre  scales.  In 
place  of  the  round  spots  of  the  upper  side  there  is  a series 
of  ferruginous  spots,  some  indistinct  and  others  with  a 
few  black  scales.  Between  this  and  the  median  line  is  a 
broken  line  or  shade  of  salmon  scales,  not  very  clear, 
and  outside  this  the  round  spots  are  patches  of  ochre 


164 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


scales.  Just  within  the  outer  border  is  a series  of  spots 
which  are  white  rather  than  silver,  the  anal  and  the  two 
next  the  costa  rather  distinct,  the  rest  not  very  promi- 
nent. At  the  end  of  the  cell  is  a curved  black  line,  and 
below  this  are  two  more,  each  bordered  on  the  outside  with 
white  or  whitish.  Above  the  cell  is  a straight  black  line, 
outside  of  which  is  a white  patch.  Near  the  base  are 
three  white  spots  with  some  black  scales,  and  a black 
spot  with  a few  white  scales  near  the  end  of  the  cell. 
The  males  and  females  do  not  differ. 

Found  on  the  lower  half  of  the  barren  summits  of 
the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  during  July  and 
August. 

45.  Abgynnis  Bellona,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  about  1.6  inches. 

Upper  side  fulvous,  the  marks  on  the  wing  inside 
the  terminal  border  similar  to  those  of  A.  Myrina , but 
the  dusky  brown  covers  fully  the  basal  fourth  of  the 
wings.  In  the  male  the  edges  of  the  wings  are  scarcely 
black,  but  in  the  female  they  are  distinctly  so.  Inside 
the  terminal  edging  is  a row  of  oval  spots  instead  of 
crescents,  with  some  suffusion  between  this  and  the  edge. 

The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  fulvous,  with  the 
apical  portion  rusty  brown,  the  apex  yellow,  the  brown 
tinged  with  purple.  Hind  wings  rusty  brown  tinged  with 
yellow  in  the  middle  and  outer  two  fifths,  and  a costal 
patch  washed  with  whitish  purple,  this  portion  containing 
two  rows  of  dark  spots.  There  are  no  silver  spots.  The 
yellow  on  the  middle  of  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings 
is  in  scattered  scales,  not  gathered  together  enough  to 
form  a band  or  spots. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


165 


According  to  Professor  Fernald,  the  eggs  of  this  species 
are  similar  to  those  of  A . Myrina  in  size,  color,  and 
markings,  and  it  closely  resembles  that  species  in  all  the 
early  stages.  The  mature  larva,  however,  does  not  have 
the  spines  on  the  second  segment  lengthened. 

Food-plant,  violets. 

Northern  United  States,  Colorado. 

46.  Euptoieta  Claudia,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  a paler  band  crossing  both 
wings  near  the  middle,  bordered  on  the  inside  by  a zig- 


Fig.  43. 


Euptoieta  Claudia  (natural  size). 


zag  black  line  similar  to  that  in  the  species  of  Argynnis. 
From  this  pale  space  to  the  base  the  wings  are  somewhat 
duller  fulvous  and  a little  powdered  with  black  scales. 
Beyond  the  central  pale  band  are  two  transverse  lines, 
with  a row  of  round  spots  between  them,  the  edge  of 
the  wing  black ; all  these  lines  are  connected  by  black 
along  the  veins.  The  cell  of  the  fore  wings  contains 
three  black  bars,  the  two  outer  united  at  the  ends  and 


166 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


enclosing  a pale  space.  Below  the  cell  is  a bar  bent 
outward  in  the  middle. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous  to  the  zigzag  line, 
with  discal  pale  spot.  The  outer  half  of  the  wing  is 
pale,  with  a little  submarginal  reddish  wash  below  the 
apex,  and  a large  gray  triangle  on  the  costa.  A brown 
spot  near  the  posterior  angle  sends  a marginal  streak 
towards  the  apex. 

The  hind  wings  are  pale  brown  in  the  basal  half, 
streaked  with  white  along  the  veins,  and  with  transverse 
striae  of  darker  brown.  Beyond  the  middle  they  are 
whitish,  shading  off  into  the  same  brown  as  the  base, 
with  more  or  less  whitish  along  the  margin,  the  anal 
portion  of  the  outer  half  being  nearly  as  dark  as  the 
base,  while  the  costal  portion  is  almost  white.  There 
are  about  three  indistinct  submarginal  ocelli. 

The  egg  is  conoidal,  depressed  at  the  top,  flat  at  the 
base,  shaped  much  like  the  eggs  of  Argynnis,  but 
taller  in  proportion  to  the  breadth,  and  the  sides  less 
rounded ; marked  by  about  twenty  longitudinal  ribs, 
half  of  which  reach  the  summit,  forming  a serrated 
vein  round  the  depression,  marked  by  cross-striae. 

The  young  larvae  are  cylindrical,  thickest  from  joint 
6 to  joint  9.  Color  greenish  yellow,  each  joint  from 
3 to  1 2 crossed  transversely  by  two  irregular  rows  of 
dark  tuberculated  spots  or  points  on  a pale  ground,  with 
a black  hair  from  each.  The  second  segment  has  a black 
stripe  across  the  dorsum.  Head  black. 

The  color  after  moulting  is  reddish  yellow,  with  two 
dorsal  rows  and  one  lateral  row  of  indistinct  whitish  spots, 
which  cover  the  junction  of  the  segments  and  are  in  line 
with  the  spines.  There  are  six  rows  of  short,  fleshy, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


167 


tapering  black  spines,  each  beset  with  many  short,  fine 
black  hairs.  Collar  reddish,  edged  with  white.  After 
the  second  moult  the  color  is  a shade  darker  and  the 
white  rows  are  more  distinct.  After  the  third  moult  the 
color  is  a little  darker,  shining,  spines  blue-black.  Head 
bilobed,  brown-black  in  front,  red  behind  the  vertices. 
It  moults  four  times  before  reaching  maturity. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.2  inches  long,  cylindrical. 
Color  orange-ochre,  smooth,  striped  longitudinally  with 
black,  which  is  almost  concealed  by  the  white  spots 
that  cover  it.  Two  of  these  stripes  are  subdorsal,  and 
another  is  just  above  the  spiracles.  Over  the  feet  is  a 
macular  w hite  stripe.  Along  the  centre  of  the  back,  from 
joint  4 to  joint  12,  is  a small  white  elongated  spot,  edged 
with  black,  over  the  centre  of  each  joint.  The  spines 
are  in  six  rows.  The  dorsals  on  joint  2 are  orange 
at  base,  as  are  also  those  between  the  anterior  joints ; 
but  all  the  rest  arise  from  lustrous  blue-black  conical 
tubercles,  and  all  the  spines  are  blue-black  thickly  beset 
with  fine,  short  black  bristles.  Between  the  anterior 
pair  of  dorsals  is  a black  patch,  and  on  the  edge  of  the 
joint  is  a white  spot.  Head  subcordate,  front  brown- 
black,  vertices  orange-red,  with  a patch  of  the  same  on 
the  middle  of  the  front. 

The  chrysalis  is  .8  of  an  inch  long,  of  a pearl-white 
color,  iridescent,  marked  with  dark  brown  patches  and 
points.  On  the  abdomen  there  are  four  rows  of  conical 
tubercles. 

There  are  two  or  three  broods  during  a season,  the 
last  one  probably  hibernating  in  the  larval  state.  It 
feeds  on  violet,  passion-flower,  mandrake,  Sedum , Des - 
modium , and  Portulacca. 


168 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


New  York  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mississippi  Valley, 
Colorado,  Arizona,  California;  and  occasional  in  New 
Hampshire. 

47.  Melit^ea  Phaeton,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  black,  spotted  with  fulvous  and  pale 
yellow.  The  fulvous  spots  are  a marginal  row  on  both 
wings  and  in  the  discal  cells.  The  marginal  spots  are 


of  two  in  the  middle;  and  there  is  a cluster  of  four 
on  the  hind  wings.  There  may  be  all  of  these  present, 
or  they  may  vary  from  this  to  none.  There  are  also  two 
or  three  more  or  less  distinct  spots  on  the  costa  of  the 
hind  wings.  The  yellow  spots  are  two  submarginal  rows 
on  both  wings,  the  outer  a series  of  crescents,  the  inner 
round  ; two  half  rows  beyond  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings, 
and  two  or  three  spots  in  the  cells.  A part  of  these  may 
be  absent. 

The  under  side  is  black,  with  the  marginal  row  of 
orange  or  fulvous  spots,  two  large  spots  in  the  cell  of 
the  fore  wings,  and  six  spots  of  the  same  in  the  basal 
half  of  the  hind  wings,  arranged  in  two  irregular  rows. 


Melitsea  Thaeton  (natural  size). 


Fig.  44. 


nearly  round  on  the 
fore  wings,  but  on 
the  hind  wings  they 
are  blunt  conical, 
the  points  inward. 
Those  in  the  cells 
of  the  fore  wings 
are  two  clusters, 
one  of  three  at  the 
end,  and  the  other 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  169 

Between  these,  or  inside  the  marginal  orange  spots,  are 
four  rows  of  pale  yellow  spots. 

Body  black,  a row  of  yellow  spots  on  the  side ; palpi, 
club  of  antennse,  legs,  and  a broken  stripe  beneath  on 
each  side,  orange. 

The  egg  is  obovate,  truncated,  rounded  at  base,  flat  or 
slightly  depressed  at  the  summit.  The  upper  third  is 
marked  with  from  twelve  to  eighteen  vertical 
ridges  which  gradually  fade  out  below.  Color  Fig.  45- 
lemon-yellow  when  first  deposited,  but  changing 
in  a few  days  to  dull  crimson,  and  finally,  just 
before  hatching,  to  black,  this  period  being  from  Egg  of  M- 
nineteen  to  twenty  days.  10. 

The  young  larva  is  cylindrical,  translucent, 
yellowish,  a row  of  brown  tubercles  to  each  joint,  from 
each  of  which  arises  a pencil  of  hairs. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.1  to  1.3  inches  long, 
cylindrical,  the  joints  at  the  ends  the  smallest,  the  dorsum 
and  sides  armed  with 
seven  rows  of  long, 
tapering,  fleshy  spines, 
each  of  which  springs 
from  a round,  shining, 
blue-black  tubercle,  the 
tubercles  of  each  joint 
nearly  meeting.  Each  spine  bristles  with  stout  black 
hairs,  giving  the  larva  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  46. 
There  is  also  another  row  of  similar  but  much  smaller 
spines  below  the  stigmata ; in  this  row  joint  4 has  no 
spine,  joints  5 to  10  each  have  two  in  line,  joint  11  has 
one,  and  joint  12  has  a tubercle  without  a spine.  On 
the  under  side  of  the  body,  on  joints  5 and  6,  in  line 
h 15 


Fig.  46. 


M.  Phaeton,  larva. 


170  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

with  the  legs,  is  a single  small  tubercle  with  a short 
branching  spine.  Joints  2 and  3,  part 
of  joint  4,  and  the  last  two  or  three 
joints  are  black ; the  others  are  deep 
reddish  fulvous  striped  transversely  with 
black. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  47)  is  shaped 
much  as  in  Argynnis,  the  abdomen  and 
thorax  furnished  with  several  rows  of 
tubercles.  Color  white,  marked  and 
spotted  with  brownish  black,  the  tuber- 
cles orange. 

The  food-plants  are  Clielone  glabra , 
Lonicera  ciliata , and  Viburnum  dentatum. 

United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

48.  Melit^a  Harrisii,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  wings  fulvous,  the  basal  half  and 
terminal  border  black,  with  five  fulvous  spots  in  the 
cell  of  the  fore  wings,  two  more  below  the  cell,  and 
three  in  the  cell  of  the  hind  wings.  The  base  is  not 
wholly  black,  but  is  sprinkled  with  fulvous  scales.  The 
border  of  the  fore  wings  is  broadest  at  the  apex,  where 
it  contains  two  pale  dots ; below  this  it  extends  inward 
along  the  veins.  Towards  the  anal  angle  it  is  more 
broken  up,  so  as  to  present  a black  edge  and  two  in- 
distinct lines. 

On  the  under  side  the  wings  are  fulvous,  with  a large 
black  subapical  patch,  which  sends  backward  a subter- 
minal  band,  with  two  rows  of  white  spots  extending 
more  or  less  through  it.  There  are  four  black  bars  in 


Fig.  47. 


M.  Phaeton,  pupa, 
(enlarged). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


171 


the  cell  and  one  beyond,  and  a white  costal  patch.  Hind 
wings  fulvous,  with  a median  pale  yellow  band  trav- 
ersed by  two  black  lines  near  the  edges,  so  as  to  be  three 
nearly  complete  bands.  Inside  this  band  are  six  spots  of 
the  same  color, — two  in  the  cell,  three  above,  and  one  be- 
low. Beyond  the  median  band  is  a subterminal  row  of 
crescents,  with  a row  of  black  pupilled  spots  between  the 
band  and  the  crescents ; all  the  light  spots  edged  with 
black.  Fringes  white,  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

The  eggs  are  lemon-yellow,  in  shape  the  frustum  of 
a cone,  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  longitudinal  ribs  which  are 
elevated  above  the  surface  more  in  the  middle  than  at 
either  extremity. 

The  young  larva  is  cylindrical,  yellow-green,  some- 
what pilose ; head  obovoid,  bilobed,  the  vertices  rounded, 
dark  brown. 

After  the  first  moult  the  larva  is  armed  with  seven 
rows  of  short  black  spines,  tapering,  and  thickly  set  with 
short  black  bristles.  Color  yellow-brown.  Very  little 
change  takes  place  after  the  second  moult,  save  that  the 
color  is  ochre-yellow,  with  five  transverse  black  stripes 
on  each  segment.  After  the  fourth  moult  the  color  is 
red  or  orange  ochraceous,  striped  as  before,  three  to  a 
segment.  In  coming  to  maturity  it  moults  five  times. 

The  mature  larva  is  of  a deep  red  fulvous  color,  crossed 
by  black  stripes,  one  before  and  two  after  each  transverse 
row  of  spines,  and  with  a dorsal  black 
stripe.  The  last  two  joints  are  nearly 
all  black,  and  on  joints  9 to  11  the 
fulvous  bands  are  spotted.  The  spines 
are  in  seven  principal  rows,  with  a row  M*  Hams11’  bna‘ 
of  smaller  ones  just  above  the  feet.  The  spines  are  long, 


172  the  butterflies  of  the 

tapering,  black,  each  thickly  set  with  long,  divergent 
black  hairs. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  49)  is  cylindrical,  but 
with  a small  depression  on  the  back  of  the 
thorax,  abdomen  with  several  rows  of  sub- 
conic tubercles.  Color  pure  white,  marked 
and  spotted  with  black,  or  brown-black  and 
orange. 

m Harrisii  Fhe  food-plants  are  Aster  and  Diplopappus 
pupa.  ’ umbellatus , and  the  imago  is  to  be  seen  in 
June. 

New  England,  New  York,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Il- 
linois. 


Pig.  49. 


49.  Phyciodes  Nycteis,  Doub. — Hew. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  a broad  black  terminal  border, 
on  the  fore  wings  broadest  at  the  apex,  enclosing  a sub- 
terminal row  of  fulvous 
Fig.  50.  spots,  more  distinct  in  the 

female  than  in  the  male. 
At  the  end  of  the  cell  is 
a broad  black  patch  con- 
nected by  a line  with  a 
smaller  one  on  the  sub- 
median vein  (see  Fig.  50). 

In  the  cell  and  below 
it  several  indistinct  black 
marks,  the  base  black,  this  extending  outward  along  the 
costa  and  hind  margin  to  the  black  patches. 

The  hind  wings  have  the  basal  half  marked  the  same 
as  the  fore  wings,  though  sometimes  more  suffused. 


rtiyciodes  Nycteis,  male  (natural  size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


173 


There  is  a broad  terminal  border  almost  meeting  the 
basal  black  on  the  costa,  and  sending  a shade  across  the 
wing  through  the  fulvous  space,  also  a subterminal  row 
of  black  spots,  some  of  which  are  pupilled. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  pale  fulvous,  with  three  or 
four  not  very  prominent  bars  in  the  cell,  a somewhat 
triangular  patch  beyond,  and  a terminal  brown-black 
border  with  the  subterminal  row  of  spots,  three  apical 
silver-white  lunules,  and  two  more  marginal  near  the 
middle,  the  lunules  resting  on  a terminal  yellow  line 
edged  within  with  brown. 

The  hind  wings  are  dark  brown  broken  by  pale  yellow, 
especially  in  the  basal  portion,  where  it  is  the  principal 
color.  A row  of  large  silvery  white  spots  crosses  the 
wing  near  the  base,  and  a similar  band  crosses  the  middle 
of  the  wing,  broken  by  brown  veins  and  edged  on  the 
outside  by  a crenate  brown  line,  and  a marking  of  pale 
yellow  beyond.  The  subterminal  row  of  round  black 
spots  is  reproduced,  part  pupilled  with  white.  There  is 
the  terminal  yellow  line  the  same  as  on  the  fore  wings, 
with  a row  of  silver- white  lunules,  the  middle  and  two 
apical  much  the  largest. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  clusters  of  about  a hundred 
on  the  under  side  of  the  food-plant.  They  are  whitish 
green,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a truncated  cone,  the 
lower  third  of  the  outside  smooth,  the  middle  part 
marked  with  hexagonal  cells,  and  the  top  by  longitudinal 
ribs.  They  hatch  in  from  nine  to  thirteen  days. 

The  young  larva  is  .06  of  an  inch  long,  with  a dark 
brown  head,  and  a yellowish  green  body  clouded  with 
brown,  with  scattered  black  hairs.  After  the  first  moult 
it  is  smoky  brown,  and,  like  Melitsea,  armed  with  seven 

15* 


174 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


rows  of  stout,  fleshy,  tapering  black  spines,  and  a minute 
row  over  the  feet.  After  three  or  four  days  it  moults  a 
second  time,  when  the  color  is  black-brown,  and  this  color 
remains  through  the  next  stage,  with  sometimes  a broken 
yellow  stripe  along  the  side.  To  come  to  maturity  it 
moults  four  times. 

The  mature  larva  is  an  inch  in  length,  blackish  brown 
above  and  greenish  brown  beneath.  Head  black,  cordate, 
the  sides  high  and  rounded,  and  clothed  with  numerous 
black  hairs  arising  from  black  papillae.  The  spines 
long,  black,  tapering,  armed  with  short  black  hairs,  each 
springing  from  a shining  black  tubercle,  except  those  of 
the  lowest  row,  which  stand  upon  greenish  or  yellowish 
tubercles.  A black  band  runs  along  the  base,  with  a 
yellow  stripe  in  the  line  of  the  lower  lateral  spines,  and 
a broken  yellow  stigmatal  stripe.  In  some  cases  this  is 
ochre  or  reddish  yellow.  The  back  and  sides  are  much 
dotted  with  white. 

The  chrysalis  is  similar  in  shape  to  M.  Phaeton , with 
five  rows  of  conical  tubercles  on  the  abdomen.  The 
color  varies  extremely  : some  are  wholly  greenish  yellow, 
others  pink-brown,  others  gray-brown ; with  usually  but 
few  dark  markings. 

The  food-plants  are  Diplopappus  umhellatus , Aster, 
Aetinomeris , and  sunflowers. 

Maine  to  North  Carolina  and  west,  Mississippi  Valley. 

50.  Phyciodes  Carlota,  Reak. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  much  as  in  P.  Nyeteis , except  that 
most  of  the  wing  is  black,  there  being  some  fulvous  spots 
near  the  base  of  the  fore  wings,  a fulvous  band  through 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


175 


the  middle  crossed  by  the  black  veins,  a subterminal  row 
of  whitish  dots  in  the  broad  black  terminal  border,  and 
a white  lunule  in  the  middle  of  the  border  near  the  edge 
of  the  wing*  In  the  female  there  are  traces  of  other 
white  lunules  just  within  the  margin.  The  hind  wings 
are  similarly  marked,  except  that  there  is  a row  of  black 
submarginal  spots  circled  with  fulvous,  and  the  lunules 
are  faint  in  the  males. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  marked  about  the 
same  as  in  P.  Nycteis,  except  that  there  is  more  black 
through  the  middle.  The  terminal  border  is  as  above, 
save  the  terminal  lunules.  Between  median  venules  one 
and  two  there  is  a large  conical  whitish  spot,  the  base  on 
the  double  terminal  line;  this  double  line  running  in 
.zigzag  to  the  apex,  the  inner  points  silvered  more  broadly 
towards  the  apex,  and  the  inner  point  sending  a white  ray 
to  the  margin.  The  same  is  repeated  towards  the  pos- 
terior angle,  but  with  less  silver. 

The  hind  wings  dark  brown  washed  with  whitish, 
more  towards  the  base,  only  two  yellowish  spots  in  the 
cell.  Near  the  base  is  a broken  silvery  band,  and  through 
the  middle  a silver  band  crossed  by  the  brown  veins, 
the  outer  margin  dentate.  The  submarginal  row  of  black 
spots  as  above,  only  they  are  pupil  led  with  white  and  not 
circled  with  fulvous.  The  margin  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  fore  wings,  save  that  the  large  spot  is  silvery  instead 
of  whitish. 

Southern  and  Western  States,  Rocky  Mountains,  Mon- 
tana to  Arizona ; occasional  in  West  Virginia. 


176 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


51.  Phyciodes  Phaon,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 to  1.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  the  base,  costa, 
hind  margin,  outer  margin,  and  a band  through  the 
middle  black.  The  basal  half  of  wing  contains  several 
irregular  black  marks,  and  the  median  black  band  is 
expanded  on  the  costa  and  hind  margin.  Beyond  the 
median  band  there  are  two  light  bands  crossed  by  the 
black  veins  and  separated  by  a black  shade  which  expands 
into  a triangle  on  the  costa  and  hind  margin.  The  first 
light  band  is  pale  fulvous,  almost  buff ; the  second  is  the 
same  fulvous  as  the  ground  color,  and  contains  a black 
dot  near  the  posterior  angle.  The  outer  edge  brownish 
black,  with  a pale  lunule  in  the  middle  of  the  border. 

Hind  wings  similar  to  the  fore  wings,  only  the  inner 
margin  is  fulvous,  the  median  black  band  is  narrower, 
both  light  bands  are  fulvous,  and  the  outer  contains  a 
row  of  black  dots.  In  most  specimens  there  are  only 
a few  narrow  whitish  lunules  near  the  anal  angle,  but 
sometimes  these  continue  to  the  apex. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  orange  fulvous,  the 
basal  half  marked  with  a darker  shade,  the  median 
black  band  as  above,  and  also  the  two  light  bands,  only 
the  inner  is  more  whitish  and  the  shade  separating  them 
is  obliterate  except  the  triangles.  Terminal  border  black, 
pale  at  the  edge,  with  a crenate  black  line  near  the  edge, 
and  a pale  yellow  patch  in  the  middle,  and  one  at  each 
end. 

There  are  two  forms  of  this  having  the  under  side  of 
hind  wings  differently  colored.  The  winter  form  is  pale 
buff  washed  with  umber-brown,  the  basal  half  with  more 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


177 


or  less  complete  bands  of  pale  spots  edged  with  brown ; 
the  row  of  black  spots  the  same  as  above ; a submarginal 
row  of  lunules,  the  middle  large,  silvery,  the  others  more 
or  less  obscure.  The  summer  form  is  pale  buff,  with 
irregular  transverse  brown  lines,  the  brown  dots  smaller, 
a terminal  brown  border  accompanying  the  submarginal 
row  of  lunules  and  partly  obscuring  three  of  them,  a 
small  brown  patch  on  the  costa  and  sometimes  a little  in 
the  centre. 

Gulf  States,  Texas ; occasional  in  Kansas. 

52.  Phyciodes  Tharos,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.15  to  1.5  inches. 

There  are  two  dimorphic  forms  of  this  species,  the 
winter  form,  Marcia , and  the  summer  form,  Morpheus . 
It  was  supposed  that  these  two  forms  were  distinct  species 
till  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards  proved  by  rearing  them  that 
they  are  seasonal  forms  of  one  species,  the  difference  in 
coloration  being  due  to  the  effects  of  cold  while  hiber- 
nating. Besides  these  two  well-marked  forms  there  are 
several  minor  variations,  only  one  of  which  is  named. 

Winter  form,  Marcia,  Edw. — This  has  the  upper 
surface  reddish  fulvous  marked  with  black.  There  are 
two  rows  of  more  or  less  distinct  coalescing  circles  near 
the  base  of  the  wing,  the  first  of  two  circles,  the  second 
of  four,  and  an  ellipsoid  at  the  end  of  the  cell ; a patch 
of  black  beyond  the  cell  on  the  costa  and  one  on  the 
hind  margin,  sometimes  the  two  being  connected  by  a 
dentate  line.  The  outer  border  is  broad,  black,  and 
through  it  runs  a crenated  line  with  a yellowish  or  ful- 
vous lunule  in  the  middle,  in  some  examples  distinct,  in 
others  connected  with  the  central  color ; a black  dot  near 


m 


178 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  posterior  angle.  Hind  wings  very  much  as  in  P. 
Phaon. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  yellowish  fulvous, 
with  yellow  spots  and  four  black  patches, — two  on  the 
costa  before  the  apex,  one  at  the  posterior  angle,  and  one 
on  the  hind  margin ; the  outer  margin  with  the  lunules 
as  in  P.  Phaon , only  yellow. 

The  hind  wings  resemble  closely  those  of  the  winter 
form  of  Phaon , the  yellow  perhaps  a little  deeper.  The 
terminal,  costal,  and  middle  brown  patches  are  present  in 
some  examples,  the  wing  being  well  suffused  with  brown. 

Summer  form,  Morpheus,  Fab. — This  is  scarcely  dis- 
tinguishable from  Marcia  on  the  upper  side,  though  the 
black  is  more  inclined  to  be  in  lines.  The  under  side 
of  fore  wings  like  Marcia . Under  side  of  hind  wings 
yellow-buff,  the  brown  patches  on  the  costa  and  in  the 
cell  absent,  though  in  some  specimens  there  is  a slight 
discoloration  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  In  some  females  a 
slight  costal  patch  is  present. 

Aberr.  Packardh,  Saund. — This  differs  from  the 
usual  forms  in  the  wings  being  brown  above,  with  a 
cupreous  tinge  and  sprinkled  with  fulvous  atoms.  The 
fulvous  is  in  bands : first  a macular  band  near  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings,  not  quite  reaching  either  margin ; a 
patch  across  the  outer  part  of  the  cell ; and  a wide  band 
beyond  the  cell,  crossed  by  black  veins,  narrow  on  the 
costal  end.  On  the  hind  wrings  a large  fulvous  patch 
covers  about  the  inner  half,  containing  several  roundish 
black  spots ; beyond  this  is  a macular  band  of  fulvous 
between  two  broad  brown  bands.  Under  side  pale. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  clusters  of  two  hundred  or 
more  on  different  species  of  Aster,  both  wild  and  culti- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


179 


vated.  They  are  pale  green,  conoidal,  depressed  at  the 
top  and  rounded  at  the  base.  The  lower  half  is  indented 
like  the  surface  of  a thimble,  the  upper  half  has  about 
fifteen  ribs.  They  hatch  in  from  four  to  seven  days. 

The  young  larva  is  yellowish  green  clouded  with 
brown,  with  a dark  brown  head.  It  is  covered  with 
scattered  black  hairs. 

After  the  first  moult  the  larva  is  armed  with  seven 
rows  of  short,  fleshy,  brown  spines,  each  thickly  set  with 
short  concolored  bristles;  also  at  the  base  of  body  a 
row  of  small  spines.  Body  striped  longitudinally  with 
light  and  dark  brown  and  sordid  white.  Head  subcor- 
date,  the  vertices  rounded;  two  gray  bands,  the  rest 
black.  There  are  but  few  changes  after  the  second  and 
third  moults. 

The  mature  larva  is  .85  of  an  inch  long,  with  a cor- 
date, shining,  bronze-colored  head,  having  two  oblique 
white  stripes  on  each  side  and  a spot  of  the  same  color 
above  the  mouth.  The  body  is  dark  brown  dotted  with 
yellow,  and  has  seven  rows  of  tapering  fleshy  spines 
armed  with  blackish  bristles. 

The  first  brood  passes  four  moults  before  reaching 
maturity,  when  it  changes  to  a chrysalis,  from  which  the 
imago  emerges  in  from  seven  to  thirty  days.  The  larvae 
of  the  second  brood  pass  three  moults,  when  they  become 
lethargic  and  hibernate.  In  the  spring  they  revive,  go 
to  feeding,  and  moult  twice  more  before  reaching  ma- 
turity, the  chrysalides  from  these  producing  the  butterflies 
in  from  one  to  two  weeks. 

The  chrysalis  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
with  a deep  depression  back  of  the  mesonotum,  and 
several  rows  of  fine  tubercles  on  the  abdomen.  The 


180 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


color  varies  much,  being  light  cinereous  covered  with  fine 
abbreviated  brown  streaks ; or  cinereous  on  dorsum,  the 
abdomen  and  wing-cases  tinted  with  yellow-brown ; or 
dull  white  clouded  with  brown ; or  wholly  dark  brown 
speckled  with  gray. 

The  butterflies  are  to  be  seen  from  May  through  the 
season. 

United  States  generally,  except  the  Pacific  States. 

53.  Phyciodes  Batesii,  Reak. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.25  to  1.63  inches. 

Male. — Fore  wings  black,  two  transverse  maculate  ful- 
vous bands  beyond  the  cell,  the  inner  pale,  arising  nearly 
at  the  costa  and  converging  to  the  hind  margin.  The 
cell  contains  three  or  four  abbreviated  bars,  none  of  them 
extending  below  the  median  vein.  The  basal  half  of 
the  area  below  this  vein  is  deep  black,  rarely  containing 
a narrow  fulvous  streak ; a spot  of  fulvous  in  the  middle 
of  the  outer  margin. 

Hind  wings  black,  the  two  fulvous  bands  of  the  fore 
wings  continued  nearly  to  the  inner  margin,  much  wider 
than  on  the  fore  wings,  the  separating  line  very  much 
attenuated  in  the  middle.  The  outer  band  contains  a 
series  of  rounded  black  spots  between  the  venules,  and 
beyond  these  an  indistinct  row  of  connected  lunules. 
There  are  two  fulvous  spots  within  the  cell,  preceding 
the  first  transverse  band,  the  inner  semicircled  by  the 
outer.  Fringes  white  or  whitish,  more  or  less  cut  with 
black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous ; a large  triangular 
black  patch  upon  the  middle  of  the  hind  margin  is  con- 
nected at  its  apex  with  an  irregular,  dilating  bar  running 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


181 


thence  to  the  costa;  a short  bar  between  this  and  the 
apex.  Three  connected  black  lunules,  the  central  much 
the  widest,  run  from  beyond  the  middle  of  the  hind 
margin  to  the  third  median  venule.  In  some  this  line 
is  prolonged  by  the  addition  of  one  or  two  more  very 
delicate  crescents. 

Hind  wings  ochrey  yellow,  with  indistinct  pale  fulvous 
lines  near  the  base,  and  a row  of  rounded  dots  followed 
by  pale  lunules  of  the  same  color  near  the  outer  margin  ; 
rarely  one  of  the  last  is  bright  ferruginous. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male  on  the  upper  surface, 
the  inner  band  of  the  fore  wings  paler  than  in  the  male. 
On  the  under  side  the  reticulations  are  plainer. 

West  Virginia,  Maryland,  New  York  to  Ohio. 

54.  Eresia  Frisia,  Poey. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  reddish  fulvous,  the  base  dusky.  Across 
the  inner  third  are  four  more  or  less  distinct  sinuous 
black  lines,  which  are  fine  and  nearly  distinct  on  the  hind 
wings,  but  are  heavier  and  more  blended  on  the  fore 
wings,  and  in  places  connected  by  cross-lines.  Beyond 
the  basal  third  the  fore  wings  are  crossed  by  three  black 
bands  and  a terminal  border,  the  first  and  second  united 
into  a broad  band  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  reaching  from  the 
median  vein  to  the  costa,  with  a fulvous  spot  at  the  end  of 
the  cell  just  within  the  edge  of  the  band,  the  two  bands 
approaching  each  other  near  the  submedian;  the  third 
band  expanded  from  the  costa  back  to  the  fifth  subcostal 
venule,  from  which  it  gradually  contracts  across  two 
interspaces,  expanding  abruptly  at  this  point,  where  it 
unites  with  the  second  band,  to  separate  again  below  the 

16 


182 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


second  branch  of  the  median,  from  which  it  continues 
without  much  variation  to  the  hind  margin.  The  spaces 
between  these  bands  are  paler  fulvous  than  the  base 
and  the  hind  wings,  the  subterminal  being  whitish.  The 
first  and  second  of  these  bands  of  black  are  continued 
across  the  hind  wings  in  black  shades  hardly  positively 
enough  marked  to  be  called  lines.  The  broad  terminal 
border  of  the  hind  wings  contains  a series  of  connected 
whitish  lunules. 

The  under  side  has  a little  more  than  the  basal  half 
of  the  fore  wings  fulvous,  with  four  or  five  large  whitish 
spots ; the  terminal  portion  dark  brown,  with  the  border 
whitish  and  two  large  whitish  patches.  The  hind  wings 
are  marked  much  like  a Phyciodes,  an  oblong  brown 
shading  from  the  base  along  the  middle  of  the  wing  to 
the  centre ; a whitish  band  marks  the  outer  third,  a sub- 
terminal row  of  whitish  lunules,  before  which  is  a series 
of  brown  sagittate  spots. 

This  resembles  to  some  extent  some  of  the  forms  of 
Phyciodes  Thar  os,  but  the  difference  may  be  seen  by  com- 
paring the  descriptions. 

Found  at  Key  West,  Florida,  and  Cuba. 

55.  Grapta  Interrogations,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.3  to  2.75  inches. 

This  is  a dimorphic  species,  the  hibernating  form  being 
known  as  form  Fabricii , the  other  as  Umbrosa.  There 
are  about  four  broods  in  a season  ; and  while  the  last 
brood  or  hibernating  butterflies  are  the  pale  forms,  the 
others  are  more  or  less  jnixed,  as  Mr.  Edwards  has  shown. 

Dimorphic  form,  Fabricii,  Edw. — This  has  the  upper 
side  fulvous,  marked  with  ferruginous  brown  and  spotted 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


183 


with  black.  The  fore  wings  have  two  black  spots  in  the 
cell,  one  round,  the  other  a short  bar,  and  a wide  bar  at 
the  end,  broadest  at  the  costa ; and  a row  of  four  spots 
from  the  hind  margin  to  beyond  the  cell,  all  but  the 
last  round.  Outer  border  ferruginous  brown,  with  a 
subapical  bar  of  the  same. 

Hind  wings  with  four  more  or  less  distinct  median 
black  spots,  and  a broad  ferruginous  brown  border  en- 
closing a submarginal  row  of  fulvous  spots.  Edges  of 
both  wings  whitish  purple. 

The  costa  is  rather  falcate,  the  apex  truncate,  and  the 
hind  wings  have  a short  tail. 

Under  side  clouded  in  shades  of  brown,  in  some  ex- 
amples partly  suffused  with  purple,  without  the  striking 
diversity  of  color  found  on  Umbrosa , the  common  row 
of  black  points  more  or  less  obsolete,  costal  edge  of  fore 
wings  near  the  base  clouded  with  small  yellow  spots, 
with  some  yellow  color  below.  Discal  silvery  or  golden 
mark  on  the  hind  wing  an  interrupted  C. 

Dimorphic  form,  Umbrosa,  Lintn. — This  has  the 
fore  wings  as  in  Fabricii , but  with  less  purple  edging. 
The  hind  wings  have  the  outer  two  thirds  overlaid 
with  black,  in  some  examples  quite  intense,  the  tail 
purple. 

The  under  side  is  variegated  with  ferruginous  brown, 
olivaceous,  and  more  or  less  purple.  The  basal  third  is 
limited  by  an  irregular  ferruginous,  partly  olivaceous 
band,  within  which  the  ground  color  is  yellow-brown 
streaked  with  ferruginous.  Beyond  this  band  the  fore 
wings  have  a narrow  belt  of  yellow-brown,  and  beyond 
this  the  colors  are  brown  and  olivaceous.  There  is  a 
lilac  patch  near  the  posterior  angle,  and  another  sub- 


184 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


apical.  The  costal  margin  of  the  hind  wings  is  oliva- 
ceous, with  a median  band  similar  to  that  of  the  fore 
wings;  the  inner  margin  and  tail  portion  of  the  outer 
margin  lilac.  Crossing  both  wings  is  a row  of  black 
points,  those  on  the  hind  wings  within  a brown  ferru- 
ginous band. 

The  female  differs  from  the  above  in  having  the  under 
side  more  of  a brown  suffused  with  blue-gray. 

The  eggs  are  pale  green,  conoidal  in  form,  with  the 
base  flattened.  The  sides  are  rounded,  and  marked  by 
eight  or  nine  ribs,  which  are  low  near  the  base,  but  higher 
above,  terminating  abruptly  around  a small  flat  space  at 
the  top. 

The  young  larvae  are  whitish  yellow,  somewhat  marked 
with  brown,  head  shining  black.  After  the  first  moult 
their  color  is  black  more  or  less  specked  with  white,  and 
they  begin  to  be  clothed  with  short  spines,  all  black  except 
those  on  the  eighth  and  tenth  segments,  which  are  whitish. 
After  the  second  moult  they  begin  to  assume  the  type 
they  retain  to  maturity.  The  spines  are  in  seven  rows, 
fleshy  at  base,  slender  and  many-branching  at  extremity ; 
the  dorsal  and  first  lateral  on  joint  3 are  black,  on  joints 
2,  4,  and  11  russet,  the  rest  yellow ; the  second  laterals 
black  throughout,  the  lowest  row  greenish  ; head  bilobed, 
black,  with  short  black  spines  at  vertices.  After  the  third 
moult  the  larvae  vary  greatly  both  in  color  of  body  and 
spines.  Some  are  black  finely  specked  with  yellowish ; 
others  are  yellow-brown  specked  with  yellow  tubercles ; 
others  gray-brown,  with  indistinct  reddish  lines  between 
the  spines  on  the  dorsal  and  two  lateral  rows,  and  much 
tuberculated ; others  are  black,  with  fulvous  stripes  and 
profusely  covered  with  yellowish  tuberculated  spots  and 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


185 


points.  The  spines  vary  from  black  to  fulvous  and 
green  and  yellow.  After  the  fourth  moult 
the  larva  feeds  four  or  five  days  and  changes 
to  a chrysalis. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  51)  is  an  inch  long, 
variable  in  color  from  light  yellowish  to 
dark  brown ; the  head  deeply  notched,  a 
thin  prominence  on  the  thorax,  and  eight 
silvery  spots  on  the  back. 

The  food-plants  are  hop,  elm,  nettle,  false 
nettle,  and  basswood.  g.  interroga- 

United  States  generally,  except  the  Pacific  tloms>  in- 
states; Arizona. 

56.  Grapta  Comma,  Harris. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  the  outer  border  black,  with  a 
little  edging  of  lilac.  The  fore  wings  have  a subapical 
patch  of  brown,  and  another  at  the  posterior  angle,  each 
enclosing  a fulvous  spot.  Like  (?.  Interrogations , th i s 
species  has  two  spots  in  the  cell  and  a bar  at  the  end, 
but  there  are  only  three  round  spots  between  the  cell  and 
the  posterior  angle,  the  lowest  supplemented  by  a shade 
above  it. 

Hind  wings  with  ferruginous  brown  next  the  border, 
shading  out  towards  the  middle,  with  a series  of  pale 
fulvous  spots  next  the  border,  and  an  irregular  row  of 
black  spots  across  the  middle. 

The  under  side  is  marbled  with  light  and  dark  brown, 
and  washed  with  olive,  and  in  the  males  with  more  or 
less  of  pink.  Across  the  middle  the  shades  are  darker, 
clearly  defined  externally,  beyond  which  it  is  washed  with 

1(3* 


186 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


pink.  The  hind  wings  have  a discal  silvery  C.  Both 
wings  have  the  submarginal  row  of  dots  in  a more  or 
less  distinct  band  of  olive  and  ferruginous  brown.  In 
the  female  these  shades  are  not  so  distinct,  with  less 
pink,  in  some  specimens  the  whole  surface  being  washed 
somewhat  with  blue-gray. 

This  is  a dimorphic  species,  the  last  brood  of  the 
summer,  or  the  one  that  hibernates,  being  known  as  the 
winter  form,  Harrisii,  Edw.,  from  which  the  above 
description  is  taken.  The  summer  forms  are  called 
Dryas,  Edw.,  and  differ  from  the  others  in  having  the 
hind  wings  above  suffused  with  black,  as  in  Umbrosa  of 
the  preceding  species,  and  the  under  side  more  suffused 
with  brown. 

This  species  feeds  on  the  same  plants  as  G.  Interroga- 
tionis. 

The  eggs  are  green,  and  similar  in  form  to  those  of 
that  species,  with  ten  longitudinal  ribs  and  cross-striae 
between  them. 

The  young  larvae  are  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long, 
black,  covered  with  short  hairs.  After  the  first  moult 
the  color  is  either  brown-black  or  black,  with  whitish 
lines  at  the  junctures  of  the  segments;  armed  with  seven 
rows  of  branching  spines,  stout,  black,  and  beset  with 
short  bristles.  In  the  black  examples  all  the  tubercles 
are  black;  in  the  specimens  with  white  lines,  on  seg- 
ments 4,  6,  8,  and  10  the  spines  spring  from  whitish  tu- 
bercles. Besides  these  there  is  a row  of  minute  spines 
over  the  feet.  Head  dark  brown.  After  the  second 
moult  the  color  is  dark  olive-brown,  or  black-brown,  or 
reddish  brown,  two  or  three  fine  white  transverse  lines 
to  each  joint,  and  two  white  bars  on  the  back.  After  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  187 

next  moult  the  color  is  black,  with  the  stripes  the  same, 
and  a yellow  substigmatal  band. 

The  mature  larvae  are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 
a quarter  long,  and  quite  variable  in  color.  Some  are 
black,  with  yellow  bases  to  the  spines,  others  are  nearly 
white,  with  red  spots  along  the  sides,  while  still  others 
have  a reddish  or  vinous  tint  instead  of  black. 

The  chrysalis  is  about  four-fifths  of  an  inch  long,  of 
various  shades  of  gray  or  brown,  with  golden  protu- 
berances on  the  abdomen,  and  a flattened  prominence 
on  the  head. 

Eastern,  Middle,  and  Northwestern  States;  North 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Kansas  to  Texas. 

57.  Grapta  Faunus,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous.  Next  the  apex  of  the  fore 
wings,  the  base  of*  both  wings,  and  the  inner  margin  of 
hind  wings  dusky.  The  fore  wings  have  a broad  black 
outer  border,  dentate  at  the  apex,  and  bordered  within 
by  a series  of  subobsolete  tawny  lunules.  The  markings 
on  the  wings  are  much  as  in  G.  Comma , but  are  heavier 
and  more  black  and  less  brown. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  dark  brown  on  the  base, 
with  an  irregular  common  blackish  band  across  the 
middle,  darkest  on  its  outer  edge  and  within  the  ab- 
dominal margin,  where  its  outline  is  obliquely  serrated. 
Beyond  this  band  the  color  is  pale  brown  mottled  with 
grayish  white,  which  is  clearest  on  the  fore  wings.  The 
whole  surface  is  clouded  with  vinous,  and  more  or  less 
crossed  by  fine  abbreviated  streaks  of  brown.  Apex  of 
fore  wings  yellow-brown,  with  three  small  lanceolate 


188  , THE  butterflies  of  the 

ferruginous  spots,  the  lower  enclosing  a blue  or  green 
point.  The  outer  margin  of  both  wings,  below  these,  is 
bordered  by  a series  of  confluent  blue-black — sometimes 
olive-green — spots  following  the  outline  of  the  wing. 
Within  these  is  another  series  of  rounded  spots  of  the 
same  color.  On  the  disk  of  hind  wings  is  a white  G 
varying  in  form. 

The  mature  larva  is  one  inch  and  a quarter  long ; head 
black,  furnished  with  two  branching  horns  and  a few 
scattered  white  hairs.  Upper  side  of  joints  2 to  6 brick- 
red  striped  transversely  with  blue,  yellow,  and  black,  a 
few  white  hairs  on  joint  2.  There  are  four  branching 
yellow  spines,  with  black  tips,  on  joints  3 and  4,  and  six 
on  joints  5 and  6.  Joints  7 to  12  are  white,  with  a 
faintly-marked  black  stripe  along  the  back,  each  joint 
with  three  transverse  yellow  bands  and  two  oblique  black 
spots.  These  joints  have  each  seven  spines,  all  white  ex- 
cept the  one  next  the  lowest,  which  is  brown.  Last  two 
joints  black,  with  seven  and  four  spines  respectively.  Sides 
red,  with  two  black  bands,  the  lowest  spotted  with  blue. 

The  chrysalis  (Fig.  52)  is  grayish  brown.  Head 
with  two  biforked  horns,  the  outer  point  very  short; 

thorax  with  an  elevated  keel-like  ridge  on  top, 
writh  a small  tubercle  on  each  side.  At  the 
base,  below  this,  there  is  a larger  tubercle,  and 
behind  it  another  keel-like  protuberance,  hol- 
lowed on  top ; there  are  six  raised  silver  orna- 
ments on  the  dorsal  surface,  the  first  resembling 
in  shape  a capital  G ; the  second  is  an  oblong 
spot,  and  the  third  is  a sharply-pointed  tuber- 
cle. The  abdominal  segments  are  furnished 
with  eight  rows  of  tubercles ; on  each  side  are  five 


Fig.  52. 


G.  Faunas, 
pupa. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  189 

brown  spots,  and  below  the  spiracles  there  is  a brown 
stripe. 

The  food-plants  are  gooseberry,  currant,  willow,  and 
birch. 

Mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York,  Michigan, 
Nebraska,  Washington  Territory ; occasional  from  West 
Virginia  to  Georgia. 

58.  Grapta  Gracilis,  Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  darker  at  the  base  and  fading 
out  paler  in  the  outer  half,  the  fulvous  brown  border 
of  the  fore  wings  replaced  on  the  hind  wings  by  yellowish 
edged  internally  by  ferruginous  brown.  Next  this  border 
is  a series  of  elongate  yellow  lunules,  confluent  on  the 
hind  wings,  where  they  are  supplemented  internally  by 
a rusty  brown  shade.  On  the  fore  wings  there  is  the 
usual  subapical  brown  patch,  also  one  at  the  posterior 
angle,  usually  connected  with  a shade  of  the  same.  In 
the  middle  area  of  the  fore  wings  are  the  usual  five 
dots  and  bar  of  black,  and  three  black  spots  on  the  hind 
wings. 

The  color  of  the  greater  part  of  the  under  side  is 
olivaceous  yellow,  with  the  usual  vinous  brown  shade 
through  the  middle,  sharply  defined  outwardly,  beyond 
which  the  wing  is  paler.  There  are  three  elongate 
patches  of  this  color,  edged  with  darker,  in  the  cell  of 
the  fore  wings,  and  the  base  of  both  wings  is  marked 
with  the  same.  The  whole  wing  is  marbled  with  fine 
abbreviated  streaks  of  either  brown  or  a darker  shade 
of  the  ground  color.  There  is  the  usual  submarginal 
row  of  points  in  an  olivaceous  band,  the  three  subapical 


190 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


preceded  by  white  shading.  Next  the  margin,  along 
the  middle  of  both  wings,  is  a series  of  elongate  lunules, 
dark  olive  or  greenish,  the  posterior  and  anal  angles 
washed  with  white.  There  is  also  the  usual  discal  G to 
the  hind  wings. 

This  is  found  in  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

59.  Gkapta  Pkogne,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  bright  fulvous,  a little  paler  near  the 
extremities.  The  border  to  the  fore  wings  is  black  or 


Fig.  53. 


Grapta  Progne, — right  wing  the  under  surface. 


blackish  brown,  brown  at  the  apex,  with  the  yellow 
lunules  and  subapical  and  posterior  patches  as  in  G. 
Gracilis , as  also  the  black  spots  in  the  central  area,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  53.  The  outer  half  of  the  hind  wings 
blackish,  shading  with  the  fulvous ; the  yellow  lunules 
of  Gracilis  showing  more  or  less  as  points,  with  the 
black  central  spots  more  or  less  distinct. 

Under  side  grayish  brown,  closely  streaked  with  fine 
abbreviated  lines  of  dark  brown,  with  the  usual  median 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


191 


dark  brown  shade.  Beyond  this  on  the  fore  wings  the 
ground  color  is  pale  gray,  whitish  near  the  costa,  with 
the  usual  row  of  points.  Just  within  the  edge  is  a row 
of  confluent  crescents,  greenish  edged  with  black  within. 
Discal  G slender  and  somewhat  abbreviated. 

The  egg  is  conical,  the  base  rounded ; marked  by  eight 
or  nine  vertical  ribs,  which  gradually  increase  in  promi- 
nence from  the  base  upward  and  are  crossed  by  many 
transverse  striae. 

The  young  larva  is  at  first  dull  green,  the  last  joint 
with  a brownish  tint,  but  later  it  becomes  dull  white  and 
brown,  with  the  usual  black  tubercles  and  black  cervical 
spot.  After  the  first  moult  the  color  is  greenish  brown, 
with  seven  rows  of  large  branching  spines.  All  are 
black,  but  they  arise  from  light  yellow  tubercles,  and  are 
yellow  about  half-way  up;  on  joints  12  and  13  they  are 
almost  wholly  yellow.  Head  bilobed,  black.  After  the 
second  moult  the  color  is  at  first  yellow,  but  in  twelve 
hours  changes  to  brown  with  white  cross-lines.  After  the 
third  moult  it  is  glossy  black  from  joints  3 to  11,  crossed 
on  the  posterior  half  of  most  of  the  joints  by  three  white 
lines,  with  white  or  gray  oblique  stripes  on  the  ridges  on 
which  the  spines  stand  from  joints  5 to  11. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1 to  1.2  inches  long,  of  a 
buff  color,  the  cross-stripes  on  the  posterior  parts  of  the 
joints  black  and  pale  buff.  In  front  of  each  dorsal 
spine  is  a V-shaped  reddish  bar  with  the  spine  within 
the  angle,  and  an  oblique  bar  of  the  same  color  in  front 
of  each  of  the  laterals,  from  its  base,  directed  forward 
and  downward.  The  second  laterals  stand  on  a straight 
or  slightly-arched  bar  of  the  same  color.  The  spines  on 
joints  3,  4,  and  5 are  the  largest.  The  dorsals  are  white, 


192 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


yellow  at  the  bottom, — the  yellow  being  reddish  or  honey- 
yellow, — and  arise  from  yellow  tubercles.  The  first  laterals 
are  white  from  joints  5 to  11,  but  those  on  joints  3,  4, 
and  12  are  black,  with  buff  branches.  The  second  laterals 
are  black,  with  yellow  bases  and  tubercles.  The  spines 
on  joint  2 are  yellow.  Head  subcordate,  on  each  vertex 
a large  compound  spinous  process,  the  body  black,  the. 
branches  partly  black  and  partly  yellow. 

The  chrysalis  is  similar  to  that  of  the  other  species, 
and  is  .7  of  an  inch  long,  with  several  rows  of  tubercles 
on  the  abdomen.  Colors  dull  green,  brown,  and  pinkish 
white.  There  is  much  variation  in  color  of  both  larvse 
and  pupae. 

The  food-plants  are  gooseberries  and  currants,  and 
there  are  two  broods  in  a season,  the  last  brood  of 
butterflies  hibernating. 

Northern  and  Western  States. 

60.  Grapta  J Album,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  dull  yellowish,  dusky  at  base,  washed 
more  or  less  with  rusty  brown,  especially  on  the  basal 
half.  Outer  border  of  fore  wings  dull  black,  with  a 
double  crenate  line,  and  two  more  or  less  obscured  large 
costal  bars, — one  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  other 
between  the  cell  and  a white  subapical  patch;  a black 
spot  in  the  cell,  with  three  black  spots  below  the  cell,  the 
one  nearest  the  base  of  the  wing  quite  large. 

The  hind  wings  have  a black  and  brown  border  a 
little  within  the  margin,  the  yellow  outside  sprinkled 
with  brown  atoms ; a large  black  space  below  the  costa, 
beyond  which  is  a whitish  patch. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


193 


Under  side  grayish  brown,  the  usual  darker  band 
across  the  middle,  which  on  the  hind  wings  is  but  little 
darker  than  the  base ; beyond  this  greenish  white,  the 
whole  surface  finely  reticulated  with  brown  lines.  There 
are  the  usual  three  elongate  patches  edged  with  dark 
brown  in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  the  submarginal 
row  of  ashy-blue  lunules  edged  with  dark,  and  the  row 
of  points  between  these  and  the  median  band.  The 
lunules  do  not  reach  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings. 

The  mature  larva  is  two  inches  long,  head  with  black 
markings  on  the  sides,  thickly  set  with  little  points 
and  with  short  spines;  somewhat  cordate,  the  vertices 
surmounted  by  two  shining  black,  thick  spines,  verticel- 
lated  near  the  tip.  The  dorsal  and  subdorsal  rows  of 
spines  shining  black  except  at  the  base,  which  is  reddish, 
with  long  branches,  those  of  the  anterior  joints  more 
thickly  branched  than  the  others.  The  super-  and  sub- 
stigmatal  rows  reddish  tipped  with  black. 

The  chrysalis  is  one  inch  long,  of  a beautiful  green 
color,  delicately  reticulated,  with  six  golden  spots  on  the 
back.  The  spines  and  projections  are  similar  to  those 
in  6r.  Comma. 

The  food-plant  is  not  known,  but  Professor  Fernald’s 
surmise  is  that  it  may  be  willow.  The  butterfly  hiber- 
nates, the  new  brood  appearing  about  the  middle  of 
August. 

Northern  States  to  Wisconsin. 


61.  Vanessa  Antiopa,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  rich  dark  maroon-brown,  the  border 
yellow  sprinkled  with  brown,  and  preceded  by  a black 


17 


n 


194  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

band  containing  a row  of  blue  spots.  The  costa  is 
mottled  with  yellow  and  contains  two  yellow  patches. 

Under  surface  traversed  by  numerous  fine  black  ab- 
breviated lines,  the  outer  margin  pale  buff  sprinkled 
with  brown,  and  preceded  by  a series  of  confluent  gray, 
blue-black-edged  lunules. 

Aberrant  form,  Lintnerii,  Fitch. — This  form  differs 
from  the  one  usually  seen  in  having  the  outer  pale  bor- 
der twice  as  wide  as  in  the  typical  Antiopa,  occupying 
one-third  the  length  of  the  wing,  and  in  being  wholly 
destitute  of  the  blue  spots.  The  general  color  is  more 
reddish ; the  costal  margin  is  black,  with  small  whitish 
transverse  streaks,  but  destitute  of  the  two  patches. 

Another  form  has  “ the  broad  outer  border  of  a tar- 
nished pale  ochre-yellow  hue,  speckled  with  black  the 
same  as  Antiopa , and  becomes  quite  narrow  at  the  anal 
angle.  The  wings  beneath  are  similar  to  those  of  Antiopa , 
but  are  darker  and  without  any  sprinkling  of  ash-gray 
scales  or  any  whitish  crescent  in  the  middle  of 
the  hind  pair,  and  the  border  is  sprinkled  with 
gray  whitish  in  wavy  streaks,  without  forming 
the  distinct  band  which  is  seen  in  Antiopa” 
This  is  Mr.  Bunker’s  description,  stripped  of 
a few  superfluous  words,  of  a specimen  taken 
near  Rochester,  New  York. 

The  female  deposits  the  eggs  in  a cluster 
round  the  twigs  of  willow,  elm,  or  poplar 
near  the  petiole  of  a young  leaf,  upon  which 
the  young  larvae  may  feed.  The  mature  larvae 
are  two  inches  long,  black,  minutely  dotted 
with  white,  which  gives  them  a grayish  look ; with  a 
dorsal  row  of  brick-red  spots.  Head  black,  roughened 


Fig.  54. 


Cluster  of 
eggs  of  V. 
Antiopa, 
X2. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


195 


with  small  black  tubercles.  The  spines  on  the  body  are 
black,  rather  long,  slightly  branching.  There  are  four 
on  joints  2 and  3,  six  on  joints  4 and  5,  and  seven  each 
on  joints  6 to  12.  The  last  joint  has  two  pairs  of  short 
spines,  one  behind  the  other. 

The  chrysalis  is  dark  brown  or  gray,  with  two  rows 
of  spines  along  the  back  of  the  abdomen,  two  on  the  head 
in  front,  three  on  the  edge  of  the  wing-covers  on  each  side, 
and  a thin  prominence  on  the  middle  of  the  thorax. 

This  species  hibernates  in  the  butterfly  state,  and  the 
first  brood  of  caterpillars  may  be  seen  in  June.  The 
second  brood  of  caterpillars  appears  in  August- 

North  America  generally. 

62.  Vanessa  Milbeetii,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  brownish  black,  with  a broad  fulvous 
band  between  the  middle  and  the  outer  margin,  paler  on 
its  inner  edge.  One  example  from  Colorado  has  fully  half 
the  band  pale  buff.  On  the  fore  wings  the  pale  band 
contains  a black  patch  on  the  costa,  with  a white  spot  on 
one  or  both  sides.  There  are  two  fulvous  spots  in  the 
cell.  The  border  is  composed  of  two  parts,  the  inner 
black,  the  outer  a black-brown  crenate  line,  on  each  side 
of  which  it  is  a little  paler.  The  black  on  the  hind  wings 
supports  a row  of  violet  lunules. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  with  the  usual  wavy  lines  and 
spots ; the  outer  half  yellowish  brown,  differing  in  shade 
on  different  specimens,  with  a submarginal  row  of  gray- 
blue  lunules  which  are  black-edged. 

The  mature  larva  is  a little  more  than  an  inch  long, 
with  a black  head  sprinkled  with  minute  whitish  dots, 


196 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


from  which  spring  pale  hairs.  The  body  is  nearly  black 
above,  with  small  white  dots  and  pale  hairs,  which  give 
it  a grayish  color.  The  spines  are  arranged  as  in  V. 
Antiopa , and  are  black  and  branching.  It  has  a greenish- 
yellow  lateral  line,  above  which  is  a broken  line  of 
brighter  orange-yellow  shade. 

The  chrysalis  is  .8  of  an  inch  long,  slightly  angular ; 
the  frontal  beaks  short,  conical ; thoracic  projection 
forming  nearly  a right  angle;  dorsal  spines  but  little 
elevated, — the  superior  one  exceeding  very  little  the 
others  in  size;  wing-cases  as  in  V.  Antiopa;  terminal 
spine  short,  flattened,  curved. 

The  larvae  are  to  be  found  on  the  wild  nettle,  and  there 
are  two  broods  in  a season. 

Northern  States  to  Montana,  Colorado,  Arizona, 
Pacific  States. 

63.  Pyuameis  . Atalanta,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  black,  a little  brownish  over  the  basal 
half.  Each  wing  is  crossed  by  a reddish  fulvous  band, 
the  one  on  the  fore  wing  extending  in  a curved  line 
from  the  costa  at  one-third  the  distance  from  the  base 
of  the  wing  almost  to  the  posterior  angle;  the  one 
on  the  hind  wing  a terminal  border  not  reaching  the 
apex  nor  the  anal  angle,  and  containing  a row  of  black 
lunules.  The  fore  wings  have  an  oblique  white  costal 
bar  half-way  from  the  fulvous  band  to  the  apex,  and  a 
submarginal  row  of  five  round  white  spots  from  the  costa 
to  near  the  fulvous  band,  the  fourth  the  largest.  Near 
the  anal  angle  is  a blue  bar  in  a black  space. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  black,  gray  at  the  apex,  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


197 


Fig.  55. 


P.  Atalanta, 
egg,  X 20. 


fulvous  and  white  repeated,  blue  along  the  costa,  in  the 
cell,  and  beyond  the  fulvous  band.  The  hind  wings  are 
marbled  with  brown,  olive,  olive-brown,  gray,  and  pale 
violet,  a series  of  five  partially  distinct  submarginal 
ocelli  imperfectly  pupilled. 

The  eggs  are  green,  barrel-shaped,  with 
nine  vertical  ribs  which  are  highest  at  the  top, 
the  ribs  grooved  on  each  side  perpendicularly 
to  the  surface  of  the  egg. 

The  young  larva  is  greenish  brown,  semi- 
translucent,  and  furnished  with  ten  rows  of 
black,  curved  hairs.  Joints  2 and  13  have 
black  dorsal  patches. 

After  the  first  moult  it  is  wholly  black-brown,  armed 
with  seven  rows  of  short,  slender,  branching  black  spines. 
Head  bilobed,  the  vertices  rounded.  After  the  third 
moult  the  body  is  more  black,  each  segment  creased,  on 
the  creases  many  minute  whitish  tubercles ; a macular 
greenish-yellow  stigmatal  band  ; head  brown.  In  reach- 
ing maturity  it  passes  four  moults. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.3  inches  long,  cylindrical,  en- 
larged in  the  middle,  and  of  a velvet-black  color  thickly 
sprinkled  with  fine  yellow  points,  with  a stigmatal  line  of 
greenish-yellow  patches.  It  has  seven  rows  of  moder- 
ately long,  slender,  branching  spines,  which  are  usually 
black;  but  in  some  specimens  they  are  pale  yellow- 
white,  more  or  less  reddish  at  base.  Head  rounded, 
bilobed,  the  vertices  rounded,  thickly  covered  with  black, 
simple  spines. 

The  chrysalis  is  from  .85  to  .95  of  an  inch  long, 
cylindrical,  the  abdomen  stout,  the  dorsal  tubercles 
gilded,  the  lateral  in  two  rows  and  black.  Color  vari- 

17* 


198 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


ous;  usually  reddish  gray,  more  or  less  reticulated  with 
black. 

The  food-plants  are  nettle  and  hop. 

United  States  generally. 

64.  Pyrameis  Huntera,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  a little  tawny  at  base,  the 
apical  portion  of  fore  wings  black,  this  continued  as  a 
border  to  the  posterior  angle.  The  apical  black  contains 
an  oblique  fulvous  bar  beyond  the  cell,  and  the  submar- 
ginal white  dots  of  P.  Atalanta , the  first  two  blended, 
and  one  farther  down  in  the  fulvous.  Besides  this  there 
are  five  triangular  black  marks,  two  of  which  are  in  the 
cell.  The  border  of  both  wings  consists  of  three  more 
or  less  distinct  lines,  the  inner  on  the  hind  wings  in  the 
form  of  a shade.  The  apical  portion  of  the  border 
on  the  fore  wings  is  washed  with  lilac ; and  there  is  a 
gray-blue  bar  at  the  anal  angle.  Hind  wings  have  a 
submarginal  row  of  five  black  spots,  the  second  and 
fifth  pupilled  with  blue.  Costa  black. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  red,  except  the  apical 
portion,  which  is  marked  as  above.  Hind  wings  marbled 
with  brownish  black  and  white,  with  two  large  ocelli. 
The  outer  border  is  four  black  lines,  with  violet  between 
the  two  inner. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.25  inches  long,  the  body  velvety 
black,  between  the  joints  four  transverse  lines  of  pale 
yellow  alternating  with  narrow  black  lines.  On  each 
joint  there  are  seven  dark  brown  tubercles,  from  which 
arise  short,  branching,  black  spines.  On  joints  6 to  12 
in  the  subdorsal  region  are  large  shining  white  spots. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


199 


Joint  2 is  short,  has  bat  little  black,  and  lacks  the 
tubercles  and  spines.  Head  bilobed,  black,  sparsely 
clothed  with  gray  hairs.  Between  joints  12  and  13  is  a 
large  whitish  patch  crossed  by  a fine  black  line.  Below 
the  stigmata  are  two  yellow  lines,  the  lower  interrupted, 
both  spotted  with  black. 

The  chrysalis  is  yellowish,  moderately  angular ; head- 
case  bifid,  slightly  projecting,  and  edged  with  brown 
above ; thoracic  projection  forming  an  obtuse  angle ; 
dorsal  spines  minute,  of  nearly  uniform  size,  brown- 
tipped  ; segments  with  rows  of  brown  dots,  and  also  of 
brownish  markings. 

The  food-plants  are  Grnaphalium  polycephalum , Arte- 
misia Ludoviciana , and  probably  other  allied  species. 

United  States  generally. 

65.  Pyrameis  Cardui,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  reddish  fulvous,  the  fore  wings  marked 
as  in  P.  Huntera , except  that  the  bar  in  the  apical  black 
portion  of  the  fore  wings  is  white  instead  of  fulvous,  and 
the  white  submarginal  dot  in  the  fulvous  is  absent,  as 
is  also  the  violet  apical  shade.  The  hind  wings  have  the 
submarginal  black  spots,  with  a very  little  blue  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth,  and  the  border  is  broken. 

The  under  side  is  much  as  it  is  in  P.  Huntera , but 
there  are  five  ocelli  on  the  hind  wings  instead  of  two, 
and  they  are  smaller. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.5  inches  long,  cylindrical,  rather 
robust.  The  general  color  of  the  substigmatal  region,  as 
well  as  that  of  the  middle  part  of  each  joint,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  thoracic  joints,  is  a delicate  lilac.  Between  the 


200 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


joints  are  two  lines  of  bright  yellow,  the  posterior  slightly 
double,  the  space  between  the  yellow  lines  occupied  by 
two  narrow  black  lines  and  one  white  line,  all  the  light 
lines  between  the  thoracic  joints  being  white.  There  are 
seven  rows  of  tubercles,  from  which  arise  branching  spines, 
the  dorsal  and  lowest  lateral  tubercles  white,  the  rest  red- 
dish brown.  The  spines  are  whitish  yellow,  the  tips  of 
the  branches  black.  Joints  3 and  4 have  only  four  spines 
each.  The  dorsum  has  a double,  broken  yellow  line,  the 
dashes  of  which  it  is  composed  extending  from  the  an- 
terior transverse  yellow  line  to  the  tubercle  on  the  centre 
of  the  joint.  There  is  also  a yellow  dash  in  front  of 
each  of  the  brown  tubercles ; all  the  yellow  being  rather 
dark.  Below  the  stigmata,  between  the  lower  tubercles, 
is  a light  lemon-yellow  line.  Stigmata  black,  with  some 
black  spots  over  the  body.  Head  black. 

This  butterfly  is  distributed  over  the  United  States 
generally,  and  is  known  by  the  common  name  of  Thistle 
Butterfly.  It  is  double-brooded,  and  hibernates  in  the 
butterfly  state.  The  larvae  feed  on  thistle,  burdock, 
sunflower,  and  hollyhock. 

66.  Junonia  Ccenia,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  olive-brown,  each  wing  witli  two 
eye-spots,  a large  and  a small  one,  the  large  ones  the 
posterior  of  the  fore  wings  and  the  anterior  of  the  hind 
wings,  the  small  ones  on  the  fore  wings  sometimes  ob- 
scure. There  is  an  oblique  whitish  band  beyond  the 
cell  of  the  fore  wings,  the  lower  part  expanding  so  as 
more  or  less  to  enclose  the  eye-spot.  There  are  two 
fulvous  bars  in  the  cell,  and  there  is  a little  fulvous 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


201 


outside  the  large  eye-spot,  and  a subterminal  fulvous 
border  to  the  hind  wings  not  reaching  either  margin. 
The  border  to  both  wings  consists  of  three  somewhat 
crenate  black  lines,  the  ground  color  between  a little 
pale.  Sometimes  the  fore  wings  have  a little  subapical 
white,  and  a subterminal  fulvous  bar  outside  the  small 
ocellus. 

Under  side  variable,  ranging  from  reddish  brown  and 
brownish  fawn  to  brownish  buff;  these  colors  being  found 
on  the  hind  wings  and  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  with 


Fig.  56. 


Junonia  Coenia  (natural  size). 


brown  wavy  lines  of  varying  shade.  The  eye-spots  of  the 
fore  wings  are  as  above,  but  both  of  those  on  the  hind 
wings  are  small,  with  two  points  between  them  and  one 
near  the  costa.  The  fore  wings  have  the  white  band  and 
three  fulvous  bars  in  the  cell. 

The  mature  larva  is  black,  the  dorsum  sprinkled  with 
fine  white  specks,  with  two  somewhat  broken  lines  of 
creamy  white  on  each  side,  the  lower  side  of  the  joints 
back  of  joint  4 and  a ring  back  of  the  head  dull  ochre. 


202 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


On  each  joint  there  is  a transverse  row  of  tubercles  tipped 
with  spines,  the  two  stigmatal  on  each  side  dull  ochre, 
the  rest  black. 

The  chrysalis  is  like  that  of  P.  Cardui  and  P.  Hun- 
ter a,  but  blackish  varied  with  whitish,  without  metallic 
spots. 

The  larvae  feed  on  species  of  Gerardia,  plantain,  and 
snapdragon,  and  are  to  be  found  in  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States  to  the  Pacific;  occasionally  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  Maine. 

67.  Anartia  J atrophy,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  2 inches. 

Color  gray,  with  a livid  tint,  two  round  black  spots 
to  each  wing,  those  on  the  hind  wings  in  the  position  of 
the  eye-spots  of  J.  Ccenia , but  lacking  the  apical  one  on 
the  fore  wings,  slightly  pupilled.  Outer  border  consists 
of  three  dull-brownish  crenate  lines,  the  outer  on  the 
edge  of  the  wing.  Wings  crossed  by  several  wavy  lines 
the  same  color  as  the  border,  five  of  these  being  bars  in 
the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  and  at  its  end,  with  several 
shades  along  the  costal  region. 

Under  side  paler,  the  spots  and  transverse  marks  as 
above,  the  outer  margin  washed  with  brown.  Antennae 
black,  the  club  ferruginous. 

This  species  is  found  only  in  Florida  and  Texas. 

68.  Eunica  Monima,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.6  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a decided  purple  re- 
flection. Across  the  apical  portion  of  the  fore  wings  are 
two  oblique  rows  of  whitish  spots,  the  one  across  the  end 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  203 

of  the  cell  consisting  of  three  spots,  the  outer  or  sub- 
apical  of  two.  Fringes  fuscous  gray. 

Under  side  brownish  drab,  the  white  spots  repeated, 
and  the  space  about  these  blackish  brown.  The  hind 
wings  are  crossed  by  three  brown,  tortuous  lines.  Be- 
tween the  middle  and  the  outer  are  six  obscure  brownish 
eye-spots,  some  black  in  the  centre,  some  white,  in  two 
sets  of  three  each. 

Florida  and  Texas. 

69.  Timetes  Petreus,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  bright  fulvous  red,  costal  edge  of  fore 
wings  black,  more  prominent  towards  the  apex.  Both 
wings  are  crossed  by  three  black  lines,  which  are  nearly 
parallel  to  the  outer  margin.  On  the  hind  wings  the 
outer  line  is  double,  expanded  on  the  costa,  where  the 
included  space  is  white.  The  hind  wings  have  a black 
border  which  sends  a shade  on  the  posterior  angle  of  the 
fore  wings  and  is  shaded  inward  with  brownish  black 
about  the  anal  angle.  On  the  inner  edge  of  the  border 
is  an  ocellus  at  the  end  of  the  outer  transverse  black 
line,  another  elongate  one  at  the  anal  angle,  and  a trace 
of  a third  farther  towards  the  apex.  Hind  wings  ending 
in  a tail  .6  of  an  inch  long,  and  the  anal  angle  prolonged 
into  another  .2  of  an  inch,  the  latter  with  some  gray-blue 
and  purple  scales.  Apex  of  fore  wings  produced,  the 
angle  below  the  apex  prominent. 

Under  side  brown,  with  a violet  reflection,  the  lines 
darker  brown,  ashy  at  the  anal  angle.  Body  fulvous 
above,  white  beneath. 

Indian  River,  Florida. 


204 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


70.  Victorina  Stenei.es,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  3.3  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dull  black,  marked  by  grass- 
green  spots  or  markings.  These  consist  of  a row  or 
band  extending  obliquely  across  the  middle  of  the  fore 
wings  and  the  base  of  the  hind  wings,  and  a subterminal 
row  common  to  both  wings.  The  first  row  occupies  about 


Fig.  57. 


Victorina  Steneles,  male  (natural  size). 


the  middle  third  of  the  fore  wing  and  is  broken  up  into 
oblong  spots,  but  on  the  hind  wing  it  is  continuous,  there 
being  but  little  black  between  this  and  the  base.  Fig. 
57  shows  how  this  band  is  broken  up  into  spots,  con- 
sisting of  two  beyond  the  cell ; then  an  interspace  with- 
out a spot ; the  third  in  the  upper  median  space,  con- 
tinued  into  the  cell  by  a blunt  conical  spot,  the  vein 
separating  them,  and  both  rounded  inwardly ; the  fourth 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


205 


occupies  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  lower  median  inter- 
space, somewhat  boot-shaped,  the  foot  extending  into  the 
cell;  the  band  is  continued  to  the  hind  margin  by  a 
single  nearly  quadrate  patch,  with  the  brownish  subme- 
dian vein  crossing  it.  This  band  continues  across  the 
hind  wing  to  the  inner  margin,  crossed  by  the  brownish 
veins.  The  outer  row  consists  of  small  spots  between 
the  veins,  nearly  round,  the  first  four  on  the  fore  wings 
and  the  last  two  on  the  hind  wings  inconspicuous,  the 
others  varying  in  diameter  from  one-third  to  nearly  the 
whole  distance  between  the  veins.  Besides  these  bands 
or  rows  of  spots  there  are  two  small  patches  along  the 
costa,  somewhat  paler  than  the  others.  The  black  be- 
tween the  rows  has  a shade  of  drab  across  it,  more  prom- 
inent on  the  hind  wings,  it  being  orange-tinted  near  the 
anal  angle. 

Under  side  with  the  green  repeated  but  much  enlarged, 
so  as  to  cover  most  of  the  under  surface ; the  inner  band 
bordered  on  each  side  on  the  hind  wings  and  partially  on 
the  fore  wings  with  orange,  the  outer  band  tinted  on  the 
inside  with  orange  and  brown.  Ground  color  of  the 
outer  part  yellowish  drab,  of  the  basal  part  almost  white, 
the  two  shading  into  each  other. 

Fore  wings  considerably  falcate,  the  apex  slightly  pro- 
duced, the  outer  margin  dentate ; the  hind  wings  more 
strongly  dentate,  with  a tail  near  the  middle  .2  of  an  inch 
long ; the  excavation  in  margins  of  both  wings  white. 

Female. — This  resembles  the  male  closely,  but  differs 
in  the  third  spot  of  the  median  band  not  being  accom- 
panied by  a spot  in  the  cell,  and  in  the  under  side  having 
more  orange. 

Florida,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Central  America  to  Brazil. 

18 


206 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


71.  Diadem  A Misippus,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Male. — Wings  dark  chocolate  color,  almost  black, 
but  when  held  against  the  light  in  a certain  direction  dis- 
play a bluish-purple  tint.  The  fore  wings  have  a large 
white  oval  spot  in  the  middle,  and  another  smaller  ob- 
long white  spot  at  the  tips.  The  hind  wings  have  a 
white  spot  larger  than  in  the  fore  wings : on  the  edges 
of  all  these  spots  the  purple  color  is  very  conspicuous. 

Female. — Upper  surface  fulvous;  fore  wings  with  the 
costal  and  outer  borders  black,  the  latter  containing  two 
rows  of  pale  blue  spots,  not  very  distinct,  near  posterior 
angle ; a white  patch  near  apex,  and  a blackish  shade 
cloud  obliquely  across  the  wing  at  the  end  of  the  cell ; 
veins  in  outer  portion  of  wing  black.  Hind  wings  with 
the  border  the  same  as  on  the  fore  wings,  the  costal  in- 
terrupted near  the  apex.  Fringes  black,  white  in  the 
inter venular  depressions. 

The  food-plant  is  purslane. 

Indian  River,  Florida. 

72.  Limenitis  Ursula,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  black  tinged  with  bluish  or  greenish, 
and  a little  with  fulvous  at  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings. 
Along  the  outer  margin  are  two  rows  of  blue  or  green 
spots,  the  outer  in  the  form  of  crescents,  the  inner 
lunules. 

Under  side  brownish  black,  the  outer  border  repeated, 
preceded  by  a row  of  black  and  a row  of  fulvous  spots, 
some  of  the  latter  obsolete  near  the  posterior  angle. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


207 


There  are  two  fulvous  spots  in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings, 
three  near  the  base  of  the  hind  wings,  and  some  on  the 
costa  of  both  wings  near  the  base. 

The  larva,  according  to  Harris,  is  like  that  of  Z.  Di - * 
sippus  in  form,  of  a brownish  color,  more  or  less  varie- 
gated with  white  on  the  sides,  and  with  green  above,  and, 


Fig.  58. 


Limenitis  Ursula  (natural  size). 


like  that  of  Disippus , has  two  long  barbed  brown  horns 
on  the  second  (third  ?)  segment. 

The  chrysalis  is  not  to  be  distinguished  from  that  of 
Disippus  in  form  and  color,  and  the  butterfly  emerges 
from  it  in  eleven  days  after  the  insect  has  entered  this 
state. 

The  food-plants  are  willow,  wild  gooseberry,  wild 
cherry,  apple,  plum,  hawthorn,  oak,  Vaccinium  stami - 
neum,  and  Carpinus  Americana . 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Kansas. 


208 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


73.  Limenitis  Arthemis,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  black,  a white  band  crossing  both  wings, 
that  on  the  fore  wings  curving  from  the  middle  of  the 
costa  to  near  the  posterior  angle,  from  which  place  it  is 
continued  across  the  hind  wings  to  above  the  anal  angle. 
The  fore  wings  have  a white  subapical  spot  and  two 
marginal  rows  of  faint  green  lunules.  The  hind  wings 
have  the  lunules  more  distinct,  and  inside  them  a row  of 
fulvous  spots. 

The  under  side  is  fulvous  brown,  marked  as  in  L.  Ur- 
sula, except  that  in  this  the  white  band  of  the  upper 
surface  is  repeated. 

This  is  a dimorphic  species,  the  two  forms  at  first 
supposed  to  be  distinct  species,  but  Mr.  Edwards  has 
reared  both  forms  from  eggs  deposited  by  the  same 
female,  which  proves  them  to  be  only  forms  of  the  same 
species.  The  above  description  applies  to  the  one  known 
as  dimorphic  form  Lamina,  Fab.  The  other,  dimorphic 
form  Proserpina,  Edw.,  may  be  known  by  the  white 
band  of  the  fore  wings  being  obsolete  on  its  anterior 
half,  or  by  there  being  at  most  only  a whitish  stripe  oc- 
cupying some  part  of  the  position  of  the  band  on  the 
other  form. 

The  egg  is  grayish  green,  dome-shaped,  with  the  whole 
surface  covered  with  six-sided  reticulations,  from  each 
angle  of  which  arises  a short,  tapering,  white  spine. 

The  young  larva  hatches  from  this  in  from  seven  to 
nine  days.  It  is  yellowish  brown,  covered  with  fine 
tubercles,  each  supporting  a fine  club-shaped  hair.  The 
young  larva  is  said  to  eat  away  the  leaf  on  both  sides  of 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  209 

the  midrib,  and  when  at  rest  is  to  be  found  on  this 
stripped  portion. 

After  the  first  moult  the  color  is  blackish  brown,  with 
a light  brown  patch  on  joint  8,  covering  the  dorsum  and 
part  of  the  sides.  On  all  the  joints  back  of  the  second 
there  is  a broad  ridge,  in  most  cases  followed  by  two 
narrow  ones ; the  broad  one  on  joint  3 elevated  and 
bearing  two  tawny  conical  processes,  crowned  by  a clus- 
ter of  little  fleshy  knobs.  Besides  these  there  are  other 
lower  processes  along  the  back.  After  the  second  moult 
the  dorsal  patch  becomes  pale  buff,  and  extends  partly 
over  joints  7 and  9. 

Five  days  after  this  moult  each  larva  begins  to  make 
its  hibernaculum,  or  case  in  which  to  hibernate,  and  three 
days  later  they  close  themselves  in  these  cases,  where  they 
remain  till  the  following  spring.  After  they  emerge  from 
the  hibernaculi  they  feed  about  two  days  and  moult  the 
third  time,  when  they  are  red-brown  speckled  and  mottled 
with  black,  with  the  processes  ferruginous.  Joints  2 to  4 
are  yellowish  inclining  to  buff.  After  the  fourth  moult 
the  color  remains  about  the  same. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.2  inches  long;  the  red  color 
two  days  after  the  fourth  moult  begins  to  change  to 
green,  olive,  and  partly  a light  and  deep  green  ; the 
dorsal  patch  to  sordid  buff,  dull  red  buff,  or  whitish  ; the 
anterior  segments  to  gray  or  whitish.  The  head  changes 
from  red  to  blue,  and  becomes  dark  drab. 

The  chrysalis  is  .9  of  an  inch  long,  subcylindrical, 
the  abdomen  somewhat  compressed  laterally  and  termi- 
nating rather  abruptly ; the  general  shape  much  like 
that  of  L.  Disippus.  The  color  of  the  wing-cases  and 
anterior  parts  silvery  gray,  the  former  tinged  with  brown 


210 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


or  pale  black  along  their  hind  margins ; the  wing-cases 
varying  somewhat  in  shade.  Dorsal  side  of  abdomen 
yellow- white,  gray  towards  extremity ; ventral  side  al- 
most wholly  gray  and  brown  ; dorsal  appendage  dark 
smoky  brown,  with  silvery  corrugations  before  and  after 
it.  The  butterfly  emerges  from  the  chrysalis  from  June 
to  July. 

The  food-plants  are  willow,  aspen,  basswood,  and 
probably  thorn. 

Northern  United  States. 

74.  Limenitis  Disippus,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  fulvous,  the  lines  black ; on  the  fore 
wings  a black  triangular  patch,  containing  three  white 


Fig.  59. 


Limenitis  Disippus, — right  wings  the  under  side  (natural  size). 


spots  on  the  costa  beyond  the  cell,  continued  to  the  pos- 
terior angle  in  a narrow  line.  A black  line  crosses  the 
hind  wings  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the 
base,  as  shown  in  Fig.  59.  Outer  border  black,  contain- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


211 


ing  a row  of  white  spots ; and  there  are  two  anteapieal 
white  spots,  the  lower  one  quite  small.  Fringes  black 
spotted  with  white. 

Under  side  similar  to  the  upper,  but  the  fulvous  is 
paler;  the  border  contains  two  rows  of  white  spots, 
and  white  spots  between  the  veins  in  front  of  the  trans- 
verse line  of  the  hind  wings,  and  on  the  costa  of  the 
fore  wings  in  front  of  the  cell. 

Var.  Floridensis,  Strecker. — This  form  has  the 
upper  surface  dark,  almost  mahogany  color,  but  the 


Fig.  60. 


L.  Disippus:  a , egg,  c>  same,  natural  size;  d , more  enlarged 

view  of  one  of  the  cells. 


under  side  is  as  pale  as  the  usual  form.  This  form  is 
found  from  the  southern  part  of  Illinois  south. 

Var.  Pseudodorippus,  Strecker. — On  this  the  mesial 
black  stripe  of  the  hind  wings  is  wanting ; the  anteapieal 
black  patch  almost  gone, — only  indicated  by  a darkish 
shade  devoid  of  the  usual  three  white  spots.  Under  sur- 
face same  as  above,  save  that  in  the  submarginal  row  of 
white  lunules  there  is  no  intervening  black  line  between 
them  and  the  reddish  ground  color.  This  was  from  a 
single  female  taken  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York. 


212 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


The  egg  represented  in  Fig.  60  is  similar  in  form  and 
size  to  that  of  L . Arthemis.  The  eggs  are  pale  yellow  at 
first,  but  soon  change  to  gray. 

The  young  larva  is  yellowish  brown  mottled  with  dark 
streaks,  especially  below  the  stigmata;  head  twice  as 
large  as  joint  2,  and  bilobed.  Each  joint  is  divided  by 
a transverse  impressed  line,  and  on  the  top  of  the  folds 
thus  made  are  four  elevated  spots,  the  anterior  the  largest. 
There  is  also  a subdorsal  and  substigmatal  row  of  similar 


Fig.  61. 


L.  Disippus:  a,  Diature  larva;  c, hiliernaculum ; d , leaf  eaten  all  but 
midrib. 


warts,  from  each  of  which  springs  a pale  bristle.  The 
second  period  scarcely  differs  from  the  first.  In  the 
third  period  the  horns  acquire  their  mature  proportions, 
and  the  whole  surface  of  the  larva  becomes  more  granu- 
lated. In  the  fourth  or  last  period  the  blue  points 
appear,  and  the  lateral  rows  of  tubercles  lose  their  con- 
spicuousness to  a great  extent. 

7 The  mature  larva  is  1.2  inches  long;  general  color 
either  whitish  or  olive-green.  Body  thickly  granulated 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


213 


Head  dull  olive,  with  dense  minute  prickles;  bilobed, 
upon  the  vertices  a pair  of  prickly  horns.  Back  specked 
and  mottled  above  the  stigmata  with  olive  of  different 
shades,  except  joints  3 and  9 and  the  upper  parts  of  8 and 

10,  but  with  a continuous  pure  white  substigmatal  line. 
Below  this,  on  joints  5 to  11,  is  a large  olive  patch,  on 
joints  7 to  10  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  prolegs.  A 
pair  of  black,  transversely-arranged  dorsal  dots  in  the 
sutures  behind  joint  3,  and  a more  or  less  obvious  lateral 
one  just  above,  and  behind  the  sixth  and  eighth  pair 
of  stigmata.  Joints  4 to  8 and  10  to  12  with  more  or 
less  shining,  elevated,  blue  dots.  On  joint  3 is  a pair  of 
prickly,  cylindrical,  black  horns,  transversely 
arranged,  .16  of  an  inch  long;  on  joints  4,  Fig.  62. 

11,  and  12,  a pair  of  dorsal  tubercles,  each 
crowned  by  a little  bunch  of  from  eight  to 
twelve  prickles ; on  joint  6,  a pair  of  similar 
tubercles,  but  larger  and  of  a yellowish  color ; 
on  joints  5,  7,  8,  and  10,  tubercles  similar  to 
those  on  joints  4,  11,  and  12,  but  smaller;  on 
joint  13,  four  black,  prickly,  dorsal  horns. 

The  pupa  (Fig.  62)  is  similar  in  form  to  L Disi"pu8j 
that  of  L . Artliemis , and  is  marked  with  burnt  pupa, 
umber-brown,  ash-gray,  flesh  color,  and  white. 

The  winter  is  passed  in  a hibernaculum  consisting  of 
a leaf,  similar  to  X.  Arthemis , except  when  there  is  more 
than  one  brood  in  a season.  In  this  case  it  is  only  the 
last  brood  that  has  a torpid  state. 

The  food-plants  are  apple,  plum,  willow,  poplar,  and 
oak. 

United  States  generally. 


214 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


75.  Limenitis  Eros,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.6  to  3 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  red-brown,  mahogany  color,  the 
black  markings  heavier  than  in  L . Disippus,  the  white 
spots  in  the  border  of  the  hind  wings  subobsolete,  while 
in  the  males  there  are  often  a series  of  white  crescents  in 
front  of  the  black  line  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  under  side  is  as  dark  as  the  upper,  or  scarcely 
lighter,  with  the  white  marks  more  prominent  than  in 
L.  Disippus , and  a white  spot  near  the  base  of  each  wing. 

The  following  description  of  the  preparatory  stages, 
arranged  from  Mr.  Edwards’s  account  of  the  life-history 
of  this  species,  will  show  how  the  two  species  differ  in 
the  larva  state. 

The  egg  is  similar  to  that  of  L.  Disippus , but  a little 
higher  in  proportion. 

The  color  of  the  larva  after  the  first  moult  is  mottled 
tawny  and  dark  brown,  the  appendages  on  joint  3 one- 
third  as  large  as  in  Disippus  (.01  of  an  inch). 

After  the  second  moult,  color  more  black,  less  tawny, 
the  appendages  .03  of  an  inch  long,  thick,  club-shaped, 
covered  closely  with  grains,  mostly  tawny,  a few  black. 

After  the  third  moult,  color  black,  the  tops  of  all  the 
tubercles  tawny,  the  appendages  .06  to  .08  of  an  inch 
long,  clubbed  as  before,  tawny. 

After  the  fourth  moult,  color  variable,  either  dark  red- 
brown,  the  anterior  segments  brown-buff,  the  patch  light 
buff,  pink-tinted,  or  dark  yellow-brown,  the  anterior 
segments  yellow- white,  the  patch  yellow,  with  buff  tint ; 
the  appendages  .12  to  .22  of  an  inch  long,  clubbed  and 
closely  covered  throughout  with  tawny  grains  (the  shorter 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


215 


processes  clubbed,  the  longer  tapering,  but  clubbed  at 
tip).  Head  amber  color,  in  some  cases  yellow-brown,  the 
top  and  sides  pinkish. 

In  1878,  Mr.  Herman  Strecker  briefly  described,  in 
his  Catalogue  of  Butterflies,  a Southern  form  as  darker 
than  Disippus , under  the  name  Var.  Floridensis,  but 
gave  no  marks  of  difference  except  the  color.  In  the 
December  number  of  the  “ Canadian  Entomologist”  for 
1880,  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards,  recognizing  two  forms  in 
the  Southern  States  as  differing  from  L.  Disippus , de- 
scribed the  one  farthest  separated  from  Disippus  as  L. 
Eros , presuming  that  the  other  form  was  Mr.  Strecker’s 
var.  Floridensis:  the  one  described  as  Eros  contained 
points  of  difference  besides  color,  and  Mr.  Strecker’s  de- 
scription made  no  mention  of  any  other  distinction.  In 
a subsequent  number  of  the  “ Canadian  Entomologist” 
Mr.  Strecker  claimed  that  Mr.  Edwards  had  redescribed 
his  variety  Floridensis  ; but  the  New  York  Entomological 
Club  sustained  Mr.  Edwards  in  his  name  Eros  for  the 
form  to  which  it  was  given.  Following  that  decision, 
the  two  names  are  used  in  that  way  in  Mr.  Edwards’s 
New  Catalogue,  and  the  nomenclature  here  is  based  on 
that  arrangement. 

The  food-plant  is  willow. 

Florida,  Georgia. 

76.  Apatuka  Celtis,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  russety  gray  or  fawn  color,  inclined  to 
olivaceous,  shaded  with  black-brown.  The  outer  half 
of  the  fore  wings,  except  the  hind  margin,  and  two  spots 
and  a bar  in  the  cell,  dark  brown,  with  an  irregular  row 


216 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


of  seven  pale  yellow  spots  beyond  the  cell.  There  are 
three  submarginal  black  ocelli,  the  lower  not  pupilled, 
the  middle  pupilled,  with  the  lower  of  three  white  spots  ; 
a little  tawny  near  the  posterior  part  of  the  margin. 
Hind  wings  more  uniformly  shaded  with  brown,  with 
two  marginal  rows  of  fawn  lunules ; and  beyond  the 
middle  six  round  eye-like  spots,  not  pupilled,  in  a pale 
field.  In  certain  lights  the  upper  surface  has  a little 
iridescence. 

Under  side  light  gray,  less  brown  than  above,  the 


Fig.  63. 


Apatura  Celtis:  a,  egg;  b , larva,  dorsal  view;  c,  d , pupa;  e,  imago,  male,  the 
dotted  line  showing  form  of  female. 

middle  of  the  fore  wings  with  a slight  yellow  tinge. 
The  fore  wings  have  two  ocelli,  the  hind  wings  seven, 
all  annulate  with  pale  yellow,  and  all  but  one  on  each 
wing  with  a pupil,  the  pupil  of  those  on  the  hind  wings 
pale  blue. 

The  mature  larvae,  as  described  by  Professor  Riley,  are 
rather  more  than  an  inch  long,  of  a pea-green  color,  with 
a series  of  yellow  spots  along  the  middle  of  the  back, 
and  three  yellow  lines  on  each  side,  the  intermediate  one 
undulating,  often  obsolete  on  the  anterior  part  of  each 
joint,  and  containing  a little  lead-colored  dimple.  The 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


217 


body  is  more  or  less  thickly  granulated  with  pale  papillae ; 
swells  in  the  middle,  from  which  it  tapers  both  ways,  the 
anal  extremity  ending  in  two  horns.  The  back  and  sides 
are  flattened,  the  latter  sloping  slightly  roof  fashion. 
The  most  characteristic  feature  is  the  head,  which,  though 
variable  in  color,  is  always  surmounted  in  this  stage  by 


Fig.  64. 


A.  Celtis : /,  egg,  magnified ; g,  larva,  lateral  view ; h,  imago,  underside ; i,  j,  Jc , l.  m, 
the  five  different  larval  heads ; n,  o,  dorsal  and  lateral  view  of  larval  joint,  enlarged. 

two  antlers.  The  heads  in  the  different  stages  are  well 
represented  in  Fig.  64. 

The  second  brood  of  larvae  after  passing  the  second  or 
third  moult  cease  to  eat,  station  themselves  on  the  under 
side  of  a leaf,  shrink  in  size  and  change  their  color  some- 
what, and  become  torpid.  In  this  state  they  hibernate. 

Food-plant,  hackberry. 

Virginia  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mississippi  Valley. 

77.  Apatuea  Alicia,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  dull  fulvous,  a little  more  than  the  outer 
half  of  fore  wings  dark  brown,  except  the  hind  margin 
k 19 


218 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


and  a spur  from  the  posterior  angle.  The  cell  has  the 
three  marks  of  the  preceding  species,  also  the  row  of 
spots  beyond  the  cell,  but  the  three  next  to  the  costa  are 
white.  Above  the  posterior  angle  is  an  eye-spot  with  a 
pale  blue  centre  and  a reddish  annulus. 

Hind  wings  with  a border  consisting  of  an  edge  and 
two  black  lines,  with  six  ocelli  within  this  border,  about 
four  of  which  are  pupilled ; and  some  shading  of  brown 
near  the  base. 

Under  side  grayish  white  shaded  with  gray,  the  middle 
of  the  fore  wings  tinged  a little  with  yellow.  Marked 
much  as  above,  the  middle  of  the  terminal  lines  yellow. 
There  are  two  ocelli  on  the  fore  wings  and  seven  on  the 
hind  wings,  annulate  with  yellow  and  black,  except  the 
posterior  one  of  the  fore  wings,  which  lacks  the  black, 
the  anal  one  double. 

Florida  to  Texas. 

78.  Apatura  Clyton,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.5  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  rusty  fulvous  at 
the  base,  the  remainder  blackish  brown,  the  veins  some- 
times ferruginous.  The  hind  wings  are  blackish  brown, 
the  inner  side  with  long  greenish-brown  hairs.  Both 
wings  have  a black  line  forming  the  inner  part  of  the 
terminal  border,  which  is  preceded  by  a series  of  rusty 
yellowish  spots,  obsolete  at  the  apex  of  fore  wings.  Be- 
yond the  cell  of  fore  wings  are  two  rows  of  yellowish  or 
rusty  yellow  spots,  the  outer  row  lacking  two  of  reach- 
ing the  hind  margin  ; and  there  are  two  black  bars  in  the 
cell.  The  hind  wings  have  within  the  outer  margin  a 
series  of  six  round  black  spots  circled  with  ferruginous. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


219 


Under  side  of  fore  wings  brown  in  several  shades, 
gray  in  the  cell ; the  marks  of  the  upper  side  repeated, 
but  not  in  the  same  colors,  also  a sinuous  median  black 
stripe.  Hind  wings  purplish  brown  at  base,  limited 
through  the  middle  by  a darker  sinuate  line.  Beyond 
this  is  a pale  shade  followed  by  another  brown  space 
containing  the  usual  seven  small  ocelli.  Outer  border 
of  both  wings  two  crenate  purplish-brown  lines. 

Female. — The  fore  wings  are  lighter,  less  brown  on 


Fig.  65. 


Apatura  Clyton : «,  eggs ; 6,  larva ; c,  pupa ; d , imago,  male,  the  dotted  lino  showing 
the  form  of  female  (all  natural  size). 

the  outer  part,  and  the  spots  have  a decided  yellow  tint. 
The  under  side  in  some  examples  quite  pale. 

This  species  is  dimorphic,  but  not  seasonally,  as  there 
is  only  one  brood  during  a season.  The  description 
given  applies  to  the  dimorphic  form  Oceelata,  Edw. 
Dimorphic  form  Proserpina,  Scud.,  differs  from  this 
in  having  the  hind  wings  wholly  blackish  brown,  except 
a little  ferruginous  at  base,  the  round  spots  showing  very 
little  or  not  at  all. 


220 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


The  under  side  is  darker,  with  more  of  a purplish  tint, 
and  the  ocelli  of  the  hind  wings  are  obscured. 

The  eggs  of  this  butterfly  are  deposited  in  dense 
clusters,  those  of  A.  Celtis  singly.  When  first  deposited 
the  eggs  are  pale  yellowish  white,  but  towards  time  for 
hatching  the  mass  becomes  more  buff-colored. 

The  larva,  in  its  first  stage,  is,  according  to  Professor 
C.  V.  Riley,  easily  distinguished  from  that  of  Celtis  by 
its  copal-yellow,  instead  of  black,  head ; and  in  the  other 


Fig.  66. 


Apatura  Clyton : <7,  larva,  half  grown,  dorsal  view ; h,  imago,  male,  under  side;  itjt 
k,  l,  m , the  five  different  heads  of  larva;  w,  o,  dorsal  and  lateral  views  of  larval  joint ; 
Pi  egg,  enlarged ; q,  larvae  as  when  hibernating  (natural  size). 

stages  by  a dark  dorsal  line,  and  a straight  instead  of 
wavy  suprastigmatal  line.  The  head  is  also  larger,  more 
pubescent,  broader  at  the  apex,  and  with  the  antlers 
larger,  more  spiny  and  hairy.  These  characters  are  well 
shown  in  the  two  illustrations  which  accompany  each  of 
the  two  species  compared.  According  to  Mr.  W.  H. 
Edwards,  there  is  only  one  brood  of  Clyton  in  the  latitude 
of  West  Virginia,  the  larvae  hibernating  after  the  second 
or  third  moult. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  221 

The  food-plant  is  hackberry,  Cettis  occidentalis. 

New  York  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mississippi  Valley, 
Kansas. 

79.  Apatura  Flora,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  about  the  same  as  A . Clyton . 

Male. — Both  wings  more  excised  than  is  usual  in 
Clyton , and  the  hind  wings  more  prolonged  and  more 
pointed  at  the  anal  angle.  Upper  surface  of  both  wings 
uniform  bright  orange  ferruginous,  except  the  area  be- 
yond the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  which  is  of  a deep  shade 
of  ferruginous,  blackened  in  the  middle  of  the  several 
interspaces.  The  fore  wings  are  scarcely  at  all  obscured 
at  base,  and  the  two  rows  of  spots  are  bright  orange 
ferruginous,  of  the  same  shade  as  the  general  surface, 
instead  of  being  yellowish  as  in  the  usual  Clyton . 

The  hind  wings  have  the  base  and  inner  margin  but 
slightly  obscured,  and  a broad  bright  stripe  extends  from 
the  middle  of  the  wing  to  the  marginal  band.  The 
ocelli  lie  in  this  field,  and  are  large.  The  marginal  band 
of  each  wing  is  remarkably  broad,  so  that  on  the  hind 
wings  it  nearly  reaches  the  ocelli ; and,  except  in  the  two 
interspaces  next  the  outer  angle,  there  is  a total  absence 
of  the  submarginal  crenated  line  always  seen  in  var. 
Ooellata  of  Clyton . Furthermore,  there  is  an  absence 
of  the  light  patch  on  costal  margin.  The  peculiar  shape 
of  the  wings,  the  uniform  bright  shade  of  ferruginous, 
extending  even  to  the  rows  of  spots  beyond  the  cell,  the 
large  ocelli,  the  broad  marginal  band,  and  the  absence  of 
the  crenated  line  and  of  the  costal  patch,  strike  the  eye 
at  once. 

On  the  under  side  the  pattern  is  as  in  var.  Ooellata 
19* 


VI 1 1 9 V II  I 

222  the  butterflies  of  the 

of  Clyton , but  the  colors  are  all  intense;  the  cell  and 
nearly  all  the  spots  of  the  fore  wings  buff,  the  extra 
discal  area  deep  ferruginous ; the  basal  area  of  hind 
wings  deep  gray-brown,  tinted  with  ferruginous  next  the 
costa  and  towards  the  anal  angle.  The  sinuous  discal 
stripe  is  deep  ferruginous,  as  is  also  the  field  on  which 
are  the  ocelli,  and  between  this  stripe  and  field  the  space 
is  lilacinous  ; the  ocelli  intense  ferruginous,  with  obsolete 
rings,  and  lilacinous  pupils.  On  both  wings  the  broad 
marginal  band  is  cut  by  a conspicuous  blue-black  stripe 
from  the  anal  angle  to  the  second  subcostal  venule  on  the 
fore  wings.  This  stripe  is  so  expanded  next  the  posterior 
angle  of  the  fore  wings  as  to  occupy  full  half  the  width 
of  the  band. 

Female. — Duller  colored,  but  as  little  obscured  as  the 
male.  The  fore  wings  are  crossed  by  a broad,  sinuous, 
deep  black  discal  band,  which  in  the  usual  Clyton  is 
brown  or  ferruginous,  and  the  bars  in  the  cell  are  black 
and  heavy.  A broad  submarginal  black  stripe  com- 
pletely crosses  both  wings,  the  margin  outside  this  stripe 
being  ferruginous,  concolored  with  the  cell.  The  cre- 
nated  line  is  absent  from  the  hind  wings  even  at  the 
outer  angle. 

This  description  is  slightly  modified  from  Mr.  Ed- 
wards’s description  as  given  in  “ Butterflies  of  North 
America,”  vol.  ii.  The  following  description  of  the  pre- 
paratory stages  is  from  the  same  author  in  the  “ Canadian 
Entomologist”  for  May,  1881. 

The  egg  is  similar  to  that  of  Clyton , nearly  spherical, 
flattened  at  base,  marked  by  eighteen  or  twenty  slightly 
prominent  vertical  ribs  and  many  fine  equidistant  striae  : 
color  yellow-green. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


223 


The  young  larva,  which  hatches  in  six  or  seven  days,  is 
.08  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  tapering  from  joint  3 ; 
pubescent,  and  of  a pale  translucent  green  color.  The 
head  is  twice  as  broad  as  the  second  segment,  subglobose, 
bilobed,  the  surface  thickly  pitted  with  yellow  excava- 
tions ; color  shining  yellow  or  ochrey  brown.  Towards 
the  last  of  the  stage  the  body  is  less  tapering,  each 
segment  well  rounded,  with  dark  green  dorsal  and  sub- 
dorsal lines,  the  last  more  decidedly  green.  After  six 
days  the  larva  moults,  when  it  is  .14  of  an  inch  long, 
the  body  a little  thickened  at  joint  7,  tapering  slightly 
each  way,  the  last  segment  ending  in  a forked  tail. 
The  surface  is  closely  covered  with  yellow  and  yellow- 
white  tubercles,  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows,  and 
also  in  regular  cross-rows.  These  tubercles  are  stout 
at  the  base,  subconic  at  the  top,  of  irregular  size,  and  at 
the  top  of  each  is  a shyrt  white  appendage.  Dorsal 
and  subdorsal  stripes  dark  green,  the  last  narrow.  The 
dorsum  is  covered  by  two  bands  of  tubercles,  divided  by 
the  green  stripe,  each  band  made  up  of  two  rows,  the 
outer  row  whitish,  the  inner  yellow.  The  subdorsal 
region,  or  below  the  lateral  stripe,  is  another  band  of 
two  rows,  and  as  the  stage  proceeds  these  separate,  show- 
ing a dull  green  line  between  them,  the  lower  row  run- 
ning with  the  basal  ridge  of  the  body.  The  tails  are 
divergent  from  base,  short,  tapering,  rough  with  tubercles, 
and  these  give  out  longer  hairs  than  elsewhere.  Under 
side,  feet,  and  legs  yellow-green.  Head  subquadrate,  the 
sides  rounded,  the  whole  surface  shallowly  pitted  and 
covered  with  short  yellow  down ; color  greenish  white, 
with  dark  brown  spots  and  patches,  a large  brown  tri- 
angle over  the  mandibles,  a small  subtriangular  patch  at 


224 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  top  in  the  depression,  a subcrescent  patch  along  the 
base  of  each  vertex,  a stripe  from  the  vertex  half-way 
down  the  side,  and  another  down  the  back ; the  ocelli 
black  on  a brown  ground ; on  each  vertex  a short,  com- 
pressed, fleshy,  white  process,  and  single  white  spurs 
along  the  back  of  the  head  at  the  top  and  down  the 
sides ; on  the  sides  and  top  of  the  processes  and  spurs 
many  long  white  hairs. 

After  four  days  the  larva  moults  again,  when  it  is 
.26  of  an  inch  long ; the  shape  similar  but  stouter,  the 
sides  somewhat  less  rounded  than  the  dorsum,  the  base 
broadest,  and  the  tails  more  produced.  The  tubercles 
remain  as  during  the  preceding  stage,  but  broader  and 
flattened,  the  two  rows  of  each  dorsal  band  a little  sep- 
arated, so  as  to  show  a dull  green  imperfect  line ; the  side- 
stripe  much  widened,  joint  2 wholly  yellow.  The  head 
is  shaped  as  before,  the  depression  more  angular,  green 
behind,  green  with  dark  brown  patches  at  the  sides  and 
front ; these  patches  much  extended,  the  one  at  the  top 
nearly  meeting  by  a triangular  projection  the  triangle 
from  the  mandibles,  and  the  one  from  base  of  process  in 
nearly  all  cases  protracted  to  outer  end  of  mandibles,  so 
that  the  white  in  front  is  confined  to  two  curved  vertical 
stripes,  forming  with  a cross-line  between  the  two  triangles 
the  letter  H.  The  processes  are  stout,  short,  cylindrical, 
evenly  forked  at  the  top,  each  fork  bluntly  rounded,  and 
a little  tapering ; at  the  base  is  a spur  turned  forward, 
and  along  the  back  and  sides  are  single  spurs ; color  of 
process  black  in  front,  green  behind.  Along  the  back  of 
the  head  at  the  top  are  spurs  in  line,  and  so  down  the 
sides,  diminishing  gradually  in  length,  the  upper  ones 
bent  down  ; all,  as  well  as  the  processes,  pilose. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 225 

It  moults  again  in  three  days,  but  the  characters  do 
not  change.  Length  from  .38  to  .4  of  an  inch. 

In  five  days  more  it  moults  again,  when  it  measures 
.6  of  an  inch,  the  shape  and  markings  unchanged. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.2  to  1.4  inches  long,  sub- 
cylindrical  and  robust,  the  dorsum  well  rounded,  the 
sides  much  less  convex,  rather  flattened,  and  sloping  to 
a broad  base ; the  last  segment  ending  in  a forked  tail. 
It  is  banded  with  tubercles  as  at  the  first  part  of  this 
stage,  but  these  have  constantly  diminished  in  size  as 
the  larva  progressed,  and  are  in  no  place  so  distinct,  and 
many  have  disappeared  altogether.  General  color  either 
bright  yellow  or  ochre-yellow,  a little  whitened  along 
the  edges  of  the  dorsal  area ; dorsal  stripe  very  narrow, 
and  either  black  or  deep  blue,  but  greenish  on  two  or 
three  anterior  joints;  the  two  side-stripes  are  dull  or 
sordid  green,  as  is  also  the  under  side.  Head  subquad- 
rate, the  sides  rounded,  the  front  moderately  rounded, 
the  top  depressed,  on  each  vertex  a short  stout  stag-horn 
process,  with  four  prongs,  these  and  the  entire  front  and 
sides  of  the  processes  black  ; the  back  is  green,  and  upon 
it  and  at  the  sides  below  are  four  green  similar  prongs, 
spurs  similar  to  those  in  the  former  stage ; the  rest  of 
the  head  greenish  white  and  black,  and  thickly  covered 
with  a fine  yellow  down  ; the  processes  and  spurs  much 
covered  with  long  white  hairs. 

The  chrysalis  is  from  .7  to  .85  of  an  inch  long,  shaped 
much  as  in  the  other  species.  The  color  is  pale  yellow- 
green,  finely  streaked  and  speckled  with  light  buff  over 
head-case,  mesonotum,  and  wing-cases,  and  speckled  over 
abdomen.  In  six  or  seven  days  after  pupation  the  butter- 
fly emerges.  Like  the  other  species,  this  feeds  during  the 


v 


226 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


larval  state  on  hackberry,  with  habits  similar  to  those 
of  Clyton. 

Texas,  Florida. 

80.  Paphia  Troglodyta,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wrings  from  1.7  to  1.9  inches. 

Male  (Fig.  67). — Upper  surface  copper-red,  outer 
margin  edged  with  a black  border,  with  gray  or  purple 


Fig.  67. 


Paphia  Troglodyta,  male  (natural  size). 


reflections.  At  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  is 
a black  bar,  and  a black  patch  on  the  costa  of  the  hind 
wings. 

Under  side  dead-leaf  brown  with  a gray  lustre,  tinted 
on  hind  margin  of  fore  wings  with  reddish,  and  through- 
out covered  with  dark  scales.  The  basal  half  of  fore 
wings  deep-colored,  limited  without  by  a wavy  edge ; be- 
yond this,  and  reaching  to  the  dark  marginal  border,  is 
a broad  wavy  band  of  paler  color,  bifurcate  at  the  costal 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 227 

margin.  There  is  a small  cluster  of  luteous  scales  in 
the  subcostal  interspace  of  the  hind  wings  and  on  the 
middle  of  the  outer  area. 

Female. — This  has  the  upper  side  pale  red,  the  mar- 
ginal border  of  fore  wings  very  broad,  enclosing  a yellow- 
red  wavy  band  imperfectly  bifurcated.  The  hind  wings 
have  a similar  band,  contracted  at  the  apex,  and  greatly 
expanded  through  the  middle,  which  is  partially  sepa- 


Fig.  68 


Paphia  Troglodyta,  female  (natural  size). 


rated  from  the  apical  portion  by  a line.  The  under  side 
is  vinous  brown,  with  gray  reflections. 

The  young  larva  is  light  bluish  green  thickly  covered 
with  soiled  white  papillae.  Scattered  among  these  are 
light  orange  papillae  of  a larger  size,  with  occasionally 
one  of  brown.  The  head  is  larger  than  the  third  seg- 
ment, which  is  the  largest  in  the  body.  At  each  moult 
some  of  the  papillae  disappear,  especially  the  brown  ones, 
the  green  shade  becoming  more  apparent  and  the  skin 
softer. 


228 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


The  mature  larva  is  1.55  inches  long,  cylindrical, 
tapering  each  way  from  the  third  joint.  Color  light 
bluish  green ; surface  rough,  covered  with  whitish  pa- 
pillse.  Head  bilobed,  a pair  of  orange  papillae  on  the 


Fig.  69. 


vertex.  Neck  green,  constricted,  retracted  within  joint  2 
when  at  rest. 

The  chrysalis  is  at  first  light  green,  soon  changing  to 
whitish  green  or  to  light  cinereous  brown ; the  whole 
surface  indistinctly  marked  with  fine  parallel  streaks  of 
darker  color.  In  form  short,  thick,  gibbous,  the  ab- 
dominal joints  contracted  almost  into  a hemisphere. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


229 


The  food-plant  is  Croton  capitatum,  and  probably  also 
Croton  monanthogynum , as  the  butterfly  is  to  be  found 
where  the  first  plant  does  not  grow  but  the  latter  does. 
Western  States  from  Illinois  to  Texas,  Nebraska. 


SUBFAMILY  SATYRINiE. 

In  this  group  the  palpi  are  close,  elevated,  very  hairy, 
the  discal  cells  always  closed,  and  the  veins  of  the  fore 
wings  usually  dilated  at  base.  In  Debis  the  eyes  are 
hairy,  in  Satyrus  naked,  while  in  Neonympha  they  vary, 
some  species  being  hairy  and  others  naked.  The  butter- 
flies in  the  Eastern  United  States  vary  from  russet  to 
dark  wood-brown  or  nearly  black,  and  in  most  species 
have  eye-spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  at 
least.  The  larvae  are  cylindrical,  tapering  slightly  from 
the  second  segment,  the  head  larger  than  this  segment. 
The  body  is  more  or  less  provided  with  small  tubercles 
supporting  hairs.  Grass  constitutes  the  principal  food- 
plant.  The  chrysalides  are  more  nearly  cylindrical  than 
in  the  preceding  subfamily. 

81.  Debis  Portlandia,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  wood-brown,  rather  light,  the  outer 
third  a little  paler,  the  division  marked  by  a darker 
shade  of  the  ground  color,  more  pronounced  on  the  fore 
wings,  the  line  dentate  with  two  prominent  teeth  oppo- 
site the  discal  cell,  from  which  it  bends  inward  before 
a whitish  somewhat  oblong  costal  patch.  In  this  paler 
terminal  space  there  is  an  anteapical  whitish  dot  in  line 
with  four  or  five  round  dull  black  spots  annulate  with 

20 


230  THE  butterflies  of  the 

yellowish,  two  of  them  small,  the  three  larger  pupilled 
with  dark  black.  On  the  hind  wings  there  are  five 

subequal  rather  large 
eye-spots.  The  outer 
border  is  composed  of 
two  lines  slightly  paler 
than  the  ground  color, 
with  a dark  line  and  a 
dark  internal  shade. 

Under  side  brown  as 
above,  with  a violet 
tinge,  traversed  by  two 
brown  sinuous  lines,  be- 
tween which  there  is  a discoidal  arc  of  the  same  color. 
The  eye-spots  are  brighter  and  blacker  than  above,  the 
iris  yellow  and  pupil  white,  the  anal  one  on  the  hind 
wings  double.  Those  on  the  fore  wings  are  enclosed  in 
an  oblong  white  ring.  A similar  ring  enclosing  those  of 
the  hind  wings  is  crenate,  the  first  and  the  last  cut  off* 
from  the  others  by  cross-lines.  The  border  is  composed 
of  white,  brown,  and  dark  yellow  lines. 

This  species  is  to  be  found  in  woodlands,  the  male 
sitting  on  the  body  of  some  tree,  from  which  it  flies  upon 
the  approach  of  any  intruder.  After  flitting  about  the 
trespasser  upon  its  domain  it  returns  to  the  same  or  an 
adjacent  tree.  The  females  are  mostly  to  be  found  on 
the  wild  grasses  that  grow  in  such  places,  upon  which 
the  larvae  feed. 

The  eggs  are  obovoid,  the  base  a little  flattened,  and 
under  the  middle  thereof  is  a slightly  rounded  protuber- 
ance of  less  diameter,  smooth.  Color  greenish  white. 

The  young  larva  is  cylindrical,  head  twice  the  diame- 


Fig.  70. 


Debis  Portlandia,  male  (natural  size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


231 


ter  of  any  other  joint,  body  tapering  slightly  from  joint 
2 back.  Each  segment  from  3 to  12  is  creased,  making 
six  ridges ; on  each  of  the  first  and  fifth  is  a minute  tu- 
bercle with  a rather  long  hair  bent  forward,  making  two 
dorsal  rows,  with  a similar  row  on  the  sides,  and  more 
lower  down.  Color  of  body  whitish  yellow,  changing 
to  pale  green.  Head  slightly  cordate,  on  each  vertex  a 
slight  protuberance  with  a long  curved  hair,  and  other 
hairs  over  the  surface.  Color  yellow. 

After  the  first  moult  there  is  but  little  change,  the 
body  ending  in  two  long,  slender,  blunt-tipped  tails ; 
color  green,  tubercles  white.  After  the  second  moult 
the  color  is  light  green,  the  subdorsal  tubercles  more 
yellow,  horns  long,  with  red  tips.  After  the  third  moult 
the  color  is  the  same.  The  larva  hibernates  in  this  stage, 
moulting  twice  more  after  reviving  from  its  lethargy  in 
the  spring.  After  the  fourth  moult  the  color  is  yellow- 
green,  with  dark  green  dorsal  and  subdorsal  stripes,  and 
one  below  these,  all  narrow. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.2  to  1.4  inches  long,  the 
dorsum  much  arched,  and  sloping  about  equally  each 
way  from  the  middle,  ending  in  two  small,  short,  slender 
tails.  Each  joint  is  creased,  the  first  ridge  broadest  and 
bearing  many  fine  whitish  tubercles,  mostly  arranged  in 
rows.  Color  yellow-green  striped  with  dark  green  and 
yellow.  Head  yellow-green,  the  vertices  bearing  stout, 
tapering  horns,  red-tipped. 

The  chrysalis  is  .6  of  an  inch  long,  green,  the  ventral 
sides  of  abdomen  whitish ; top  of  head-cases  and  edge 
of  wing-cases  cream  color,  the  surface  smooth  and  glossy. 

The  butterfly  emerges  from  the  chrysalis  in  about 
fourteen  days,  appearing  on  the  wing  in  July,  specimens 


232 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


being  seen  from  this  time  through  most  of  the  season. 
It  occurs  from  Maine  to  the  .Rocky  Mountains  and  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

82.  Neonymph  a Canthus,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.7-5  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  pale  brownish  gray,  the  outer  third  of 
both  wings  paler,  the  line  of  division  between  this  paler 
portion  and  the  basal  distinct  and  dentate.  On  the  fore 
wings  this  pale  band  contains  three  or  four  blurred  ocelli ; 
the  hind  wings  having  six,  larger  and  more  distinct.  The 
outer  border  contains  three  lines,  two  light  and  one  dark, 
besides  the  dark  edge. 

The  under  side  is  a little  more  brown-tinted,  the 
darker  shade  defined  on  its  outer  edge  by  a brown  line, 
another  brown  line  cutting  the  inner  third.  The  terminal 
band  has  the  ocelli  all  annulate  with  yellow-buff,  out- 
side this  buff  a brown  and  then  a whitish  ring,  the  first 
and  fourth  on  the  fore  wings  and  all  on  the  hind  wings 
pupilled  with  white.  There  are  five  ocelli  on  the  fore 
wings  and  six  on  the  hind  wings,  the  anal  one  geminate. 
Border  as  above. 

The  eggs  are  subround,  broadest  at  the  base,  where 
they  are  flattened,  smooth  ; color  greenish  white.  These 
are  laid  singly  on  the  stems  of  grass,  hatching  in  about 
seven  days. 

The  young  larva  is  at  first  yellow-white,  changing 
later  to  pale  green.  It  is  cylindrical,  long,  slender,  the 
last  segment  bluntly  forked  ; on  each  joint  a few  tubercles, 
from  each  of  which  arises  a clubbed  white  hair.  The 
head  is  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  the  second  segment,  with 
a rounded  prominence  on  each  vertex,  indented  at  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  233 

top  with  a little  tubercle  in  the  middle  of  the  hollow, 
from  which  springs  a bristle ; color  light  brown. 

After  the  first  moult,  which  takes  place  in  eight  days, 
the  more  slender  tails  are  pink-tipped,  creased  trans- 
versely, and  on  the  creases  fine  white  tubercles  with 
short  bristles.  The  color  is  at  first  greenish  yellow, 
but  afterwards  changes  to  pale  green. 

Along  the  middle  of  the  back  is  a dark  green  stripe 
free  from  tubercles,  and  on  each  edge  of  this  is  a 
line  of  white  tubercles,  another  along  the  side,  and  a 
third  along  the  base;  between  the  last  two  are  two 
other  white  lines.  The  head  is  yellowish  green,  with 
the  surface  finely  tuberculated.  On  each  vertex  is  a long, 
tapering,  rough  horn,  tipped  with  brown,  and  marked 
in  front  by  a reddish  stripe,  which  is  extended  down  the 
side  of  the  face. 

In  nine  days  it  moults  a second  time,  when  it  is  .4  of 
an  inch  long,  of  the  same  form  as  before,  and  yellowish 
green,  with  the  same  tuberculated  lines.  In  fifteen  days 
it  moults  a third  time,  when  it  is  .55  of  an  inch  long,  of 
the  same  form  and  color  as  before,  but  very  soon  changes 
to  brown  and  buff.  Along  the  middle  of  the  back  is  a 
brown  stripe,  on  each  side  of  which  is  a reddish  butf 
band,  which  changes  to  greenish  on  the  outer  side.  There 
is  another  buff  band  on  the  side,  through  the  middle  of 
which  runs  a brown  line.  The  basal  ridge  is  buff.  In 
a few  days  the  larvae  become  lethargic,  and  in  this  state 
they  pass  the  winter.  Soon  after  their  revival  in  the 
spring  they  moult  the  fourth  time,  when  they  are  .62 
of  an  inch  long,  pale  green,  with  a dark  stripe  along  the 
back,  and  a yellowish  white  one  just  below ; the  two  lines 
on  the  side  and  the  basal  stripe  of  the  same  color.  Tails 

20* 


234 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


green ; head  emerald-green,  the  horns  reddish,  the  stripe 
down  the  face  dark  brown.  In  thirty  days  they  pass 
the  fifth  and  last  moult. 

In  some  cases  they  hibernate  after  the  fourth  moult, 
when  the  color  is  green ; but  twenty-four  hours  after  it 
changes  to  yellow-buff  and  red-brown,  the  dorsal  stripe 
pale  brown ; the  bands  on  each  side  of  a greenish  yellow, 
the  side  brown,  with  a dull  green  line  running  through 
it.  The  head  has  the  face  green,  the  stripes  reddish  brown. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.2  inches  long,  slender,  the  dor- 
sum arched  ; the  last  segment  ending  in  two  long,  slender, 
conical  tails,  which  are  rough  with  tubercles.  The  joints 
are  creased  with  six  ridges  to  a joint,  the  whole  surface 
finely  tuberculated,  a fine  hair  arising  from  each.  Color 
of  body  green,  dorsal  stripe  darker,  on  each  side  of  this 
a pale  green  band,  on  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  a yellow- 
green  stripe.  On  the  side  a pale  green  band  divided  by 
a yellow  line.  Head  with  a long,  conical,  tapering  process 
from  each  vertex,  the  whole  head  rough  with  fine  tubercles. 
Color  of  head  yellow-green,  the  horns  red,  a brown  stripe 
down  the  sides. 

In  a recent  communication  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards  gives 
the  following  description  of  the  chrysalis  : Length  .62  of 
an  inch,  slender ; much  resembles  in  shape  the  chrysalis 
of  Debts  Portlandia , the  head-case  more  produced  than  in 
that  species,  bevelled  to  an  edge  transversely,  excavated 
at  the  sides  ; mesonotum  carinated,  sides  flat,  apex  almost 
angular,  a very  little  rounded  ; color  green  ; top  of  head- 
case  and  dorsal  edges  of  wing  buff ; a buff  mid-dorsal 
stripe,  with  a buff  subdorsal  stripe  on  each  side;  also  a 
faint  lateral  stripe  of  the  same  color. 

Northern  States. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


235 


83.  Neonympha  Gemma,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  gray,  with  a little  wood-brown  tint,  no 
marks  except  two  darker  shades  near  the  middle  of  the 
outer  edge  of  the  hind  wing. 

Under  side  about  the  same  color,  sprinkled  with  buff 
scales,  the  outer  edge  with  a slight  golden  reflection.  On 
the  fore  wings  are  three  not  very  distinct,  wavy,  brown, 
transverse  lines.  On  the  middle  of  the  outer  surface  of 
the  hind  wings  is  a large  oval  patch  composed  of  white 
and  reddish-brown  scales,  giving  the  patch  a slight  violet 
tint  when  seen  without  a glass.  In  the  outer  edge  of 
this  patch,  standing  on  the  inter venular  spaces,  are  four 
roundish,  vandyke-brown  spots,  on  each  an  anchor-shaped 
spot  of  pale,  metallic,  bluish  scales.  The  margin  of  the 
wing  towards  the  apex  and  anal  angle  has  a border  of 
metallic,  bluish  scales,  with  dentations  up  the  sides  of  the 
veins.  There  are  two  brown  lines  on  the  hind  wings, 
besides  a brown  bordering  to  the  terminal  patch. 

The  eggs  are  globular,  seemingly  smooth,  but  under 
a high  magnifying  power  are  seen  to  be  reticulated  in 
irregular  hexagons,  the  ridges  flat  and  broad,  having  at 
the  bottom  of  each  depression  a white  point.  Color  yellow- 
ish green.  These  are  deposited  on  grass,  and  hatch  in 
from  three  to  six  days. 

The  young  larvae  are  .12  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
a little  thickest  in  the  middle,  ending  in  two  divergent 
tails,  the  point  blunt  and  tipped  with  a white  bristle. 
Color  white,  with  white  scattering  hairs,  after  a few  days 
changing  to  alternate  stripes  of  white  and  green.  Head 
subpyriform,  one-half  broader  than  the  second  segment, 


236 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


broader  than  high,  with  a slight  angular  depression  at  the 
summit ; at  each  vertex  a straight,  round,  divergent  horn, 
thick  at  base,  pointed  at  top.  Color  of  head  and  horns 
blackish  brown.  It  moults  the  first  time  in  from  six  to 
nine  days,  when  it  is  a little  thicker  in  the  middle,  the 
tails  more  slender  and  brown-tipped.  Each  joint  is 
several  times  creased,  and  on  the  summit  of  each  ridge 
is  a row  of  white  tubercles  with  white  hairs.  Color 
dark  green,  banded  and  striped  longitudinally  with  white. 
Head  higher,  brown,  green-tinted  in  front. 

Moults  the  second  time  in  from  five  to  ten  days,  when 
it  is  .34  of  an  inch  long ; shaped  and  striped  as  before. 

Moulting  again  in  from  five  to  eight  days,  the  length 
is  .55  of  an  inch.  The  color  is  reddish  buff,  the  summer 
and  fall  larvae  with  a dorsal  band  of  dark  brown ; the 
subdorsal  stripe  reduced  to  a broken  dark  brown  line, 
distinct  only  at  the  extreme  hinder  end  of  each  segment 
from  3 to  10 ; in  the  middle  of  each  side  a dark 
brown  stripe,  at  the  base  a rounded  ridge,  buff-colored, 
and  below  this  a brown  line.  Head  green  in  front,  with 
brown  stripes,  back  part  and  horns  gray-brown.  The 
spring  larvae  after  the  third  moult  are  bright  yellow- 
green  striped  with  dark  green,  tails  pink-tipped.  They 
remain  in  this  stage  from  five  to  six  days. 

The  chrysalis  is  .52  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
thickest  through  joints  6 and  7,  shaped  much  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  The  color  of  the  dorsum  and  entire 
abdomen  of  the  summer  and  fall  broods  is  sordid  yellow- 
buff,  the  wing-,  antennae-,  and  palpi-cases  more  yellow, 
the  surface  finely  streaked  with  brown.  In  the  spring 
brood  the  color  is  blue-green,  the  dorsum  streaked  ir- 
regularly with  whitish  green. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 237 

There  are  three  broods  of  the  larvae  in  a season,  each 
moulting  only  three  times  in  coming  to  maturity. 

West  Virginia  to  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Southern  Illinois. 

84.  Neonymph  a Areolatus,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  wood-brown,  somewhat  grayish,  the 
border-lines  faint,  and  without  eye-spots. 

Under  side  scarcely  paler  than  above,  but  sprinkled 
with  buff  scales.  Fore  wings  with  three  small  dark 
brown  spots  narrowly  circled  with  yellow  and  containing 
a few  silvery  scales.  Hind  wings  with  five  various- 
shaped elongate  spots,  the  long  diameter  with  the  length 
of  the  wing,  each  with  bluish  metallic  scales,  sometimes 
in  a bunch,  sometimes  a buff  centre  with  metallic  points 
around  it;  each  spot  circled  with  buff.  There  is  a 
common,  dull,  dark  yellow  line  a little  in  front  of  the 
middle  of  the  wings,  another  just  touches  the  end  of  the 
cell,  and  a third  is  submarginal,  the  last  two  nearly  meet' 
ing  at  their  ends  on  each  wing,  forming  a broad  band 
without  change  of  ground  color,  in  which  the  ocelli  are 
placed;  the  margin  of  the  wing  of  the  same  color.  On 
the  fore  wings  these  lines  are  not  so  distinct  as  on  the 
hind  wings. 

The  eggs  are  nearly  globular,  smooth,  but  under  a 
high  magnifying  power  are  seen  to  be  thickly  covered 
with  shallow  depressions.  Color  pale  green. 

The  young  larva,  which  hatches  in  six  days,  is  cylindri- 
cal, the  last  joint  bluntly  forked.  Color  delicate  green. 
Over  the  body  are  many  white  hairs,  and  among  these 
are  black  clubbed  hairs  in  longitudinal  rows.  Head 
about  twice  as  wide  as  any  joint,  a little  depressed  at  the 


238 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


top,  upon  each  vertex  a short  semiovoid  appendage 
tipped  with  two  divergent  black  hairs;  color  black. 
Moults  after  eight  days. 

After  the  first  moult  the  body  is  a little  arched ; tails 
longer,  faintly  red.  Color  of  body  green,  surface  thickly 
covered  with  fine  yellowish  tubercular  points ; the  back 
of  the  head  and  triangle  over  the  mandibles  green,  the 
rest  red-brown.  It  is  now  .22  of  an  inch  long.  It  moults 
again  in  nine  days,  with  a length  of  .3  of  an  inch,  but 
the  color  does  not  change.  It  moults  three  times  in 
coming  to  maturity. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  1.1  to  1.3  inches  long, 
joints  3 and  4 creased  and  divided  into  five  ridges,  the 
rest  into  six ; surface  thickly  covered  with  small  sharp 
tubercles ; tails  reddish,  slender.  Head  reddish,  on  each 
vertex  a little  conical  process. 

The  chrysalis  is  from  .48  to  .54  of  an  inch  long.  The 
color  is  green,  the  edges  of  the  carina,  wing-cases,  and 
top  of  head-case  cream  color ; some  points  and  patches 
of  whitish.  The  butterfly  emerges  from  this  in  about 
ten  days. 

The  food-plants  are  grasses,  mostly  of  the  coarser 
kinds. 

Gulf  States ; occasional  in  New  Jersey. 

85.  Neonymph  a Eurytris,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.75  inches. 

Upper  surface  brownish  black  or  wood-brown ; near 
the  outer  margin  of  each  wing  two  eye-spots  circled  with 
yellow,  the  small  pupils  often  double.  The  anterior 
ocellus  of  the  hind  wings  is  often  obsolete,  and  the  pos- 
terior is  often  supplemented  by  a small  one  at  the  anal 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


239 


angle.  There  are  three  dark  lines  forming  the  outer 
border, — one  on  the  edge  and  two  a little  within  the 
edge ; and  in  some  specimens  the  ocelli  are  in  a band 
a little  paler  than  the  ground  color. 

The  under  side  is  drab-gray,  both  wings  crossed  by  two 
rusty  lines  ; the  ocelli  more  prominent  than  above,  each 
of  the  ocelli  of  the  hind  wings  repeated,  with  the  smaller 
one  at  the  end  of  the  series,  and  silver  traces  of  two  more 
between ; the  triple  terminal  lines  as  above. 

The  egg  is  of  a yellowish-green  color,  nearly  round, 
covered  with  fine  irregularly  hexagonal  reticulations. 

The  young  larva  hatches  from  this  in  eight  days.  It 
is  .08  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  tapering  each  way 
from  the  middle,  the  last  joint  ending  in  two  short  tails, 
with  fine  white  hairs  on  the  body.  Color  pinkish  white, 
marked  longitudinally  by  seven  crimson  lines.  Head 
subglobose,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  any  other  segment, 
depressed  slightly  at  the  top,  with  a small  conical  process 
from  each  vertex  ; color  dark  brown. 

In  seven  days  it  passes  the  first  moult,  when  it  is  .16  of 
an  inch  long,  and  changes  to  drab,  of  either  a green  or  a 
red  tint,  with  five  dull  red  stripes,  the  whole  surface  finely 
but  roughly  tuberculated,  each  tubercle  emitting  a short 
hair.  Color  of  head  yellowish  finely  mottled  with  red.  In 
six  days  it  moults  the  second  time,  when  it  is  .24  of  an 
inch  long,  shaped  as  before,  with  a fleshy  ridge  at  the 
feet.  Color  dull  ochrey  yellow,  striped  with  seven  brown 
stripes ; head  yellow  marked  with  brown.  It  feeds  four- 
teen days  before  moulting  the  third  time,  when  it  is  .44 
of  an  inch  long.  The  color  is  the  same  marked  with 
reddish,  the  stripes  subobsolete.  It  is  thirty  days  before 
it  moults  the  fourth  and  last  time. 


240 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


The  mature  larva  is  1 inch  long,  flat  at  base*  the 
dorsum  rounded,  the  last  joint  forked.  Color  of  dorsum 
yellow-brown,  the  sides  darker;  a dorsal  brown  band, 
and  on  each  side  of  this,  from  joint  4 to  joint  11,  is  a 
series  of  dark  brown  patches.  The  subdorsal  area  is  sep- 
arated from  the  dorsal  by  two  wavy  parallel  lines,  the 
upper  dark,  the  lower  yellowish,  and  on  the  side  of 
each  joint  from  5 to  11  there  is  an  oblique  dark  stripe. 
Basal  ridge  yellowish,  the  tails  tipped  with  red.  Head 
yellow-brown,  with  a small  conical  process  on  each  ver- 
tex. The  whole  surface  of  the  body  is  covered  with 
sharp  tubercles  of  irregular  size,  each  emitting  a short 
brown  hair. 

The  chrysalis  is  .5  of  an  inch  long,  shaped  as  Sosybius; 
cylindrical ; the  abdomen  stout,  and  larger  than  the  an- 
terior portion.  Color  pale  yellow-brown,  the  wing-cases 
and  anterior  parts  streaked  with  fine,  abbreviated  brown 
lines ; brown  spots  on  the  wing-cases,  the  abdomen  with 
two  brown  stripes  and  two  rows  of  brown  dots.  The 
butterfly  emerges  in  eleven  days. 

There  are  probably  two  broods  in  a season,  the  last 
brood  of  larvse  passing  the  winter  in  a torpid  state. 
They  feed  upon  grass,  the  eggs  being  deposited  singly 
upon  the  blades.  They  are  very  sluggish  at  all  times, 
and  frequently  pass  days  without  eating. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Nebraska. 

86.  Neonymph  a Sosybius,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.35  inches. 

Upper  surface  wood-brown,  somewhat  grayish,  the 
border-lines  faint,  and  both  wings  without  ocelli. 

Under  side  a little  paler  than  the  upper,  two  brown  lines 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


241 


crossing  the  wings,  between  which  is  a brown  dash  at  the 
end  of  the  cell  of  each  wing;  border-lines  three,  the 
inner  crenate.  Near  the  outer  end  of  the  fore  wings, 
below  the  costa,  is  a black  eye-spot  annulate  with  yellow 
and  pupilled  with  pale  blue ; there  is  also  a small  one  be- 
tween this  and  the  costa,  and  there  are  traces  of  three  more 
towards  the  hind  margin.  The  hind  wings  have  two 
distinct  ocelli,  with  a small  one  before  the  first,  another 
after  the  second,  and  traces  of  two  more,  with  silver, 
between  the  two. 

The  egg  is  semiovoid,  the  base  flattened,  and  the 
sides  at  base  rounded ; the  surface  under  a low  power 
appears  smooth,  but  under  a high  magnifying  power  it 
is  seen  to  be  covered  with  shallow  thimble-like  depres- 
sions. Color  greenish  white. 

In  four  days  a larva  .09  of  an  inch  long  hatches 
from  this.  The  shape  is  cylindrical,  marked  by  five 
or  six  longitudinal  tuberculated  ridges,  each  tubercle 
emitting  a clubbed  white  hair.  Color  white.  Head 
much  larger  than  the  second  joint,  bilobed,  the  vertices 
without  processes,  black. 

After  six  days  it  moults  the  first  time  and  is  .2  of 
an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  tapering  both  ways  from  the 
middle,  the  last  joint  forked.  The  color  is  light  green, 
the  tubercles  white,  with  three  green  stripes ; legs  and 
under  side  green.  After  seven  days  it  moults  the  second 
time,  the  color  being  blue-green,  the  head  yellow-green. 
In  six  days  it  moults  the  third  time,  being  then  .42  of 
an  inch  long,  stout ; color  pale  green,  with  the  tubercles 
white,  head  emerald-green.  It  moults  four  times  in 
coming  to  maturity. 

The  mature  larva  is  .76  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 

q 21 


L 


242 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


thickest  in  the  middle,  the  last  joint  ending  in  divergent 
tails.  The  color  is  emerald-green,  much  covered  with  fine 
yellow  tubercles  placed  on  ridges,  caused  by  the  creasing 
of  the  segments,  and  with  larger  tubercles  placed  in 
longitudinal  rows,  each  emitting  a white  hair.  Head 
round,  broader  than  high,  bilobed,  covered  with  yellow, 
conical,  fine  points. 

The  chrysalis  is  like  that  of  N.  Eurytris.  The  color 
is  green,  on  the  abdomen  yellow-green;  on  each  side 
of  dorsum  of  abdomen  is  a small  ridge,  and  on  each 
side  of  this  are  three  black  dots  placed  in  pail's.  On 
each  side  below  the  wing-cases  is  a brown  stripe ; keel  of 
mesonotum  brown,  with  brown  mottlings  on  the  wing- 
cases.  The  imago  emerges  in  thirteen  days. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on  grass,  and  there  are  two 
broods  in  a season.  The  butterfly  is  found  with  Gemma 
and  Eurytris  within  the  edge  of  the  forest,  or,  if  in  the 
open  country,  always  near  timber. 

Middle  and  Southern  States,  Mississippi  Valley. 

87.  Satyrus  Pegala,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  2.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  a broad  buff  band  on 
the  outer  part  of  the  fore  wings,  not  reaching  either 
margin,  and  containing  a single  pupilled  ocellus  on  its 
anterior  end.  In  some  female  specimens  another  ocellus 
is  found  on  the  posterior  end  of  the  band,  but  more  often 
the  second  ocellus  is  represented  in  both  sexes  by  a black 
dot  or  a small  round  spot.  Near  the  anal  angle  of  the 
hind  wings  is  a single  black  ocellus. 

Under  side  brownish  gray,  both  wings  crossed  by 
many  abbreviated  brown  lines.  The  buff  band  and 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  243 

ocelli  of  the  fore  wings  repeated,  the  hind  wings  with  six 
ocelli  in  two  sets  of  three  each. 

The  food-plant  is  coarse  wild  grass. 

Gulf  States  ; occasional  in  New  Jersey  on  the  coast ; 
Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 

88.  Satyrus  Alope,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.5  inches. 

There  are  two  dimorphic  forms  and  five  varieties  and 
sub- varieties  of  this  species,  being  mostly  local  instead  of 
seasonal.  It  occurs  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific : in  different  parts 
of  this  region  the  different  forms  breed  true  to  their 
type,  but  on  the  border-land  between  these  different  local- 
ities there  are  numerous  intergrades  connecting  them 
all.  The  principal  form  found  in  the  Atlantic  States 
from  North  Carolina  to  New  York  is  Alope;  the  form 
Nephele  in  its  typical  markings  occurs  in  Canada,  with 
intergrades  in  New  England  and  other  bordering  territory; 
Maritima  occurs  on  Martha’s  Vineyard  and  Nantucket 
Islands ; Texana  is  found  in  Texas ; the  one  found  from 
Illinois  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  Olympus ; and  the 
Pacific  slope  is  represented  by  Boopis  and  Incana.  The 
following  descriptions  of  such  forms  as  occur  in  the 
Eastern  United  States,  as  well  as  of  the  preparatory 
stages,  are  abbreviated  from  Edwards’s  “ Butterflies  of 
North  America.” 

Dimorphic  form,  Alope,  Fab. — Male. — Upper  sur- 
face blackish  brown,  darkest  over  the  basal  area ; outer 
margin  consisting  of  two  fine  parallel  lines,  a little 
within  which  is  a black  stripe.  The  fore  wings  have 


244  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

a transverse  yellow  band  beyond  the  cell,  sometimes 
a little  ochraceous,  and  often  more  or  less  encroached 
upon  by  the  brown  ground.  On  this  area  are  two  ocelli, 
round,  black,  of  variable  size,  and  with  or  without  a 
central  point,  which  is  white  with  blue  scales.  Be- 
hind the  cell  is  a blackish  indistinct  sexual  dash  in  the 
males.  The  hind  wings  have  a small  ocellus  in  a yellow 
ring  near  the  anal  angle  (often  wanting). 

Under  side  yellow-brown ; the  band  enlarged  and  of 
a paler  color ; the  ocelli  repeated,  enlarged ; the  marginal 
lines  distinct ; the  brown  area  covered  with  abbreviated 
darker  streaks,  which  over  the  base  and  disks  form  some- 
what concentric  broken  rings,  limited  without  by  a 
common  dark  stripe.  On  the  fore  wings  this  stripe 
borders  on  the  yellow  band ; on  the  hind  wings  it  is 
irregularly  sinuous  from  margin  to  margin,  throwing 
out  a rounded  prominence  against  the  cell,  followed  by 
a rounded  sinus  on  the  median  interspace.  Across  the 
middle  of  the  cell,  and  below  it,  a dark  stripe ; the  extra 
discal  area  less  streaked.  The  ocelli  vary  from  none  to 
six,  the  full  number  being  most  often  present,  disposed 
in  two  groups  of  three,  the  middle  one  of  each  group 
the  largest ; all  black,  rounded,  in  narrow  yellow 
rings,  and  with  white  dots  in  the  centre  edged  by  blue 
scales. 

Female. — This  differs  from  the  male  in  the  band  being 
generally  broader,  clearer,  and  well  defined  on  both  edges, 
the  ocelli  well  developed,  with  occasionally  additional 
black  points  on  the  hind  wings  corresponding  to  the  ocelli 
on  the  under  side.  A larger  percentage  than  of  the 
males  have  no  ocelli  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings. 

New  York  to  North  Carolina. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


245 


Var.  Maritima,  Edw. — This  form  is  of  small  size, 
dark  color,  and  the  band  on  the  fore  wings  reddish 
yellow. 

Martha’s  Vineyard,  Long  Island,  Eastern  New  Jersey. 

Dimorphic  form,  Nephele,  Kirby. — Male. — Upper 
surface  blackish  brown,  the  marginal  lines  and  stripe 
as  in  Alope,  but  often  obsolete.  The  fore  wings  have 
two  small  black  ocelli,  placed  as  in  Alope , without  ring 
or  band,  but  in  some  examples  a faint  yellowish  shade 
represents  the  ring ; sometimes  a white  dot  in  each  ocellus, 
but  usually  the  lower  one  is  blind.  Hind  wings  with 
or  without  ocellus,  but  if  present  it  is  blind  and  without 
ring. 

Under  side  dark  yellow-brown,  faintly  streaked  as  in 
Alope,  but  with  less  distinctness,  and  in  many  examples 
the  discal  stripe  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete,  especially  on 
the  hind  wings.  The  ocelli  of  the  fore  wings  are  en- 
larged, the  rings  distinct  but  riot  clear  yellow,  being 
dusky,  or  more  or  less  obscured.  The  hind  wings  have 
small  ocelli  in  fine  russet  rings,  with  central  white  dots 
and  a few  bluish  scales ; the  number  varies  from  none  to 
six,  but  the  largest  proportion  have  six,  and  very  few 
have  less  than  three. 

Female. — This  has  the  upper  side  lighter  and  more 
brown ; the  area  which  in  Alope  is  occupied  by  the  band 
is  of  a slightly  paler  shade  than  the  rest  of  the  wing. 
The  ocelli  are  large,  with  white  centres  and  blue  scales, 
and  either  without  rings  or  imperfectly  ringed  with 
dusky  yellow,  the  hind  wings  either  with  or  without  an 
ocellus.  The  under  side  is  paler,  the  area  of  the  band  a 
little  lighter  than  elsewhere,  the  rings  sometimes  quite 

21* 


246 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


bright,  but  oftener  dull  or  obscure  yellow.  The  ocelli 
of  the  hind  wings  rarely  six,  more  often  less  than  three, 
sometimes  none. 

New  England,  New  York. 

Var.  Olympus,  Edw. — This  equals  in  size  the  typical 
form.  The  males  are  almost  black.  The  ocelli  are  very 
small  and  without  rings,  but  in  some  examples  there  is 
a faint  russet  or  yellowish  tint  about  them,  and  perhaps 
on  the  space  between  them.  On  the  under  side  the  rings 
are  russet  or  ochraceous  on  both  wings,  and  there  is 
a perceptible  bronzy  reflection  on  the  under  side  of  the 
hind  wings,  especially  in  the  males. 

Illinois  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  egg  is  conoidal,  rounded  at  base  and  somewhat 
flattened,  truncated,  the  sides  slightly  convex;  marked 
by  about  eighteen  vertical  ridges,  crossed  by  numerous 
fine  low  ridges ; summit  rounded,  covered  with  shallow 
cells.  Color  lemon-yellow.  It  hatches  in  from  fourteen 
to  twenty-eight  days. 

The  young  larva  is  .1  of  an  inch  long,  the  head 
considerably  larger  than  the  other  segments.  The  body 
is  carnation,  with  seven  crimson  longitudinal  lines,  the 
head  light  lemon-yellow  specked  with  brown ; sparsely 
hairy.  On  the  body  there  are  six  rows  of  long  white 
bristles,  a part  of  which  point  forward  and  a part  back- 
ward. 

The  larvae  become  lethargic  soon  after  leaving  the  eggs, 
and  thus  hibernate.  As  soon  as  they  begin  to  feed  in  the 
spring  the  color  changes  to  pale  green  with  the  lines  red, 
but  later  the  ground  color  becomes  deep  green  and  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


247 


stripes  darker  green.  After  the  first  moult  the  larva  is 
.16  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  the  anterior  part  the 
thickest,  the  body  ending  in  two  conical  tails  covered 
with  tubercles  and  bristles.  Each  joint  is  creased,  the 
ridges  bearing  many  tubercles  with  long  white  hairs. 
Color  pale  green,  with  seven  green  stripes,  basal  ridge 
pale  yellow,  tails  reddish.  After  twenty-three  days  it 
moults  the  second  time,  when  it  is  much  as  before. 
Length  .3  of  an  inch,  the  color  yellowish  green,  with  the 
basal  side  yellow,  and  the  stripes  dark  green.  In  four- 
teen days  it  passes  the  third  moult,  the  length  being 
then  .44  of  an  inch.  It  moults  four  times  before  reach- 
ing maturity. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.25  inches  long,  cylindrical, 
robust,  thickest  in  the  middle,  with  two  sharp,  conical, 
divergent  tails.  Each  joint  is  crossed  by  five  or  six 
creases,  the  ridges  covered  with  fine  white  papillae,  each 
supporting  a long  or  short  white  hair,  if  long  appressed 
to  the  surface.  Color  yellow-green,  varying,  on  some 
the  dorsum  more  yellow ; a dorsal  green  stripe  and  a 
basal  yellow  one,  with  sometimes  a faint  yellow  lateral 
line.  Head  vivid  green.  It  takes  fourteen  days  to  pass 
from  the  third  to  the  fourth  moult,  and 
twenty-eight  days  more  to  the  time  when 
the  larva  ceases  feeding  and  pupates. 

The  chrysalis  is  a little  more  than  half  an 
inch  long,  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  conical, 
the  wing-cases  slightly  raised  at  the  mar- 
gins; head-case  short,  roundly  excavated  at 
the  sides,  the  top  narrow.  The  male  is  one 
shade  of  either  yellow-green  or  deep  green,  covered  with 
smooth  specks  and  patches  of  lighter  color,  with  several 


Fig.  71. 


S.  Alope,  pupa. 


248 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


cream-colored  lines.  The  female  has  three  longitudinal 
yellowish  bands.  The  butterfly  emerges  in  fourteen 
days. 

The  larva  feeds  on  meadow-grass,  and  the  butterfly  is 
found  mostly  in  the  open  fields,  differing  in  both  par- 
ticulars from  Pegala. 

89.  Chionobus  Jutta,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.25  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  wood-brown  or  grayish  brown  • 
the  fore  wings  with  an  oblique  shade  below  the  cell,  and 
with  a subterminal  row  of  six  yellowish  spots,  the  first, 
third,  and  sixth  small,  with  or  without  black  central 
points,  the  others  with  each  a round  black  spot.  Hind 
wings  with  four  yellowish  patches  more  or  less  shading 
into  the  ground  color,  the  anal  one  with  a small  black 
spot,  and  traces  of  one  in  the  patch  next  to  this. 

Under  side  of  the  fore  wings  much  as  in  O.  Semidea. 
Color  about  as  above,  crossed  by  a great  number  of  ab- 
breviated dark  brown  lines,  obscure  on  the  fore  wings, 
except  along  the  costa  and  near  the  apex,  where  the 
brown  is  more  distinct  and  alternate  with  gray.  About 
five  of  the  yellowish  patches  are  visible,  only  two  of 
them  distinct,  and  these  have  round  black  spots  pupilled 
with  white.  The  hind  wings  are  much  darker  than  the 
fore  wings,  and  the  dark  marks  are  not  distinctly  defined ; 
sprinkled  with  white  scales  over  the  basal  third,  and  an 
irregular  band  of  these  beyond  the  cell  and  along  the 
outer  margin ; a submarginal  row  of  intervenular  white 
points. 

Female. — Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  as  in  the  male, 
only  the  yellowish  patches  are  expanded  and  somewhat 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


249 


blended.  On  the  hind  wings,  instead  of  the  subter- 
minal row  there  is  a broad  terminal  suffusion  of  yellow- 
ish and  brown,  with  mere  traces  of  an  anal  spot. 

Under  surface  as  in  the  males,  except  that  the  hind 
wings  are  lighter,  the  dark  brown  lines  more  clearly  de- 
fined and  alternating  with  grayish  and  yellowish  brown, 
the  bands  and  points  of  white  as  in  the  male. 

This  species  occurs  in  the  northern  parts  of  both 
Europe  and  America,  but  Orono,  Maine,  is  the  only 
place  where  it  has  been  found  in  the  United  States. 
The  larva  is  unknown,  but  it  is  probable  that  it  feeds 
on  Carex. 

90.  Chionobus  Semidea,  Say. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.9  inches. 

Upper  surface  clear  wood-brown,  the  darker  mark- 
ings of  the  under  side  showing  through  a little ; costa 
spotted  with  white,  dark  brown, 
and  pale  gray-brown.  Fringes 
pale  whitish  towards  the  apex, 
widely  cut  with  brown  at  the 
ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  about  the  same 
color  as  above,  the  fore  wings 
traversed  by  a great  many  ab- 
breviated lines,  which  are  obscure 
dark  brown,  except  on  the  costa 
and  apical  portion,  where  the 
marks  are  dark  umber-brown 
alternating  with  white.  The 
marks  are  somewhat  gathered  into  bands  just  beyond 
the  cell.  Hind  wings  much  as  the  fore  wings,  only  that 


Fig.  72. 


Chionobus  Semidea,  under  side. 


250  the  butterflies  of  the 

the  dark  lines  are  all  clear  dark  brown,  inclined  to  be 
gathered  into  bands  through  the  cell  and  beyond  it ; the 
alternating  light  spots  before  the  first  and  beyond  the 
last  are  white  or  whitish,  making  two  irregular  whitish 
bands,  with  more  sprinkling  of  white  along  the  veins 
beyond  the  outer  whitish  band.  Antennae  annulate  with 
brown  and  white,  the  knob  fulvous. 

The  larva  is  said  to  feed  on  Carex  rigidct. 

White  Mountains,  N.H. 


SUBFAMILY  LIBYTHEI1SME. 

The  insects  of  the  one  genus  belonging  to  this  sub- 
family are  readily  known  by  their  long,  beak-like,  por- 
rect  palpi,  and  by  the  males  having  four  feet  adapted  for 
walking,  while  the  females  have  six. 

91.  Libythea  Bachmanni,  Kirtl. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.8  inches. 

This  species  is  readily  known  by  the  beak-like  palpi, 
which  are  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  head,  and  the 
quadrate  apex  to  the  fore  wings.  The  upper  surface  is 
brownish  black  on  the  fore  wings ; the  lower  half  of  the 
cell,  and  the  space  below  that,  about  twice  as  large,  are 
fulvous,  with  a patch  of  the  same  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
of  the  hind  wings.  The  fore  wings  have  a white  ante- 
apical  patch,  at  the  end  of  the  cell  an  oblique  white  bar, 
with  a quadrate  white  spot  beyond  its  posterior  end. 

The  under  side  is  brown,  the  fulvous  area  enlarged, 
the  hind  wings  and  tips  of  the  fore  wings  lilac-tinted, 
the  white  spots  repeated.  The  under  side  of  the  male  is 
clouded  with  cretaceous. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


251 


The  egg  is  of  a pale  green  color,  in  shape  an  oblate 
spheroid,  somewhat  pointed  at  the  base,  and  a little 
truncated  and  depressed  at  the  summit,  marked  by  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  longitudinal  ribs,  crossed  by  corrugations. 
This  hatches  in  about  four  days. 

The  young  larva  is  .04  of  an  inch  in  length,  cylin- 
drical, each  joint  with  four  transverse  creases;  covered 
with  fine  short  down.  Color  green,  semi-translucent. 
Head  twice  as  broad  as  joint  2 ; obovoid ; color  yellow- 
brown. 

After  the  first  moult,  which  takes  place  in  two  days, 
the  length  is  .08  or  .09  of  an  inch.  In  two  days  more 
it  passes  the  second  moult,  and  the  length  is  .12  of  an 
inch.  Upper  side  dark  green,  a faint  shade  of  yellow 
over  and  along  the  basal  ridge,  rather  macular.  In  two 
days  more  it  passes  the  third  moult,  when  the  length  is 
from  .26  to  .28  of  an  inch.  The  color  is  dull  green, 
yellowish  along  and  over  the  basal  ridge,  specked  with 
white  or  yellow-white  as  before  this  moult.  In  two 
days  more  it  passes  to  the  fourth  moult. 

The  mature  larva  is  from  .7  to  .9  of  an  inch  long, 
cylindrical,  thickened  at  joints  3 and  4,  the  dorsum 
of  the  last  segment  abruptly  curved  down  to  the  end. 
Color  dark  green,  the  lower  side,  and  also  the  feet  and 
legs,  pale  green.  It  is  creased  as  in  the  preceding  stages, 
and  on  the  ridges  are  pale  or  whitish  yellow  points. 
Along  the  sides  is  a supra-stigmatal  stripe,  above  which 
the  color  is  yellowish  for  a little  way,  also  a narrow 
dorsal  line,  sometimes  a subdorsal  one.  Head  ovoid, 
smooth,  green. 

The  chrysalis  is  half  an  inch  long,  compressed  ; head- 
case  square,  mesonotal  process  rounded.  Color  blue- 


252 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


green,  a faint  yellow  dorsal  line  from  the  last  joint  to 
the  middle,  where  it  forks,  sending  a branch  over  each 
wing-cover  to  the  tip  of  the  head-case,  where  they  meet ; 
a lateral  abdominal  yellow  line.  The  abdomen  marked 
with  many  white  tubercles. 

This  butterfly  differs  from  most  others  in  that  the 
males  have  only  four  feet  developed  for  walking,  while 
the  females  have  all  six  fully  developed.  The  eggs  are 
deposited  in  the  developing  ends  of  twigs  of  Celtis 
occidentalis  on  the  partially-developed  leaves,  only  one 
to  a leaf.  The  time  for  reaching  maturity  after  the 
fourth  moult  is  four  days,  and  the  pupal  period  is  from 
five  to  seven  days. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Texas,  Arizona. 

FAMILY  ERYCINIDiE. 

This  family  is  represented  by  small  or  medium-sized 
butterflies,  with  the  same  arrangement  of  feet  as  the  last 
subfamily  of  the  Nymphalidse,  or  the  males  with  four 
feet  and  the  females  with  six ; but  they  may  readily  be 
known  from  the  Libytheinse  by  the  palpi,  which  are 
short  or  only  of  moderate  length.  Little  is  known  of  the 
preparatory  stages,  but,  according  to  Mr.  H.  W.  Bates, 
“the  metamorphoses  are  variable,  some  genera  resem- 
bling the  Nymphalidse,  in  the  chrysalis  being  suspended 
by  the  tail,  and  others  the  Lycsenidse,  in  being  recumbent 
and  girt  with  a silken  thread.  Too  little  is  known  of 
the  caterpillars  to  enable  us  to  say  whether  they  offer 
any  peculiarity.”  The  preparatory  stages  offer  good 
bases  of  classification,  often  showing  the  relation  one 
group  bears  to  another  even  when  the  imagines  do  not 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


253 


show  this  so  clearly.  The  feet  indicate  that  this  family 
should  follow  Nymphalidse,  while  the  preparatory  stages 
of  Lemonias  Nais  show  that  they  should  come  next  to 
the  Lycsenidse  on  the  other  side.  Nearly  all  the  species 
are  found  in  America,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 


SUBFAMILY  ERYCININ^E. 

92.  Calephelis  (Aenius,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  .8  of  an  inch. 

Upper  surface  ferruginous,  the  wings  crossed  by  four 
or  five  more  or  less  sinuous  blackish  lines,  almost  separa- 
ble into  spots.  Beyond  these  are  two  lines  of  shining 
black-lead  color,  the  inner  sinuous;  a row  of  black 
points  between  them. 

Under  side  yellow  fulvous,  the  lines  and  spots  more 
distinct.  Fringes  blackish. 

Southern  States. 

93.  Calephelis  Borealis,  Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 to  1.2  inches. 

Upper  surface  umber-brown,  shaded  a little  with  red- 
dish, both  wings  with  four  transverse  sinuous  lines  of 
dark  brown,  the  space  along  the  outer  row  darker-shaded  , 
near  the  outer  margin  two  metallic  lead-colored  lines, 
with  a row  of  dots  between,  the  inner  line  sinuous. 
Outer  margin  reddish. 

Under  side  yellowish  orange,  with  the  rows  and  spots 
of  the  upper  surface  repeated,  but  with  less  distinctness, 
except  the  metallic  lead  lines. 

This  species  has  been  found  in  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
West  Virginia,  Michigan,  and  Illinois. 

22 


254 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


94.  Eumenia  Atala,  Poey. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.8  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  black,  the  fore  wings  washed 
with  green  three-fourths  the  distance  from  the  base  to 
the  apex.  Hind  wings  with  a little  green  on  each  side 
of  the  median  vein,  and  with  a broad  border  of  inter- 
venular  blue-green  lunules. 

Under  side  black  ; the  fore  wings  without  marks ; the 
hind  wings  with  three  rows  of  small  blue-green  spots, 
the  outer  two  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  the  inner 
sinuous,  just  beyond  the  cell.  On  the  inner  margin  is 
a large,  somewhat  oblong,  reddish-orange  patch,  dentate 
towards  the  base,  extending  from  the  middle  of  the 
margin  to  near  the  base.  Fringes  black. 

Body  black ; abdomen,  except  a portion  of  the  base 
above,  orange. 

Female. — This  differs  from  the  male  in  having  the 
green  scales  sprinkled  throughout  the  discal  cell  of  the 
fore  wings  and  sometimes  below  this ; the  border  lunules 
of  the  hind  wings  slightly  yellowish  green ; the  spots 
on  the  under  side  yellowish  green  ; and  the  apex  above 
and  below  bluish ; fringe  white. 

Florida. 

FAMILY  LYCiENIDiE. 

These  are  mostly  small  butterflies,  having  six  feet 
adapted  for  walking.  The  larvae  are  more  or  less  oblong- 
oval  or  oval,  with  the  head  retractile  into  the  second 
segment,  and  a dorsal  tuberculous  ridge.  The  chrysalis 
is  short,  attached  by  the  anal  extremity,  with  the  tip  of 
the  abdomen  bent  forward  and  the  body  girt  about  with 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


255 


a silken  thread  much  as  in  the  Papilionidse,  but  closer  to 
the  object  to  which  it  is  attached.  The  number  of  feet 
and  the  manner  of  attaching  the  chrysalides  would  imply 
close  relationship  with  the  Papilionidse,  and  some  authors 
place  them  next  to  that  family ; but  the  head  of  the 
adult  closely  appressed  against  the  body,  the  larvse,  by 
their  shape,  retractile  heads,  short  feet,  and  manner  of 
moving  over  a surface,  suggesting  the  Limacodes  group 
of  the  Bombycidse,  and  the  shape  of  the  eggs  somewhat 
like  those  of  the  Hesperidse,  all  seem  to  indicate  that 
they  should  be  placed  below  the  JNTymphalidse  and  the 
Erycinidse.  There  are  two  subfamilies,  Theclinse  and 
Lycseninse. 

SUBFAMILY  THECLINYE. 

These  generally  have  a rather  stout  body,  the  palpi 
very  short,  and  the  antennae  reaching  to  the  middle  of 
the  fore  wings ; often  the  anal  angle  more  or  less  pro- 
duced, with  one  or  two  slender  tails  projecting  from  the 
outer  margin  near  the  anal  angle. 

95.  Thecla  Halesus,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.6  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  bright  glossy  blue,  the  outer 
fourth  black,  except  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind 
wings,  wheare  the  border  becomes  narrow ; a border  of 
about  the  same  width  on  the  inner  margin;  a black 
sex-mark  in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings.  Hind  wings 
with  two  black  tails,  before  the  larger  of  which  is  a blue 
lunule,  with  a smaller  one  each  side ; the  anal  angle 
produced. 

Under  side  brown-black,  with  a red  spot  at  the  base  of 


256 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  fore  wings,  and  two  more  at  the  base  of  the  hind 
wings,  the  fore  wings  with  a dash  of  blue  along  the 
median  vein.  The  hind  wings  have  the  blue  lunules 
repeated,  with  three  others  standing  before  these,  yellow- 
green  in  a black  ground. 

Body  blue-black  above,  black  beneath,  with  the  under 
side  of  abdomen  orange. 

Female. — Larger  than  the  male,  about  half  of  each 
wing  dull  black,  and  the  hind  wings  have  two  tails.  The 
under  side  lacks  the  blue  on  the  fore  wings. 

According  to  Morris,  the  larva  is  green,  slightly  pubes- 
cent, the  head  testaceous.  On  the  back  there  is  a small 
ray,  and  on  the  sides  are  nine  oblique  bands  of  obscure 
green.  At  the  base  of  the  feet  is  a marginal  ray  of  yel- 
lowish green.  The  chrysalis  is  russety  painted  with 
browm.  Food-plant,  oak. 

Gulf  States,  Illinois,  Nevada,  California,  Arizona. 

96.  Thecla  M Album,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.3  inches. 

Upper  surface  rich  glossy  violet-blue,  a broad  outer 
border  and  costal  margin  of  black.  The  hind  wings 
have  two  tails,  and  a fulvous  spot  preceded  by  white  at 
the  anal  angle. 

Under  side  brownish  gray,  the  fore  wings  with  a single 
white  line  beyond  the  middle,  bent  inward  on  the  second 
median  venule,  and  then  outward  again  below.  This  is 
continued  across  the  hind  wings,  making  a rude  W before 
the  tails,  from  this  extending  inward  to  the  inner  margin. 
Between  this  and  the  margin  is  a second  line,  the  anterior 
half  consisting  of  a series  of  shallow  crescents,  the  whole 
edged  outwardly  with  black,  broken  before  the  first  tail 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


257 


by  an  orange  patch  which  extends  inward  to  the  first  line. 
Outer  margin  of  wing  white,  with  a large  pale  blue  patch 
before  second  tail,  separated  from  the  anal  angle  by  a 
black  spot,  a white  spot  in  the  subcostal  area  of  the 
hind  wings  towards  the  base.  Tails  black,  white-tipped. 
Lower  part  of  knob  of  antennae  and  costa  fulvous.  The 
female  has  the  black  border  on  the  upper  side  broader 
than  the  male. 

The  larva  is  slightly  pubescent,  pale  green,  a little 
yellowish,  with  a dorsal  stripe  and  seven  oblique  streaks 
of  dark  green.  Head  black,  a marginal  ray  of  yellow, 
slightly  shaded  with  obscure  green  on  its  upper  side. 
Food-plant,  oak. 

The  chrysalis  is  brownish  gray,  with  the  anterior  part 
and  the  wing-cases  pale  greenish  gray. 

Gulf  States,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio. 

97.  Thecla  Favonius,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 to  1.3  inches. 

Upper  surface  brownish  black,  the  male  a little  the 
brighter.  Males  with  a blackish  sex-mark  in  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  a fulvous  patch  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  hind  wings,  and  a smaller  spot  at  the  anal  angle. 
The  females  have  a similar  patch,  more  or  less  distinct, 
on  the  fore  wings ; and  both  sexes  have  the  anal  portion 
of  the  outer  margin  with  a white  line  just  within  the 
edge,  continuous  as  a dull  streak  to  the  apex. 

The  under  side  is  brownish  gray,  crossed  by  two  white 
broken  lines  common  to  both  wings,  the  inner  forming 
a W on  the  hind  wings  similar  to  that  on  the  under  side 
of  M Album , the  two  converging  from  before  back,  the 
outer  touching  the  points  of  the  W,  from  which  the  two 

r 22* 


258 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


run  parallel  to  the  inner  margin.  The  inner  line  is 
edged  with  black  within,  and  the  outer  black  on  the  out- 
side. A broad  fulvous  band  extends  on  the  outside  of 
the  second  line  from  the  outer  point  of  the  W to  near  the 
apex,  where  it  tapers  to  a point,  with  more  or  less  black 
between  this  and  the  outer  edge.  In  front  of  the  tails 
pale  blue,  sprinkled  with  black,  with  black  at  the  anal 
angle.  Subcostal  patch  as  in  M Album. 

The  larva  is  said  to  be  yellowish  green,  with  a dorsal 
line  and  eight  oblique  streaks  of  dark  green.  Marginal 
line  green,  yellow  below. 

Chrysalis  ash-gray,  with  two  rows  of  blackish  points 
on  each  side  of  the  abdominal  rings. 

Gulf  States,  South  Carolina. 

98.  Thecla  Autolycus,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.05  to  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  brown,  the  fore  wings  with  a large 
patch  of  clear  ochraceous  in  the  outer  half,  in  some 
examples  almost  a broad  band  nearly  from  margin  to 
margin,  or  it  may  be  subtriangular,  with  a blackish 
sex-mark  in  the  cell.  Hind  wings  with  a patch  of  the 
same  before  the  tails,  and  a little  fulvous  at  the  anal 
angle.  Tails  two ; between  their  bases  there  is  usually 
a black  spot. 

Under  side  brownish  gray  or  fawn  color,  with  two 
white,  more  or  less  broken  lines;  the  two  on  the  fore 
wings,  and  the  inner  one  on  the  hind  wings,  edged  with 
brown,  the  other  with  a black  border,  the  position  of  the 
edging  as  in  Favonius.  The  inner  line  of  the  hind  wings 
makes  a shallow  W,  the  outer  line  sending  out  three  den- 
tations, one  opposite  each  tail  and  one  opposite  the  anal 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


259 


angle.  The  outer  line  has  a series  of  fulvous  crescents 
outside  the  black,  and  beyond  this  a black  spot  at  the 
anal  angle,  one  between  the  bases  of  the  tails,  and  between 
these  there  is  a pale  blue  patch. 

Texas,  Missouri. 

99.  Thecla  Humuli,  Harr. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.05  to  1.2  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish,  with  a slight  blue-gray  tint, 
the  males  with  a blackish  patch  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of 
the  fore  wings.  Along  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind 
wings  is  a series  of  more  or  less  distinct  pale  blue  spots, 
interrupted  by  a large  orange  crescent  enclosing  a black 
spot,  the  blue  spot  towards  the  anal  angle  with  a similar 
black  spot ; an  orange  spot  at  the  anal  angle.  Margin 
of  hind  wing  black,  with  a white  line  within  ; two  slender 
tails,  tipped  with  white. 

Under  side  gray,  two  blackish-brown  lines  crossing 
both  wings,  the  inner  edged  externally,  and  very  slightly 
internally,  with  white,  and  the  outer  on  the  hind  wings 
faintly  edged  on  the  inside  with  white ; these  two  lines 
converging  a little  posteriorly,  the  inner,  on  the  hind 
wings,  forming  a very  shallow  W.  The  orange  and 
black  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are  repeated,  but  the 
orange  is  enlarged  to  a patch ; the  anal  angle  is  black, 
with  an  orange  spot  before  it.  Both  wings  have  black 
outer  margins,  supplemented  with  white  on  the  hind 
wings. 

The  larvae  are  “ green,  downy  caterpillars,”  feeding  on 
the  common  hop-vine.  The  butterfly  is  to  be  seen  in 
May. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Montana. 


260 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


100.  Thecla  Acadica,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  grayish  brown,  costal  edge  of  both 
wings  red  or  reddish,  the  males  with  the  usual  subcostal 
sex-mark.  Hind  wings  with  one  tail,  a very  slight  angle 
in  place  of  the  second.  The  anal  portion  of  the  hind 
wings  edged  \vith  white,  and  before  this  a distinct  fulvous 
band. 

Under  side  gray,  varying  from  brownish  gray  to  gray- 
white.  At  the  end  of  each  cell  a short  bar  edged  with 
white.  Beyond  this  a bent  row  of  black  spots  surrounded 
with  white,  those  on  the  hind  wings  not  reaching  the 
inner  margin.  Beyond  these  is  a row  of  black  crescent- 
like spots,  bordered  within  with  white  and  without  by 
fulvous,  the  latter  fading  out  towards  the  apex  of  the 
fore  wings ; the  last  and  the  third  from  the  last  on  the 
hind  wings  large,  with  the  usual  blue  patch  between 
them,  these  two  with  a black  outer  edging. 

Of  the  preparatory  stages  of  this  species  Mr.  Vm, 
Saunders  gives  substantially  the  following.  Found  feed- 
ing on  willow  four  succeeding  years.  Length  .63  of  an 
inch,  onisciform.  Head  very  small,  pale  brown  and 
shining,  drawn  within  joint  2 when  at  rest.  Body  above 
green,  of  a moderately  dark  shade,  thickly  covered  with 
very  short  whitish  hairs,  scarcely  visible  without  a lens. 
From  joint  3 to  10  a dorsal  line  of  darker  green  than 
the  ground  color.  Dorsal  region  flat ; rather  wide ; bor- 
der, a raised  whitish-yellow  line,  beginning  at  joint  3 and 
fading  out  on  joints  12  and  13.  Sides  of  body  inclined 
at  an  almost  acute  angle  and  faintly  striped  with  oblique 
greenish-yellow  lines.  A whitish-yellow  line  borders 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


261 


the  under  surface,  beginning  on  joint  2 and  extending 
round  the  hind  end  of  the  body.  This  line  is  raised  the 
same  as  that  bordering  the  dorsal  ridge. 

The  chrysalis  is  .32  of  an  inch  long,  thickly  covered 
with  minute  hairs.  Color  pale  brown,  with  many  dots 
and  patches  of  darker  shade,  a dark  ventral  stripe  from 
joint  7 to  the  end  of  the  body.  Sides  with  four  or  five 
short  lines  of  dark  brown. 

Northern  States,  Montana,  Nevada,  Arizona. 

101.  Thecla  Edwardsii,  Saund. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  pale  wood-brown,  the  male  with  the 
usual  subcostal  sex-mark,  hind  wings  with  one  short  tail 
and  an  angle  in  place  of  the  second  tail ; two  faint  black- 
ish spots  on  the  hind  wings,  one  between  the  tail  and  the 
angle,  and  the  other  towards  the  anal  angle,  faint  orange 
crescents  before  each. 

Under  side  paler  than  the  upper,  two  rows  of  spots 
across  each  wing  as  in  the  lines  of  the  preceding  species, 
but  here  they  are  shorter,  with  spaces  between.  The  spots 
of  the  inner  row,  except  the  last  two  on  the  hind  wings, 
are  oblong  and  oval,  each  surrounded  with  white,  the  last 
two  longer  than  the  others.  The  outer  row  is  a series 
of  blackish  crescents,  edged  on  the  inner  side  with  white, 
on  the  outside  with  orange,  fading  out  towards  the  apex 
of  the  fore  wings,  more  prominent  at  the  anal  portion 
of  the  hind  wings ; the  usual  blue  patch  between  the 
next  to  the  last  and  the  margin,  and  the  two  black  spots 
of  the  other  species.  At  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  a spot 
similar  to  the  spots  of  the  inner  row. 

Maine  to  Nebraska,  Colorado. 


262 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


102.  Thecla  Wittfeldii,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.7  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  black-brown  ; fore  wings  have 
a large  oval  stigma;  hind  wings  have  the  edge  of  the 
hind  or  outer  margin  on  posterior  half  pure  metallic 
blue ; a large  fulvous  spot  in  second  median  interspace 
over  a black  spot  on  the  margin ; two  tails,  the  posterior 
one  very  long,  measuring  .24  of  an  inch  on  the  anterior 
side,  the  other  .1  of  an  inch ; black  tipped  with  white. 
Fringes  of  fore  wings  fuscous,  of  hind  wings  the  same 
to  the  upper  median  venule,  then  white,  and  next  anal 
angle  long,  brown,  with  a whitish  line  running  through 
them. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  the  outer  margins  narrowly 
edged  with  white;  the  costal  edge  of  the  fore  wings 
next  the  base  red.  Both  wings  are  crossed  by  two 
macular  white  lines,  the  outer  one  submarginal,  nearly 
parallel  to  the  margin,  and  quite  regular,  broken  at  the 
venules,  crenated  on  posterior  half  of  hind  wings,  and 
ending  in  an  oblique  streak  up  the  inner  margin ; each 
spot  edged  with  black  on  outer  side,  and  on  fore  wings, 
in  the  median  interspaces,  there  is  more  or  less  fulvous 
outside  the  black.  On  the  hind  wings  is  a large  spot 
on  the  margin  below  the  lower  median  venule,  made 
by  blue-wThite  scales  on  the  brown  ground ; in  the  next 
interspace  are  three  deep  red  fulvous  spots,  diminishing 
gradually  in  size,  the  outer  one  sometimes  obsolete,  the 
largest  with  a black  patch  on  its  marginal  side.  Anal 
angle  black,  overlaid  on  inner  margin  by  white  and  a red 
streak.  The  inner  of  the  two  lines  is  extra-discal,  some- 
what irregular,  especially  on  the  hind  wings,  and  joins 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


263 


the  other  at  the  lower  median  venule  of  the  hind  wings, 
then  makes  an  angle  in  submedian  interspace,  and  ends 
in  a streak  up  the  inner  margin.  In  the  cell  of  each 
wing  are  two  parallel  abbreviated  white  streaks  or  bars. 

Female. — Upper  side  as  in  the  male  except  the  stigma. 
The  tails  measure  .26  and  .12  of  an  inch  respectively. 
Under  side  as  in  the  male. 

This  species  differs  from  Calanus  in  the  longer  tails, 
in  the  larger  size,  and  in  the  inner  of  the  two  lines  on 
the  under  side  being  single,  whereas  in  Calanus  it  is 
double  or  chain-like. 

Indian  River,  Florida. 


103.  Thecla  Calanus,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  wood-brown,  with  slight  brassy 
green  reflection,  the  males  with  the  usual  sex-mark ; hind 
wings  with  two  tails,  both 
rather  short ; a fine,  white  Fig.  73. 

marginal  line  from  the  anal 
angle  to  the  longest  tail,  with 
a black  mark  between  the 
tails. 

Under  side  grayish  brown; 
both  wings  crossed  by  two 
darker,  broken  lines,  on  the 
hind  wings  both  lines  white,- 

edged  on  both  sides,  but  more  distinctly  so  on  the  out- 
side of  the  inner  line  and  on  the  inside  of  the  outer  line. 
These  parts  of  the  lines  on  the  fore  wings  are  distinctly 
white,  but  only  now  and  then  a few  white  scales  on  the 
other  side  of  these  lines.  On  the  hind  wings  the  outer 


Thecla  Calanus,  male,  the  under  side 
at  the  l^ft. 


264 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


line  shows  the  open  W mark,  but  the  inner  is  broken  at 
the  second  median  venule,  both  extending  some  distance 
up  the  inner  margin.  The  black  spot  between  the  tails 
is  repeated,  another  at  the  anal  angle,  the  space  between 
these  spots,  the  line  and  the  edge  of  the  wing,  being  filled 
with  blue  and  black  scales.  Next  to  the  outer  line  are 
three  orange  crescents,  one  before  each  black  spot,  and 
one  in  the  first  median  interspace.  At  the  end  of  the 
cell  on  both  wings  is  a short  double  bar  edged  on  both 
sides  with  white. 

Var.  Lorata,  Gr. — Rob. — This  is  a form  in  which 
the  under  side  has  an  extra  basal  streak  common  to 
both  wings,  composed  of  powdery  dark  blue  scales. 
This  is  slightly  irregular,  and  is  lost  inferiorly  among 
the  longer  scales  which  clothe  the  inner  margin  of  the 
hind  wings. 

The  larva,  according  to  Mr.  Vm.  Saunders,  has  the 
head  small,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  a minute  black 
dot  on  each  side.  Body  yellowish  green,  streaked  above 
with  yellowish  white,  and  thickly  covered  with  fine, 
short,  white  hairs ; second  joint  of  a darker  shade  of 
green  than  the  rest  of  the  body.  A dark  green  dorsal 
stripe  on  joints  3 to  5,  the  full  width  of  the  dorsal  crest; 
narrow  on  the  four  terminal  joints,  almost  obsolete  on 
those  intermediate.  A faint  .whitish  dorsal  line  runs 
through  the  entire  stripe.  Dorsal  crest  edged  with  yel- 
lowish white,  most  apparent  where  it  borders  the  darker 
portions  of  the  dorsal  stripe.  Sides  of  the  body  with  a 
few  faint  oblique  lines  of  yellowish  white.  Body  mar- 
gined on  each  side  with  the  same  color  close  to  the  under 
surface,  extending  round  the  posterior  joint. 

After  the  last  moult  the  body  becomes  more  whitish 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


265 


green,  with  the  dorsal  stripe  greenish  brown.  On  joint 
5 a streak  of  dark  brown  crosses  the  end  of  the  dorsal 
stripe,  extending  down  the  sides ; with  several  brown 
dots  along  the  sides.  Joints  10  and  11  with  an  oblique 
brown  streak  on  each  side.  The  sides  of  the  body  with 
five  or  six  oblique  white  lines. 

Before  pupating  the  larva  assumes  a delicate  pink 
color. 

The  chrysalis  is  .4  of  an  inch  long,  pale  brown, 
sprinkled  with  many  dots  of  a darker  shade,  is  thickly 
covered  with  short  yellow  hairs,  and  has  a ventral  line 
of  dark  brown. 

The  larvae  feed  on  oak. 

Atlantic  and  Western  States,  Texas,  Colorado,  New 
Mexico.  Var.  Lorata  is  found  in  West  Virginia. 

104.  Thecla  Ontario,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  grayish  brown,  fore  wings  of  male 
with  an  oval  sex-mark  near  the  costal  margin ; and  one 
tail,  and  an  angle  in  place  of  the  second.  From  the  base 
of  tail  to  the  anal  angle  a fine  white  marginal  line,  with 
a few  fulvous  scales  at  the  anal  angle.  Between  the  first 
and  second  median  venules  is  an  indistinct  marginal 
dark  spot,  in  front  of  which  is  a small  fulvous  crescent. 

Under  side  uniform  light  brown,  with  two  transverse 
lines,  common  to  both  wings,  much  as  in  T.  Humuli. 
The  inner  line  of  the  fore  wings  is  edged  without  with 
white,  as  is  also  the  corresponding  one  on  the  hind  wings. 
The  outer  line  on  the  fore  wings  is  indistinct  at  the  ex- 
tremities, and  shows  a very  little  external  white  edging 
through  the  middle ; but  on  the  hind  wings  this  line  is 
m 23 


266 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


distinctly  white-edged  internally.  On  the  hind  wings 
the  inner  line  forms  a shallow  W,  the  outer  line  being 
dentate  in  this  part  of  its  course,  both  extending  part 
way  up  the  inner  margin.  The  black  spot  of  the  upper 
side  is  repeated,  with  another  at  the  anal  angle.  The 
outer  line  has  along  its  course  from  in  front  of  the  black 
spot  back  to  the  inner  margin  a fulvous  stripe,  with  a 
large  light  blue  patch  between  the  black  spots. 

The  body  above  is  fuscous;  beneath,  abdomen  ashy 
brown,  thorax  blue-gray ; palpi  white  tipped  with  black ; 
antennae  annulated  white  and  black ; club  black  tipped 
with  ferruginous. 

New  England  States. 

105.  Thecla  Strigosa,  Harr. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.2  inches. 

Upper  side  dark  brown,  the  males  without  spots ; but 
the  females  sometimes  have  a fulvous  spot  near  the  anal 
angle,  and  they  are  paler  in  color. 

Under  side  pale  reddish  brown. 
The  outer  part  of  both  wings  is 
crossed  by  four  irregular,  rather 
wavy,  white  lines,  varying  a little 
in  different  specimens,  but  the 
two  inner  ones  on  the  fore  wings 
approach  each  other  on  the  hind 
margin.  The  third  is  shorter 
than  the  second,  and  the  fourth 
reaches  only  to  the  middle  of  the 
wing.  The  inner  line  on  the  hind 
wings  extends  nearly  across,  then, 
bending,  runs  part  way  up  the  inner  margin,  preceded  in 


Fig.  74. 


Thecla  Strigosa,  the  lower 
showing  under  side. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


267 


the  last  part  of  its  course  by  another  line  nearly  parallel 
to  it.  Above  the  termination  of  these  two  is  a circlet 
of  white  on  the  margin.  The  outer  line  is  short,  and 
limited  to  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  fore  wings  have 
a submarginal  row  of  indistinct  brown  lunules,  edged  on 
the  inside  with  white;  the  hind  wings  have  a similar 
series,  which  are  bright  red  towards  the  anal  angle,  and 
edged  on  the  inner  side  with  black  followed  by  white, 
and  enclosing,  next  to  the  anal  angle,  a large  black  space 
which  is  nearly  covered  with  blue  scales.  Beyond  this 
is  a small  black  spot ; and  there  is  another  at  the  angle, 
surmounted  by  a red  stripe,  edged  like  the  lunules,  and 
extending  up  the  inner  margin.  The  lunules  next  the 
apex  usually  exhibit  a few  scales  of  red.  The  margins 
of  both  wings  are  edged  with  a fine  whitish  line. 

The  body  is  fuscous,  beneath  grayish  white;  palpi 
white,  the  upper  joint  black  tipped  with  white ; antennae 
annulated  black  and  white;  club  fuscous  tipped  with 
white. 

According  to  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders,  the  larva  feeds  on 
a species  of  thorn  ( Cratcegus ).  The  following  is  his 
description  of  it  : 

Length  half  an  inch.  Head  greenish  brown.  Body 
flattened,  sloping  abruptly  at  the  sides.  Color  velvet- 
green,  with  a darker-colored  dorsal  stripe.  The  anterior 
edge  of  second  segment  yellowish  brown,  with  a few 
darker  dots ; the  middle  segment  is  laterally  striped  with 
two  or  three  faint  yellow  oblique  lines,  the  last  two  seg- 
ments have  each  a lateral  yellow  patch,  and  there  is  a 
faint  yellow  basal  line  from  the  fifth  to  the  terminal 
segment.  Under  surface  bluish  green. 

The  chrysalis  is  .37  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  oval ; the 


268 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


head-case  rounded.  The  body  is  dark  reddish  brown, 
with  black  markings,  and  thickly  covered  with  fine 
hairs.  The  anterior  segments  have  many  black  patches 
on  them,  and  there  is  a dark  ventral  line  from  joint 
6 to  joint  12. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Montana,  Colo- 
rado. 

106.  Thecla  Smilacis,  Bd. — Lee, 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

The  upper  surface  dark  brown;  the  middle  area  of 
both  wings,  except  a broad  costal  border,  ochraceous 
between  the  veins.  Hind  wings  with  two  slender  tails, 
black  tipped  with  white. 

Under  side  yellowish  green,  sprinkled  with  brown 
scales,  the  end  of  the  cell  and  along  hind  margin  of  fore 
wings,  and  the  middle  portion  of  the  outer  fourth  of  hind 
wings,  washed  with  brown  having  a violet  tinge.  On 
the  hind  wings  a curving  white  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  a straight  subcostal  bar  shaded  outside  with  ferru- 
ginous brown.  Beyond  the  cell  a prominent  white  line, 
sinuous  on  the  hind  wings,  heavily  shaded  internally 
with  ferruginous  brown.  Edge  of  wings  white  ; on  the 
hind  wings  between  this  and  the  white  line,  from  the 
inner  margin  towards  the  apex,  is  a series  of  five  brown- 
black  spots  slightly  edged  internally  with  white,  the  first 
and  third  supplemented  by  two  others  nearer  the  margin. 
Between  these  spots  and  the  edge  the  space  is  covered 
with  a mixture  of  white,  black,  and  brown  scales.  End 
of  veins  black. 

It  is  said  that  the  larva  of  this  species  is  green,  with 
the  head  and  feet  blackish.  It  has  four  rows  of  red  spots, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


269 


of  which  the  two  dorsal  are  formed  of  smaller  spots,  and 
the  one  on  each  side  is  composed  of  spots  which  are  some- 
what larger. 

The  chrysalis  is  grayish  brown,  with  the  abdomen 
more  clear  and  reddish. 

The  larva  feeds  on  Smilax. 

Atlantic  and  Western  States,  Northwest  Texas. 

107.  Thecla  Acis,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  about  1 inch. 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  entirely  dark  brown,  with- 
out any  marks  or  spots.  Hind  wings  the  same  color ; 
each  wing  with  two  tails,  the  one  near  the  anal  angle 
much  longer  than  the  other.  Close  above  this  tail  is  a 
bright  red  spot,  edged  outwardly  with  black,  and  another 
at  the  anal  angle.  Fringes  white. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  lead  color.  A very  narrow 
black  and  white  line  crosses  the  fore  wings,  parallel  to 
the  outer  margin  ; and  an  indented,  irregular  line  crosses 
the  hind  wings,  beginning  near  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
edge,  and  meeting  just  below  the  extremity  of  the  body. 
Two  long  reddish  spots  are  visible  on  this  side,  below 
which  are  four  black  ones. 

The  above  is  substantially  Drury’s  description.  A 
female  from  Florida  Keys  differed  a little,  as  the  follow- 
ing will  show. 

Color  of  the  upper  side  brown,  with  the  inner  half 
of  the  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings  and  the  inner  half 
of  the  hind  wings  bright  blue.  Only  the  anal  red  spot 
is  visible. 

On  the  under  side  the  common  black  and  white  line  is 
prominent  on  both  wings ; outside  this  on  the  hind  wings 

23* 


270 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


is  a trace  of  another  from  the  apex,  meeting  the  inner 
line  before  the  shorter  tail,  but  renewed  again  before  the 
inner  or  longer  tail,  from  which  it  goes  to  the  inner 
margin.  Before  the  space  between  the  base  of  the  two 
tails  and  the  inner  line  is  a patch  of  orange  shading 
into  yellow  outwardly,  with  a little  yellow  outside  the 
outer  line  near  the  inner  margin.  Between  the  orange 
patch  and  the  outer  margin  is  a spot  of  red  and  black  at 
the  anal  angle,  with  a patch  of  blue  and  black  between. 
Between  the  orange  patch  and  the  apex  the  outer  line  is 
bordered  externally  by  a black  shading,  and  outside  of 
this  some  pale  gray  scales. 

Basal  third  of  costa  orange.  Antennae  black  annu- 
late with  white ; knob  black  tipped  with  orange. 

Key  West,  Florida. 

108.  Thecla  Poeas,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  inch  to  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  in  some  specimens 
entirely  so,  in  others  a few  blue  scales  along  the  inner 
margin  of  the  hind  wings,  in  still  others  nearly  all  the 
hind  margin  blue,  with  the  same  color  extending  over  the 
base  of  the  fore  wings.  In  such  blue-washed  specimens 
there  is  a series  of  marginal  black  lunules  along  the 
outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings.  The  hind  wings  have 
two  unequal  tails,  black'  tipped  with  white.  The  costa 
of  the  fore  wings  red-edged,  more  distinctly  seen  on  the 
under  side. 

Under  side  brownish  or  russety  gray,  with  two  lines 
beyond  the  middle,  common  to  both  wings,  as  in  allied 
species.  The  inner  is  clear  white,  edged  on  the  inside  with 
narrow  black,  and  farther  in  heavily  shaded  with  reddish 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


271 


orange ; the  line  making  an  open  W near  the  anal  angle 
of  the  hind  wings.  Outer  line  black,  more  or  less  ob- 
solete on  the  fore  wings,  on  the  hind  wings  shaded  more 
or  less  with  white  on  both  sides ; the  usual  black  spot 
between  the  base  of  the  tails  and  at  the  anal  angle,  with 
the  blue  patch  between.  In  some  examples  the  black 
extends  as  a shade  along  the  margin  towards  the  apex ; 
in  one  specimen  the  black  spot  between  the  tails  is  pre- 
ceded by  a reddish-orange  crescent.  Both  wings  have 
traces  of  discal  bars. 

Southern  States,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Indiana. 

109.  Thecla  Columella,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Male. — Upper  surface  grayish  brown,  a large,  quad- 
rate, blackish  stigma  in  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore 
wings.  The  hind  wings  have  one  tail,  and  about  two 
black  spots  near  the  anal  angle. 

Under  side  gray,  with  a distinct  lilac  reflection.  The 
fore  wings  have  a dark  bar  across  the  end  of  the  cell, 
somewhat  obscure ; beyond  the  cell  is  a slightly-bent  row 
of  black  spots,  not  reaching  the  hind  margin,  each  convex 
outwardly  and  bordered  with  white.  Outside  this  are 
two  rows,  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  of  faint  white 
lunules,  with  a dusky  shade  between  the  rows  and  out- 
side the  outer  row. 

The  hind  wings  have  the  bar  across  the  end  of  the  cell, 
a dot  in  the  cell  and  one  above  near  the  edge,  the  curved 
row  of  black  and  white  spots  continuous  with  the  fore 
wings ; all  having  a slight  sprinkling  of  orange  scales 
on  the  black.  Outside  the  line  of  spots  are  also  the  two 
rows  of  white  lunules  and  dusky  shades,  a little  more 


272 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


distinct  than  on  the  fore  wings.  In  the  outer  row,  be- 
tween the  second  and  third  median  venules,  is  an  orange 
patch  with  a black  spot  outside,  the  two  colors  blending 
on  their  edges ; a black  spot  at  the  anal  angle  sprinkled 
a little  with  orange,  and  a blue  patch  between  them. 
Fringe  whitish,  tail  black. 

Female. — Of  the  same  color  above  as  the  male,  ex- 
cept that  the  inner  half  of  the  hind  wings  is  washed 
with  pale  blue,  and  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings 
has  about  five  black  spots.  The  stigma  of  the  fore  wings 
absent. 

The  under  side  is  the  same  as  the  male,  but  the  spots 
and  marks  are  more  distinct.  Body  bluish  gray  above, 
whitish  beneath. 

Florida,  Texas ; occasional  in  New  York. 

110.  Thecla  Augustus,  Kirby. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  to  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  tinted  with  rusty  brown 
on  the  outer  part  of  the  hind  wings,  on  some  examples  a 
slight  greenish  reflection. 

Under  side  of  the  fore  wings  lighter  than  above  and 
more  distinct  brown,  with  a faint  transverse  line  marking 
the  outer  fourth,  beyond  which  is  a row  of  small  dots 
continued  across  the  hind  wings.  The  basal  half  of  the 
hind  wings  is  quite  dark  brown,  but  the  outer  half  is 
about  the  shade  of  the  fore  wings,  the  whole  sprinkled 
with  light  purplish  scales.  There  are  no  tails. 

In  Maine  this  butterfly  is  on  the  wing  from  the  middle 
of  May  to  the  middle  of  June.  The  early  stages  and 
food-plant  are  unknown. 

Eastern  States. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


273 


111.  Thecla  Irus,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.25  inches. 

Three  forms  have  until  recently  been  included  in  this 
species,  two  of  which  are  still  retained  as  varieties,  while 
the  third  is  set  apart  as  the  next  species. 

Var.  Arsace,  Bd. — Lee. — This  has  the  upper  side 
of  the  wings  dark  brown,  with  greenish  reflections.  The 
stigma  on  the  fore  wings  of  the  males  is  three  times  as 
long  as  wide. 

Under  side  of  the  wings  blackish  brown  on  the  basal 
half,  and  lighter  beyond.  The  outer  part  of  the  fore 
wing  is  overlaid  more  or  less  with  white  scales.  The 
tooth  of  the  hind  wing  next  outside  the  anal  angle 
curves  outward,  and  there  is  a more  or  less  prominent 
black  spot  within  the  margin  between  the  base  of  the 
tooth  mentioned  and  the  one  next  outside.  In  the  hoary 
outer  space  of  both  wings  is  a transverse  row  of  brown 
points,  clouded  somewhat  on  the  hind  wings. 

This  variety  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  and  Western 
States. 

Yar.  Massii,  H.  Edw. — This  form  has  been  found 
only  on  Vancouver  Island. 

Morris  says  the  larva  of  this  species  feeds  on  Vac- 
cinium,  and  is  yellowish  green,  with  two  dorsal  inter- 
rupted lines ; one  lateral  line  and  eight  oblique  streaks 
pale  green. 

112.  Thecla  Henrici,  Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .85  inch  to  1.1  inches. 

This  species  closely  resembles  var.  Arsace  of  the  pre- 
ceding species  in  form  and  color  as  well  as  in  markings, 
s 


274 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


but  differs  in  having  the  outer  part  of  the  hind  wings 
somewhat  rust-colored,  the  teeth  shorter,  and  the  first  one 
beyond  the  anal  angle  not  curving  outward,  and  in  want- 
ing the  black  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings 
between  the  bases  of  the  first  two  teeth.  The  stigma  on 
the  fore  wings  of  the  males  is  shorter  and  wider,  being 
only  twice  as  long  as  wide.  It  averages  smaller  than 
var.  Arsace. 

According  to  Mr.  Edwards,  the  eggs  are  deposited  on 
wild  plums  at  the  base  of  the  flower-stalks.  When 
the  young  larvae  hatch  from  the  eggs  they  ascend  the 
flower-stalks  and  eat  the  newly-forming  fruit.  A hole 
is  eaten  into  the  fruit  large  enough  for  the  head  to 
enter,  and  thenceforward  the  caterpillar  spends  most  of 
his  time  with  his  head  in  the  cavity,  growing  with  the 
growth  of  the  plum,  until  the  whole  interior  is  eaten 
out. 

The  eggs  are  shaped  like  those  of  Lyccena  Violacea, 
flattened  and  depressed  : about  this  depression  the  ridges 
are  reduced,  and  the  surface  is  finely  reticulated,  but 
elsewhere  there  is  a white  frosting  of  peaks  and  ridges. 
Color  whitish  green.  The  lace- work  seems  to  be  sepa- 
rable : in  one  case  where  the  egg  had  been  rubbed  by 
a leaf,  apparently,  a film  was  turned  up,  and  the  real 
surface  was  seen  to  be  delicate  green. 

In  from  five  to  six  days  the  larva  hatches.  Length 
.04  of  an  inch,  oval,  broadest  anteriorly,  the  base 
flattened ; dorsum  high,  sloping  posteriorly ; summit  a 
little  flattened,  with  two  rows  of  long,  recurved  white 
hairs  on  each  side.  Color  brownish  yellow. 

Five  days  afterwards  it  moults  the  first  time,  when  it  is 
.08  of  an  inch  long,  with  a red-brown  dorsal  stripe  stop- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


275 


ping  at  joint  12  ; on  each  side  of  this  dull  yellow-green, 
with  a macular  brown  subdorsal  line.  Sides  sloping,  a 
little  incurved,  red-brown,  with  a broken  yellowish  line ; 
a similar  but  continuous  line  along  the  basal  ridge.  Body 
much  covered  with  short,  stiff,  brown  hairs.  Head  cor- 
date, smooth,  yellow-green. 

It  moults  again  in  three  or  four  days,  when  it  is  .12  of 
an  inch  long,  shaped  much  as  before,  with  a tuberculous 
ridge  across  each  segment  from  4 to  11.  Color  red-brown 
and  dull  yellow-green.  Dorsal  band  red,  tapering  pos- 
teriorly to  a point,  with  a central  green  line;  outside 
this  band  a green  one,  with  a red-brown  speck  on  each 
segment.  Sides  red-brown,  with  green  central  line ; basal 
ridge  green. 

In  five  days  it  moults  the  third  time,  and  measures  .3 
of  an  inch ; but  seven  days  later,  when  ready  to  pupate, 
it  is  .56  of  an  inch  long.  The  summit  of  the  dorsum  is 
flattened,  a little  concave,  covered  by  a broad  band  cut 
by  a paler  line;  the  remainder  of  the  elevated  ridges 
yellow-green.  Sides  red-brown,  with  an  indistinct  green 
line.  Basal  ridge  green,  head  yellow-green.  One  day 
after  moult  the  color  changes  to  port- wine  red  ; the  sub- 
dorsal area  remains  yellow-green,  but  is  red-tinted  on 
the  posterior  part  of  each  segment ; the  sides  the  same 
red ; a pale  red  line  along  the  basal  ridge ; about  the 
spiracles  a little  green. 

Chrysalis  .3  of  an  inch  long ; black  or  blackish  brown, 
with  obscure  red  band,  and  on  each  side  a narrow  black 
stripe  in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  In  this  stage  the 
species  hibernates. 

West  Virginia,  Maine. 


276 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


113.  Thecla  Niphon,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.15  inches. 

Upper  side  dark  blackish  brown,  with  a large  rusty 
brown  space  in  the  middle  of  each  wing  of  the  female, 
but  only  near  the  anal  angle  of  the  male ; the  males  with 
a small,  oval,  subcostal  sex-mark. 

Under  side  light  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  scales 
so  as  to  be  hoary,  especially  in  a band  beyond  the  common 
white  line.  Fore  wings  with  a brown  bar  at  the  end  of 
the  cell,  edged  outside  with  white ; a brown  spot  farther 
towards  the  base.  Beyond  the  cell  a somewhat  zigzag 
white  line,  not  reaching  the  hind  margin,  bordered  within 
by  a broader  brown  line.  Beyond  this  a submarginal 
row  of  dark  brown  lunate  spots,  shaded  outside  with 
white,  and  in  some  examples  sending  white  rays  to  the 
white  spots  in  the  fringe.  The  hind  wings  with  the 
basal  third  quite  hoary,  defined  externally  by  dark  brown. 
Cutting  the  outer  third  is  a tortuous  white  line  shaded 
within  with  dark  brown,  the  middle  third  of  wing  but 
little  hoary.  The  submarginal  row  of  lunules  continuous, 
shaded  a little  with  white  externally,  the  space  between 
this  and  the  white  line  quite  hoary ; a little  washing  of 
white  along  the  outer  margin.  There  are  no  tails,  but 
about  three  prominent  teeth  or  angles  to  each  hind  wing. 

The  larva  is  green  and  pubescent,  longitudinal  stripes 
on  the  back,  the  middle  one  pale  yellow,  the  other  two 
white.  Near  the  feet  there  is  usually  a small  marginal 
white  line.  Head  brown. 

The  chrysalis  is  grayish,  with  four  rows  of  small  spots, 
of  which  the  two  middle  ones  are  blackish  and  indistinct, 
the  others  ferruginous. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


277 


Food-plant,  pine. 

Atlantic  and  Western  States,  Colorado. 

114.  Thecla  L^eta,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  inch  to  1.1  inches. 

Male. — Upper  side  black,  near  the  base  of  the  fore 
wings  a few  scales  of  deep  metallic  blue ; next  the  anal 
angle  a band  of  the  same  color,  which  extends  half-way 
along  the  outer  margin,  sprinkled  with  black.  Beyond 
this  a fine  line  of  blue  scales  follows  the  margin  to  the 
outer  angle.  Anal  angle  edged  with  red ; fringe  gray. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  and  apex  and  costal  margin 
of  fore  wings  slate-blue,  with  a green  reflection ; costal 
edge  of  fore  wings  red  ; disk  of  same  wings  smoke-color. 
Beyond  the  cell,  on  the  costal  margin,  a transverse,  ab- 
breviated series  of  five  small  red  spots,  edged  outwardly 
with  white,  the  last  two  obscured  by  the  smoky  hue  of 
the  disk. 

The  hind  wings  have  two  series  of  red  spots  parallel 
to  the  outer  margin,  those  of  the  exterior  small,  and 
towards  the  outer  angle  minute,  each  more  or  less  sur- 
rounded by  a delicate  white  border,  in  which  are  a few 
black  scales  ; the  inner  series  crosses  the  middle  of  the 
wing,  is  sinuous,  the  spots  large,  brighter  red  and  cres- 
cent-shaped, bordered  outwardly  with  white  in  which 
are  a few  black  scales.  Edge  of  wing  at  anal  angle  and 
at  the  intersection  of  the  adjoining  venules  red.  Body 
black  above,  beneath  white.  Antennae  annulate  white 
and  black  ; club  black,  red  at  tip ; palpi  white. 

Female. — Upper  side  black,  the  base  of  fore  wings 
and  hind  margin  for  two-thirds  its  length,  and  all  of 
hind  wings  except  the  costa,  dark  metallic  blue.  Under 

24 


278 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


side  greenish  gray,  losing  the  green  tinge  on  the  hind 
margin  of  fore  wings.  In  addition  to  the  five  spots  on 
disk  of  male  there  are  two  blackish,  rather  indistinct 
spots,  below  the  others,  nearer  the  base. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Maine  to  West  Virginia ; Atlantic  City,  N.J. ; Ari- 
zona. 

115.  Tiiecla  Titus,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  wood-brown,  the  hind  wings  with 
a marginal  row  of  seven  orange  spots  from  the  anal  angle 
towards  the  apex  or  outer  angle.  On  some  specimens 
these  are  partially  or  wholly  wanting. 

Under  side  grayish  brown,  with  lilac  reflections.  The 
fore  wings  with  two  transverse  rows  of  black  spots,  the 
inner  edged  on  the  outside  with  white ; the  outer  smaller, 
touched  without  with  vermilion,  and  slightly  with  white 
on  the  inside.  Hind  wings  with  two  similar  rows,  but 
the  outer  one  more  distinct  and  with  prominent  ver- 
milion spots  on  the  outside,  the  two  anal  spots  blended, 
each  vermilion  spot  with  a few  black  scales  next  the 
margin,  and  some  white  at  the  anal  angle.  Cell  with 
two  dashes  at  the  end,  placed  end  to  end. 

According  to  Mr.  Saunders,  this  species  is  to  be  found 
on  wild  cherry  and  plum.  When  full  grown  it  is  .7  of 
an  inch  long,  elliptical.  Head  very  small,  bilobed,  black, 
and  shining,  with  a streak  of  dull  white  across  the  front 
above  the  mandibles.  Body  above  dull  green,  with  a yel- 
lowish tint,  especially  on  the  anterior  joints,  and  thickly 
covered  with  very  short  brown  hairs.  These  arise  from 
small  pale  yellow  dots,  which  are  slightly  raised.  A dark 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


279 


green  dorsal  line  from  joint  2 to  joint  4 ; a patch  of  dull 
pink  or  rose  color  on  anterior  joints,  faint  on  joint  2, 
covering  but  a small  portion  of  its  upper  surface,  nearly 
covering  the  dorsal  crest  on  joint  3,  and  reduced  again 
to  a small  faint  patch  on  joint  4.  On  the  posterior  joints 
is  a much  larger  rosy  patch,  extending  from  the  posterior 
of  joint  9 to  the  end  of  the  body ; joint  9 merely  tinged, 
enlarged  on  joint  10  to  a considerable-sized  patch  widen- 
ing posteriorly ; behind  this  the  body  covered  with  rosy 
red.  The  side  of  joint  10  close  to  the  under  surface 
has  a streak  of  the  same  color,  and  there  is  a faint  con- 
tinuation of  this  on  joint  9.  There  is  a wide  dorsal 
crest  from  joint  3 to  joint  9.  Posterior  part  of  body 
suddenly  flattened,  sides  acutely  sloped. 

The  chrysalis  is  .45  of  an  inch  long,  glossy  pale  brown, 
with  many  small  dark  brown  or  blackish  dots,  and  thickly 
covered  with  very  short  brown  hairs,  too  fine  to  be  seen 
without  a lens. 

New  England  to  Arizona. 


SUBFAMILY  LYCiENINJl. 

In  this  the  palpi  project  in  front  more  than  the  length 
of  the  head,  and  the  antennae  do  not  reach  to  the  middle 
of  the  fore  wings.  The  anal  angle  is  rounded,  with  or 
without  one  or  two  slender  tails  on  the  outer  margin  of 
the  hind  wings. 

116.  Feniseca  Tabquinius,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.25  to  1.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  yellow,  somewhat  orange-tinted.  The 
fore  wings  have  a dark  brown  border,  irregular  on  the 


280 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


inside,  and  narrow  on  the  hind  margin;  it  sends  an 
angle  inward  near  the  apex,  a bar  is  at  the  end  of  the 
cell,  and  there  is  a separate  spot  below,  and  a black  basal 
dash.  The  hind  wings  have  the  anterior  half  dark 
brown,  the  lower  edge  crenate,  with  a few  small  spots 
along  the  outer  margin. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  pale  yellow ; the  costal  and 
terminal  margins  and  the  whole  of  the  hind  wings  red- 
dish yellow  washed  with  white,  with  numerous  white 
circles  whose  enclosed  spaces  lack  the  white.  The  spots 
in  the  pale  yellow  part  are  dark  brown. 

The  larva  feeds  on  Aphides,  on  thorn,  alder,  wild  cur- 
rant, Viburnum,  and  other  plants:  it  is  green  with  three 
dorsal  white  stripes,  and  one  at  the  base  of  the  feet. 

Chrysalis  grayish ; back  darker,  marked  with  promi- 
nent tubercles. 

There  seem  to  be  two  broods  of  this  species  in  a 
season,  as  the  butterflies  have  been  taken  in  the  same 
locality  in  June  and  again  in  August. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley. 

117.  Chbysophanus  Dione,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.8  inches. 

Upper  surface  brownish  gray,  with  slight  coppery 
reflections.  Hind  wings  without  tails,  but  angled,  the 
anal  angle  a little  produced.  Hind  wings  of  female 
with  five  black  lunules  along  the  margin  from  the  anal 
angle,  preceded  by  continuous  orange  crescents,  the 
orange  extending  to  the  posterior  angle  of  the  fore 
wings.  Some  of  the  heavy  marks  of  the  under  side 
show  through.  The  males  have  the  black  lunules,  but 
with  very  little  orange. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


281 


Under  side  grayish  white,  both  wings  with  a double 
marginal  row  of  dark  spots,  the  outer  obscure  on  the  fore 
wings  and  the  apical  portion  of  the  hind  wings.  Be- 
tween the  two  on  the  anal  half  of  the  hind  wings,  and  a 
little  at  the  posterior  angle  of  the  fore  wings,  the  space  is 
filled  with  orange,  more  prominent  in  the  female.  The 
fore  wings  have  a sinuous  row  of  elongate,  bright  black 
spots  across  the  disk,  with  two  similar  spots  in  the  cell, 
a bar  at  the  end,  and  a spot  below.  The  hind  wings 
have  spots  in  the  same  position,  with  two  subcostal  and 
one  near  the  inner  margin. 

Iowa  to  Kansas,  Nebraska. 

118.  Ciikysophanus  Thoe,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  the  male  coppery  brown,  with  violet 
reflections,  a narrow  terminal  blackish  border.  The  hind 
wings  have  an  orange  fulvous  terminal  border,  crenate 
within,  and  containing  five  black  lu miles  on  the  black 
edge.  The  female  has  the  fore  wings  fulvous,  with  a 
broad  blackish  border,  and  the  black  spots  of  the  under 
side,  except  the  terminal  double  row ; hind  wings  as  in 
the  male,  but  more  blackish. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  the  terminal  border 
of  hind  wings  orange  fulvous ; under  side  of  hind  wings 
and  terminal  border  of  fore  wings  grayish  white,  the 
latter  growing  narrow  from  the  apex  back.  The  posi- 
tion of  the  black  marks  is  the  same  as  in  C.  Dione , but 
they  are  heavier. 

According  to  Mr.  Saunders,  the  eggs  are  nearly  round, 
a little  flattened  at  the  apex,  flattened  also  at  the  base. 
Color  greenish  white,  thickly  indented ; at  the  apex 

24* 


282 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


is  a cousiderable  depression,  around  which  the  indenta- 
tions are  small,  increasing  in  size  as  they  approach  the 
base. 

The  food-plant  is  dock,  Rumex  crispus , and  there  are 
two  broods  in  a season. 

Maine  to  Nebraska,  Ohio,  Kansas,  Colorado. 

119.  Chrysophanus  Epixanthe,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .85  to  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  of  the  male  brown,  with  a strong  violet 
reflection,  the  female  more  grayish  brown,  with  little  of 
the  violet  reflection.  The  spots  of  the  under  side,  except 
the  subterminal  row,  show  through  somewhat ; and  there 
is  a sinuous  orange  fulvous  line  from  the  anal  angle  of 
the  hind  wings  along  the  margin,  fading  out  about  the 
middle. 

Under  side  yellowish  gray,  the  hind  wings  of  the  male 
but  little  yellow-tinted.  The  orange  fulvous  line  is  re- 
peated, only  more  distinctly,  with  scarcely  a trace  of  a 
subterminal  row  of  black  spots  on  the  hind  wings.  On 
the  fore  wings  are  three  large  spots  of  this  row  from  the 
posterior  angle  towards  the  apex.  The  cliscal  row  of  spots 
on  the  fore  wings  is  distinct,  as  are  also  the  two  spots 
and  bar  of  the  cell,  and  the  one  below  the  cell.  On  the 
hind  wings  the  spots  are  all  small,  with  the  bar  across 
the  cell  absent,  as  also  one  subcostal  spot. 

According  to  Mr.  Saunders,  the  eggs  are  nearly  round, 
slightly  flattened  at  the  apex,  flattened  also  at  the  base. 
Color  milk-white,  thickly  indented ; a deep  depression 
at  the  apex,  and  around  this  a number  of  indentations, 
which  are  nearly  uniform  in  size  all  the  way  to  the 
base, — in  this  respect  differing  from  the  eggs  of  Thoe. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


283 


Food-plant  unknown,  but  probably  dock.  The  butter- 
fly flies  through  the  last  of  June  and  early  part  of  July. 

Maine,  New  England,  Kansas. 

120.  Chrysophanus  Hypophleas,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  to  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  shining  fulvous,  with  a 
blackish  brown  border,  narrow  on  the  costa  and  hind 
margin.  Beyond  the  cell  is  a row  of  prominent  black 
spots,  the  first  three  and  the  other  four  in  sets  nearly 
confluent;  a spot  and  bar  in  the  cell.  Hind  wings 
blackish  brown,  with  a terminal  fulvous  band,  not  reach- 
ing the  apex,  containing  four  black  spots  on  the  edge ; at 
the  end  of  the  cell  a black  bar. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  paler  than  above, 
the  apex  and  the  whole  of  hind  wing  gray,  the  gray  of 
fore  wings  narrowing  backward  to  the  posterior  angle. 
The  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are  repeated,  with  some  of 
the  terminal  border  of  the  fore  wings.  The  hind  wings 
have  two  subcostal  black  spots,  two  spots  in  the  cell  and 
a narrow  bar  at  the  end,  and  a spot  below  the  cell,  be- 
sides the  usual  curved  and  sinuous  discal  row,  the  spots 
of  this  row  white  outside.  Along  the  outer  margin  is  a 
crenate  orange-red  line,  shaded  within  with  faint  reddish, 
the  whole  between  two  faint  rows  of  blackish  spots. 

Aberr.  var.  Fasciata,  Strecker,  has  the  transverse 
row  of  spots  on  the  fore  wings  much  enlarged, 
and  blended  together  so  as  to  make  an  irreg- 
ular  band. 

The  egg  (Fig.  75)  is  shaped  and  marked  c. Hypophleas. 
like  that  of  the  other  species,  as  shown  in  the  ess>X16* 
figure.  It  is  pale  green,  overlaid  with  a white  net-work 


284 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


According  to  Mr.  Saunders,  the  larva  is  elliptical, 
flattened  on  the  under  side,  dull  rosy  red,  with  a diffused 

yellowish  tint  on  the  sides, 
Fig-  "6.  most  distinct  along  the  mid- 

| die  joints.  The  dorsal  line 
ft  is  a deeper  shade  of  red. 
//  The  body  is  downy  with 
minute  yellowish  hairs. 
This  description  was  taken 
from  a larva  not  fully  grown. 
Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder  says  that 
the  larvae  are  provided  with 
long  hairs  sweeping  back- 
ward behind  their  bodies, 
most  of  them  arranged  in 
longitudinal  series. 

The  chrysalis  is  attached  by  the  end  of  the  abdomen, 

Fig.  77.  and  is  closely  girt  to  the  object  to  which  it 
is  attached,  as  in  Fig.  77. 

Northern,  Middle,  and  Western  States; 
California. 

121.  Lyclena  Lygdamus,  Doubl. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  silver-blue;  the  males  with  only  the 
edge  of  the  wings  black ; the  females  with  a rather 
broad  black  terminal  border,  a little  expanded  on  the 
apex,  and  extending  round  on  the  costa.  Fringes  long, 
fuscous. 

Under  side  uniform  gray-brown.  The  fore  wings 
have  a small  round  black  spot  in  the  cell,  a bent  bar 
at  its  extremity,  edged  with  white.  Across  the  disk  is  a 


0.  Hypophleas, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


285 


curved  row  of  large  round  black  spots,  the  two  lower 
ones  connected,  all  annulate  with  white.  The  hind  wings 
have  a small  black  spot  in  the  cell,  another  on  the  costal 
margin,  a narrow  stripe  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a sinu- 
ous row  of  spots  within  the  margin  similar  to  those  of 
the  fore  wings;  all  edged  with  white.  The  under  side 
of  the  female  is  a little  paler  than  that  of  the  male. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  unknowm.  The  butter- 
flies appear  in  April. 

Michigan,  Wisconsin  to  Georgia,  West  Virginia. 

122.  Lyc^ena  Scudderii,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

The  male,  in  size,  form,  and  color,  resembles  JEgon  of 
Europe.  Upper  side  dark  violet-blue,  outer  margin  of 
both  wings  and  costal  margin  of  hind  wings  edged  with 
black,  costal  margin  of  fore  wings  with  a fine  black 
border.  Fringe  white. 

Under  side  dark  gray.  The  fore  wings  have  an  oval 
black  discal  spot,  and  a transverse,  tortuous  series  of  six 
black  spots,  all  edged  with  white,  the  one  next  the 
posterior  angle  double,  the  fifth  twice  as  large  as  the 
others;  on  the  outer  margin  a double  series  of  faint 
spots. 

Hind  wings  with  four  black  spots  near  the  base,  one 
being  very  minute  and  close  to  the  inner  margin ; a bar 
at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a series  of  eight  spots  in  a 
double  unequal  curve ; all  of  which,  as  well  as  the  basal 
spots,  are  edged  with  white.  There  is  a marginal  series 
of  six  or  seven  metallic  spots,  each  surmounted  with  a 
spot  of  fulvous  bordered  inwardly  by  a dark  crescent. 
These  metallic  spots  are  edged  outwardly,  and  sometimes 


286  the  butterflies  of  the 

replaced,  by  black.  Ends  of  venules  expanded  into 
small  black  spots. 

A more  common  form  of  the  female  has  the  base  of 
both  wings  violet-blue,  and  the  black  marginal  spots  of 
the  hind  wings  distinct,  the  two  or  three  next  the  anal 
angle  surmounted  with  fulvous.  Under  side  as  in  the 
male. 

A variety  of  the  female  has  the  upper  side  brown, 
with  a black  discal  spot  on  the  fore  wings.  Hind  wings 
with  a marginal  row  of  obsolete  spots  surmounted  by 
grayish  crescents. 

Under  side  pale  buff,  fore  wings  as  in  the  male,  except 
that  the  discal  spot  is  preceded  by  a small  double  spot, 
and  all  the  spots  are  larger.  On  the  hind  wings  the  spots 
are  less  distinct,  and  some  of  them  are  wanting.  The 
transverse  series  is  set  in  a band  of  white ; marginal 
spots  without  the  metallic  gloss. 

New  York,  Michigan,  Wisconsin. 

123.  Lyc.ena  Pseudargiolus,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  inch  to  1.4  inches. 

This  species  is  subject  to  great  variation.  According 
to  the  recent  observations  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards,  pub- 
lished in  his  “ Butterflies  of  North  America,”  it  may  be 
known  under  the  following  polymorphic  forms,  most  of 
which  have  heretofore  been  regarded  as  distinct  species : 

Winter  form  1,  Lucia,  Kirby. 

Winter  form  2,  Marginata,  Edw. 

Winter  form  3,  Vioeacea,  Edw. 

Dimorphic,  male,  Nigra,  Edw. 

Var.  Cinerea,  Edw. 

Spring  form,  Pseud argiolus,  Bd. — Lee. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


287 


Var.  Arizoniensis,  Edw. 

Summer  form,  Neglecta,  Edw. 

Pacific  form,  Piasus,  Bd. 

Yar.  Echo,  Edw. 

The  first  of  these,  Lucia , coming  from  hibernated 
chrysalides,  is  to  be  found  in  spring  in  Alaska,  British 
America  to  Quebec,  Anticosti,  New  England,  New  York, 
and  Colorado. 

Marginata  has  a similar  range,  except  that  it  does  not 
occur  quite  so  far  north,  being  found  in  Ontario,  Quebec 
to  Long  Island,  and  Colorado. 

Violacea  has  a more  extended  range,  being  found  in 
Alaska,  vicinity  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  British  America, 
Ontario,  Quebec,  Anticosti,  New  England  to  West 
Virginia,  and  Colorado.  In  the  southern  part  of  this 
territory  a black  male  Nigra  has  been  found. 

Var.  Cinerea  appears  to  be  the  winter  form  in  Arizona ; 
under  side  ash-gray,  with  the  markings  obscure. 

Pseudargiolus  is  a spring  form  ranging  from  Racine, 
Wisconsin,  south  to  Tennessee,  and  on  the  east  extending 
from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 

Yar.  Arizoniensis  is  a small  form  of  this,  found  in 
Arizona. 

Negleda  is  a summer  form  when  there  is  more  than 
one  generation  during  a season,  ranging  from  Canada 
through  New  England  to  West  Virginia  and  Georgia; 
occurring  also  in  Montana  and  Nevada. 

Piasus  and  its  variety  Echo  are  Pacific  slope  forms, 
found  in  California  and  Arizona. 

In  general  terms,  the  upper  side  of  the  wings  of  the 
male  is  a deep  azure-blue,  with  a delicate  terminal  black 
line.  Fringes  black  on  the  apical  part  of  the  fore  wings, 


288 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


but  white  barred  with  black  on  the  rest  of  the  fore  wings 
and  on  the  hind  wings. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  female  have  a broad  blackish 
outer  border,  in  some  examples  extending  along  the 
costa.  The  hind  wings  have  a blackish  costa,  and  a row 
of  dark  spots  along  the  outer  margin.  The  ground 
color  is  usually  a lighter  blue  on  the  females  than  on 
the  males. 

The  under  side  is  a very  pale  silvery  gray,  with  a 
silky  lustre,  and  there  are  the  following  pale  brown 
markings : a row  of  spots  along  the 
outer  margin,  each  preceded  by  a cres- 
cent; a curved  row  of  elongate  spots 
across  the  disk  of  the  fore  wings ; and 
several  small  spots  on  the  basal  part 
of  the  hind  wings. 

The  form  Lucia  has  the  terminal 
spots  of  the  under  side  so  enlarged  and 
run  together  as  to  form  a terminal  band, 
and  the  spots  on  the  basal  part  of  the  hind  wings  are 
enlarged  and  run  together  so  as  to  form  a more  or  less 
complete  triangular  discal  patch,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  78.  This  and  Marginata  are  the 
smaller  forms. 

Form  Marginata  has  the  terminal  band 
of  the  under  side  as  in  Lucia , but  the 
spots  on  the  basal  part  of  the  hind  wings 
do  not  coalesce. 

Lycsena  Pseudar- 

gioius,  form  viola-  Form  Violacea  has  the  dark  points 
cea,  under  side.  an(j  crescents  on  the  under  side  of  the 

wings  quite  prominent,  but  they  do  not  coalesce,  either 
in  the  outer  border  or  in  the  basal  portion.  The  black 


Fig.  79. 


Fig.  78. 


Lycsena  Pseudargi- 
olus,  form  Lucia,  un- 
der side. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  289 

mule  Nigra  has  the  under  surface  the  same  as  in  the 
blue  Violacea,  but  the  upper  surface  is  black. 

Form  Pseudargiolus  is  the  largest  of  the  series,  ex- 
panding 1.4  inches.  The  upper  surface  j^IG  80. 
of  the  male  usually  has  a terminal  border 
to  the  hind  wings  of  the  same  shade  of 
blue  as  the  fore  wings,  the  middle  area 
of  the  hind  wings  a little  paler  than  this 
border  or  the  fore  wings.  The  spots  on 
the  under  side  are  much  smaller  than  on  Lycama  Pseudar 

„ giolus,  form  Pseu 

any  ot  the  preceding  forms.  dargioius,  under 

Form  Neglecta  resembles  Pseudar gio-  side* 
lus , but  is  smaller,  not  expanding  more  than  1.1  inches; 
spots  on  the  under  side  small,  as  on  Pseudargiolus . 

The  Pacific  form  Piasus  is  of  a deeper  blue,  the  under 
side  bluish,  with  the  border  spots  subobsolete. 

The  winter  forms  of  these  butterflies  deposit  their 
eggs  in  the  clusters  of  flower-buds  of  dogwood  (Cornus), 
the  young  larvae  obtaining  their  first  food  by  boring  into 
the  buds,  but  later  eating  their  way  into  the  ovaries.  The 
next  brood  of  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  flower-stems  of 
rattleweed  ( Oimieifuga  racemosa),  while  the  fall  brood 
are  to  be  found  on  Aetinomeris  squarrosa , and  probably 
on  A . lielianthoides.  ' In  confinement  they  have  been 
known  to  eat  several  other  plants;  and  it  is  probable 
that  where  rattleweed  does  not  grow,  the  second  brood 
of  larvae  feed  upon  something  else. 

The  eggs  are  .02  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  flat 
at  base,  the  top  flattened  and  depressed;  the  surface 
covered  with  a white  lace-work,  the  meshes  of  which  are 
mostly  lozenge-shaped,  with  a short  rounded  process  at 
each  angle.  Ground  color  delicate  green. 

N t 25 


290 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


In  from  four  to  eight  days  a larva  .04  of  an  inch  long 
hatches  from  the  egg.  This  has  the  under  side  flat,  legs 
retractile;  upper  side  rounded;  highest  at  joint  4;  from 
which  the  dorsum  and  sides  slope  gradually  to  joint  13. 
Surface  pubescent.  On  each  side  of  the  dorsal  line  is  a 
row  of  white  clubbed  hairs;  with  similar  hairs  at  the 
base  and  in  front  of  joint  2;  making  a fringe  round  the 
body.  Color  greenish  white  or  brownish  yellow.  Head 
minute;  obovoid;  retractile;  black. 

After  the  first  moult;  which  occurs  in  from  three 
to  five  days,  the  length  is  from  .07  to  .08  of  an  inch ; 
the  color  of  the  spring  and  fall  broods  is  brownish  yel- 
loW;  that  of  the  summer  brood  the  same,  and  also  green- 
ish white  and  reddish. 

The  second  moult  occurs  in  from  three  to  five  days 
more;  the  length  being  from  .12  to  .16  of  an  inch.  The 
shape  is  as  before,  but  the  dorsum  is  covered  from  joint 
3 to  joint  10  by  a low,  broad,  continuous,  tuberculous 
ridge,  cleft  to  the  body  at  the  juncture  of  the  segments, 
the  anterior  edge  of  each  joint  depressed,  the  sides  in- 
curved. Joint  2 is  more  flattened  than  before,  and  the 
outer  border  is  thickened  into  a rounded  rim,  leaving 
within  the  curve  a flattened,  depressed  space.  Color  in 
spring  pale  green,  the  dorsum  whitish,  usually  a reddish 
dorsal  line  from  joint  3 to  joint  10.  In  summer  vari- 
able, buff  or  pale  green  without  spots,  joint  2 brown; 
in  some  the  dorsum  and  sides  are  mottled  with  dark 
green  and  brown ; occasionally  one  is  wine-red,  or  red 
with  a white  basal  stripe,  and  white  along  the  tuber- 
culation.  In  fall  dull  green,  more  or  less  marked  with 
brown. 

The  third  moult  takes  place  in  three  or  four  days 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


291 


more,  but  there  is  little  change  from  the  former  period. 
The  fourth  or  last  moult  occurs  three  or  four  days  after- 
wards, and  in  five  or  six  days  from  this  the  larva  is  ready 
to  pupate. 

The  mature  larva  is  .4  of  an  inch  long  in  the  spring 
and  fall  broods,  and  from  .5  to  .55  in  the  summer  brood; 
the  shape  as  in  the  preceding  stages.  The  color  is 
variable.  In  spring,  usually  the  ridge  is  whitish,  often 
stained  red,  or  it  is  brown,  light  or  dark ; the  upper 
part  of  the  side  olive-green,  with  a darker  green  or 
sometimes  a dull  red  patch  along  the  posterior  edge  of 
each  joint.  Below  this  area  it  is  pale  green,  and  along 
the  base  more  or  less  brown.  Joints  11  to  13  are 
mottled  in  shades  of  green,  often  with  brown,  and  joint 
2 is  either  green  or  brown ; if  the  latter,  then  with  a 
brown  patch  in  the  depression.  Color  in  summer,  some- 
times white  or  delicate  green,  joint  2 being  brown  ; or  the 
ridge  is  light  green  and  the  sides  dark,  often  with  brown 
patches  over  all ; or  light  green,  with  a dorsal  macular 
deep  green  band,  and  a similar  one  along  the  base ; or 
the  whole  surface  may  be  wine-red  or  even  chocolate- 
brown.  Color  in  fall,  green,  with  more  or  less  brown 
in  irregular  patches.  Head  dark  brown. 

The  chrysalis  is  dark  brown  or  yellow-brown,  varying, 
the  wing-cases  dark,  and  sometimes  green-tinted.  On 
the  abdomen  are  two  subdorsal  rows  of  blackish  dots, 
sometimes  a dark  dorsal  line. 

In  addition  to  the  food-plants  already  given,  Apios 
tuberosa , Ei'yihrina  herbacea,  Spircea  salicifolia , Cectno- 
thus  Americanus , Cornus,  and  Ilex  may  be  specified. 


292 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


1 24.  Lyc^na  Comyntas,  Godt. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .7  to  1 inch. 

Hind  wings  with  one  thread-like  tail.  The  males  are 
dark  violet-blue  above,  with  a narrow  blackish  outer 


wings  with  a double  row  of  spots  along  the  outer  margin, 
the  inner  row  crescents ; between  this  and  the  cells  a row 
of  black  spots  circled  with  white,  the  row  on  the  hind 
wings  broken  twice.  There  is  also  a bar  at  the  end  of 
each  cell,  and  on  the  hind  wings  a spot  in  the  cell,  and 
one  above.  Near  the  anal  angle  are  two  or  three  orange 
crescents,  enclosing  each  a black  spot  with  a circle  of 
silver  scales. 

According  to  Mr.  Edwards,  the  eggs  of  this  species 
are  deposited  on  red  clover  and  Desmodium  Marilandicum. 
They  are  round,  flattened,  depressed  at  top,  covered  with 
a frost-work  of  interlaced  points.  Color  delicate  green. 

The  young  larvae  are  .05  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical, 
of  a yellowish  color,  except  two  rows  of  white  points 
along  the  back,  and  one  near  the  base  on  each  side.  A 
long,  curved,  white  hair  has  its ’origin  in  each  of  these 
points.  Head  black  and  shining,  retractile,  nearly  as 
large  as  joint  2. 

After  the  first  moult  they  are  .08  of  an  inch  long, 


Lycaena  Comyntas,  left 
wings,  under  sido. 


Fig.  81. 


border.  Along  the  outer  margin  of 
the  hind  wings  are  several  black 
spots,  and  usually  one  or  two  orange 
crescents.  The  females  are  blackish 
brown,  some  specimens  with  bluish 
at  the  base,  the  black  spots  of  the 
hind  wings  often  obscure. 


Under  side  whitish  gray;  both  . 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


293 


onisciform,  flattened,  the  dorsum  flat  at  the  top  and 
sloping  towards  the  base.  Color  greenish,  the  whole 
surface  irregularly  dotted  with  black ; and  from  most, 
but  not  all,  of  the  dots  come  white  hairs,  those  on  the 
dorsum  curved  back,  those  nearer  the  base  curved  partly 
downward  and  partly  back.  Head  obovate,  long,  and 
narrow,  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  second  segment 
than  at  the  last  stage,  and  partly  concealed,  even  when 
active,  in  joint  2.  Color  black. 

After  the  second  moult  they  are  .12  of  an  inch  long, 
broader  and  flatter  than  before.  On  each  side  of  the 
narrow  dorsal  ridge  is  a slightly-raised  ridge,  caused  by 
the  tubercles ; at  the  base  of  the  body  a fold,  and  the 
hairs  from  this  and  the  ridge  are  longer  than  elsewhere. 
Color  green,  but  with  a rusty  tint,  caused  by  the  numer- 
ous reddish  points.  Above  the  fold  these  take  the  form 
of  a line  or  slight  stripe. 

Moulting  again,  the  length  is  .2  of  an  inch,  and  the 
color  clear  apple-green ; the  crests  of  the  dorsal  ridge, 
and  also  the  folds  at  the  base,  are  whitish ; part  of  the 
way  a reddish  line  on  each  side  of  the  fold  ; also  a double 
oblique  line  of  pale  green  on  each  side  of  each  segment. 

After  the  fourth  moult  they  are  .36  of  an  inch  long, 
and  the  width  is  about  one-fourth  the  length.  They 
are  of  the  same  general  form  as  before,  but  highest  in 
front,  and  sloping  backward.  Color  greenish,  with  darker 
green  lines,  and  oblique  vinous  lines  on  the  sides.  Head 
black. 

The  chrysalis  is  .26  of  an  inch  long,  shaped  much 
like  the  mature  larva ; of  a greenish,  brownish,  or  sordid 
white  color,  with  three  rows  of  black  dots,  and  sparingly 
clothed  with  whitish  hairs. 


25* 


294 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


The  above  description  was  taken  from  larvse  fed  on 
Desmodium.  Those  that  fed  on  clover  differed  in  color- 
ation, as  follows : color  russet,  varying  towards  vinous, 
interspersed  with  green ; at  third  moult  some  were  pale 
green  dorsally,  the  white  being  caused  by  the  tubercles, 
the  sides  vinous,  the  dorsal  stripe  and  oblique  lines 
vinous ; others  had  the  back  as  well  as  the  sides  vinous, 
and  this  variation  and  character  persisted  to  maturity. 
The  chrysalides  of  these  larvae  were  sordid  white  on  the 
upper  surface  and  lower  side  of  the  abdomen,  the  former 
specked  with  brown ; dorsal  stripe  brown,  as  were  also 
the  dots ; under  side  of  thorax  and  of  head-case,  and  the 
whole  of  the  wing-cases,  apple-green. 

Atlantic  States  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado. 

125.  Lyoena  Filenus,  Poey. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .75  to  .95  of  an  inch. 

Upper  side  of  the  male  blue,  with  a slight  black 
border ; fringes  white.  In  both  sexes  there  is  a small 
round  black  spot  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  hind  wings. 
The  female  is  blackish  brown,  with  the  middle  area  of 
the  basal  half  of  both  wings  washed  with  blue. 

Under  side  ash-gray,  usually  paler  in  the  male  than 
in  the  female,  with  a discoidal  crescent  on  the  middle  of 
each  wing,  bordered  on  each  side  with  white ; and  three 
sinuous  common  bands,  formed  of  small  black  spots 
circled  with  white,  of  which  the  outer  are  a little  less 
distinct  and  somewhat  sagittate.  The  space  which  sepa- 
rates the  inner  band  from  the  median  is  usually  whiter 
than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  forms  a band  of  small 
white  quadrangular  spots.  The  base  of  the  hind  wings 
has  a transverse  row  of  three  very  black  points  annulate 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


295 


with  white,  of  which  the  external,  out  of  line  with  the 
others,  is  the  largest.  The  hind  wings  have  on  the 
outer  edge  and  near  the  anal  angle  a black  eye-spot, 
more  or  less  annulate  with  yellow,  sprinkled  behind 
with  golden-green  atoms. 

Gulf  States,  Ariz.;  N.  Mex.;  So.  Cal. 

126.  Lyc^ena  Isophthalma,  Herr.-Schaeff. 

Expanse  of  wings  .75  of  an  inch. 

Upper  surface  brown,  slightly  grayish  at  the  base  and 
along  the  costal  margin,  a row  of  five  blackish  spots 
along  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings,  the  three  next 
the  anal  angle  the  most  distinct,  the  other  two  sometimes 
almost  obliterated. 

Under  side  of  nearly  the  same  color  as  the  upper, 
slightly  hoary  at  the  base,  the  wings  crossed  by  about 
seven  rows  of  elongate  white  spots  and  an  inner  row  of 
white  circles.  There  is  a submarginal  row  of  six  con- 
spicuous black  spots  on  the  hind  wings.  The  spot  near- 
est the  anal  angle  is  almost  entirely  covered  with  metallic 
green,  and  the  rest  of  the  spots  present  detached  scales 
of  this  color,  generally  on  the  side  nearest  the  margin. 

Palpi  dark  brown  above,  white  beneath,  with  a few 
black  hairs ; antennae  annulate  black  and  white ; club 
reddish  brown,  red  at  the  tip. 

Florida,  Georgia. 

127.  Lycjsna  Exilis,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .6  to  .7  of  an  inch. 

Male. — Upper  side  brown,  sometimes  reddish  brown, 
bluish  at  base  of  both  wings,  and  slightly  fuscous  along 
the  hind  margins ; hind  wings  bordered  by  a series  of 


296 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


round  fuscous  spots ; fringes  long,  pure  white,  except  at 
the  outer  angle  of  the  fore  wings  and  against  the  lower 
median  interspace,  where  they  are  fuscous. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  dark  gray  at  base,  without 
markings,  fulvous  on  disk,  crossed  by  interrupted  white 
streaks ; the  margin  gray,  presenting  a series  of  obsolete 
lunules,  in  front  of  each  of  which  is  a white  border, 
forming  a broken  line  like  those  on  the  disk.  Hind 
wings  dark  gray  at  base,  paler  gray  over  part  of  the 
disk,  then  brown,  followed  by  a broad  white  submarginal 
space ; the  base  marked  by  three  fuscous  points  placed 
transversely,  and  the  brown  disk  crossed  by  white 
streaks  as  on  the  fore  wings;  outer  margin  bordered 
< by  a row  of  black  spots,  of  which  the  first,  next  the  anal 
angle,  is  duplex  and  covered  with  metallic  green  scales; 
the  next  four  are  large,  dead-black,  and  metallic  only  at 
their  base ; the  next  two  wholly  covered  with  metallic 
scales. 

Female. — Same  size,  paler-colored  above,  marked  like 
the  male. 

This  description  is  of  specimens  taken  in  Texas. 
BoisduvaPs  description  of  those  taken  in  California  is 
as  follows : 

Upper  side  clear  brown  ; hind  wings  paler,  with  a 
blackish  border. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  very  clear  brown,  with  white 
interrupted  transverse  striae,  more  or  less  distinct. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  white,  with  brown  striae, 
and  a marginal  row  of  seven  black  ocelli  powdered  with 
golden  atoms. 

California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Texas, 
Florida. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


297 


128.  Lyc^ena  Ammon,  Luc. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.05  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  clear  violet-blue,  the  edge  of 
the  wings  black,  and  a small  black  spot  near  the  anal 
angle.  Fringes  white,  cut  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the 
veins,  broadly  so  on  the  fore  wings. 

Under  side  dark  gray.  The  fore  wings  have  a gray 
bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  with  a white  line  on  each  side ; 
beyond  the  cell  a curved  row  of  intervenular  gray  spots, 
each  with  its  inner  and  outer  border  of  white.  Along  the 
outer  fourth  of  the  wing  is  a broad  white  band,  dentate 
without,  and  a subterminal  row  of  white  lunules  en- 
closing gray  spots,  the  anterior  half  of  lunules  somewhat 
dusky.  Edge  of  wings  black,  with  a white  inner  border. 

Hind  wings  with  the  same  markings,  the  white  band 
broader;  in  addition,  the  basal  half  has  three  round 
black  spots  annulate  with  white, — one  in  the  cell,  two 
near  the  costal  margin, — and  a gray  spot  near  the  inner 
margin.  Near  the  anal  angle  are  two  round  black  spots, 
with  a more  or  less  complete  annulus  of  metallic  blue 
scales,  the  outer  spot  having  before  it  an  orange  lunule. 

Female. — Upper  surface  the  same  as  in  the  male,  outer 
part  of  hind  wings  a little  paler,  with  costal  and  outer 
border  of  black;  the  latter  on  the  fore  wings  a little 
mottled  with  blue,  and  on  the  hind  wings  containing  a 
series  of  blue  lunules  and  two  bright  black  spots,  the 
outer,  or  one  farthest  from  the  anal  angle,  with  an  orange 
lunule  before  it.  Under  side  the  same  as  in  the  male. 

Food-plant  and  larva  unknown.  The  species  is  a 
native  of  Cuba,  but  has  been  found  at  Indian  River 
and  in  Southern  Florida. 


298 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


129.  Lyc^ena  Theonus,  Luc. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .9  to  .95  of  an  inch. 

Male. — Upper  surface  violet-blue,  rather  pale,  except 
at  the  terminal  border.  The  marks  of  the  under  sidq 
can  be  seen  through  the  blue. 

Under  side  white,  crossed  by  seven  or  eight  brown- 
gray  stripes,  appearing  along  the  costa  as  though  this 
were  the  color,  and  as  if  there  were  eight  more  or  less 
wavy  white  transverse  lines  arranged  in  pairs  enclosing 
a space  of  the  ground  color  a little  darker.  Along  the 
outer  margin  two  rows  of  spots,  the  outer  roundish  or 
oval,  the  inner  lunate.  On  the  fore  wings  the  second, 
fourth,  fifth,  and  sixtli  lines  do  not  reach  more  than  half- 
way across  the  wing,  leaving  a large  white  space.  On 
the  hind  wings  near  the  anal  angle  are  two  round  black 
spots  in  place  of  two  of  the  gray,  each  containing  a circle 
of  metallic  violet  scales ; the  spots  annulate  with  pale 
yellow.  The  lines  on  the  hind  wings  are  more  broken 
up  into  spots  than  those  on  the  fore  wings. 

Female. — Upper  surface  white,  with  a violet-blue  tint, 
more  prominent  on  the  basal  half,  with  a broad  outer 
border  extending  round  the  costa  to  the  base.  On  the 
hind  wings  this  border  contains  a series  of  white  lunules, 
the  two  next  the  anal  angle  enclosing  a round  black 
spot.  The  markings  of  the  under  side  show  through 
more  plainly  than  in  the  males.  Under  side  the  same 
as  in  the  males. 

Palpi  black;  antennae  black  and  white;  club  black, 
tipped  with  white;  body  black  above,  white  beneath, 
with  a yellowish  tinge. 

Florida  Keys. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


299 


FAMILY  HESPERID7E. 

This  family  may  be  known  by  their  robust  bodies  and 
their  triangular  fore  wings,  and  by  the  knob  of  the  an- 
tennae usually  ending  in  an  attenuated  portion, — that  is, 
mostly  bent  or  hooked ; they  have  six  feet  adapted  for 
walking.  In  their  robust  bodies  and  coarse  scales,  which 
are  not  closely  appressed,  these  butterflies  resemble  some 
of  the  higher  moths.  When  in  repose,  the  wings  are 
either  spread  or  closed  back  to  back  and  thrown  back 
so  that  the  costal  edge  of  the  hind  wings  is  next  to  the 
costal  edge  of  the  fore  wings. 

The  family  is  divided  into  two  sections,  which  bear  to 
each  other  somewhat  the  relation  of  families. 

SECTION  I. 

The  butterflies  in  this  division  have  the  knob  of  the 
antennae  thick  ovoid  or  elongate  ovoid.  The  larvae  are 
more  or  less  spindle-shaped.  The  pupae  are  somewhat 
conical,  like  those  of  the  moths,  smooth,  and  found  in 
puparia  composed  of  leaves  fastened  together,  in  which 
the  larvae  seclude  themselves. 

130.  Carterocephalus  Mandan,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.12  inches. 

Upper  side  of  wings  dark  brown,  overlaid  with  a few 
yellowish  scales,  and  marked  with  dull  ochraceous  spots, 
as  follows : one  row  extends  along  the  outer  margin, 
often  nearly  obliterated ; another  across  the  disk,  or  be- 
tween the  margin  and  the  end  of  the  cell,  two  of  which 
are  out  of  line  and  nearer  the  outer  margin ; the  cell  is 


300 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


more  or  less  filled  with  the  yellow,  mostly  in  the  form 
of  two  patches,  and  there  is  a small  spot  resting  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  cell  near  the  middle,  and  another  below 
the  submedian  vein,  about  one-fourth  of  the  distance  from 
the  base.  The  hind  wings  have  a row  of  small  spots 
along  the  outer  margin,  a row  of  larger  spots  within 
this,  across  the  disk,  and  one  near  the  base  of  the  wing. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  much  paler  than  the  upper, 
the  light  markings  much  larger  and  coalescing.  The 
hind  wings  are  of  the  same  yellowish  as  the  fore  wings, 
the  spots  of  the  upper  side  repeated,  but  larger  and  of 
a white  color,  ringed  with  brownish,  with  an  additional 
spot  above  the  basal.  The  veins  are  all  brownish. 

White  Mountains,  N.H.,  and  Maine,  where  it  flies 
about  the  middle  of  June. 

131.  Carterocephalus  Omaha,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Upper  side  brown,  much  marked  with  bright  fulvous, 
which  covers  the  central  margin  of  the  fore  wings  from 
near  the  base  to  near  the  end  of  the  cell  and  back  to  the 
median  vein,  except  a brown  streak  in  the  cell  from  the 
base.  A submarginal  row  of  confluent  spots  extends 
from  the  costa  to  the  hind  margin,  broken  opposite  the 
cell,  two  small  spots  ranging  outside  the  line,  with  a 
space  between  them  and  the  costal  spot.  Edge  of  hind 
margin  also  fulvous. 

The  hind  wings  have  a similar  row,  or  rather  one 
long  spot  or  band,  across  the  wing,  and  two  spots  on  the 
disk  and  on  the  costa.  Fringes  fulvous. 

Under  side  pale  brown  washed  with  fulvous,  which  last 
color  prevails  on  the  apical  part  of  the  fore  wings  and 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


301 


on  the  anterior  part  of  the  hind  wings.  The  spots  of 
the  upper  side  reappear,  enlarged,  and  two  spots  near  the 
apex  of  the  fore  wings  are  connected  with  the  costal  spots. 

West  Virginia,  Colorado,  California. 

132.  Ancyloxypha  Numitor,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  .8  to  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  blackish  brown,  washed 
more  or  less  with  dull  dark  yellow ; the  cell  dusky,  but 
in  front  of  the  cell  nearly  clear  yellow,  and  more  yellow 
below  the  cell  than  in  it.  Hind  wings  dark  yellow, 
costa  and  outer  margin  blackish  brown. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  brown,  the  costa  and  outer 
margin,  to  near  the  posterior  angle,  yellow.  Hind 
wings  uniform  yellow. 

Harris  states  that  the  chrysalis  is  rather  long,  nearly 
cylindrical,  but  tapering  at  the  hinder  extremity,  and 
with  an  obtusely-rounded  head.  It  is  reddish-ash-col- 
ored,  minutely  sprinkled  with  brown  dots. 

Maine  to  Texas,  Nebraska. 

133.  Thymelicus  Poweshiek,  Park. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  the  costal  margin  to  near 
the  apex  dull  yellow. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  dark  brown,  the  basal  two 
thirds  of  costal  edge  dull  yellow,  the  apex  washed  with 
yellowish  white.  Hind  wings  dark  brown,  the  veins 
white ; the  whole  surface,  except  between  the  «ubmedian 
vein  and  near  the  inner  margin,  sprinkled  with  white 
scales.  Fringes  brown,  basal  half  white  all  round. 

Iowa,  Illinois,  Montana,  Colorado. 

• * 26 


302 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


134.  Pamphila  Massasoit,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.4  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  with  a slight 
violet  reflection  on  the  fore  wings;  three  small,  sub- 
obsolete,  yellow,  intervenular  dots  in  a row  near  the 
costa  beyond  the  cell,  and  occasionally  a faint,  small, 
yellowish  spot  or  two  on  the  middle  of  the  hind  wings. 
Fringe  slightly  paler,  yellowish  round  the  anal  angle. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  about  the  same  color  as  the 
upper,  the  costal  and  outer  margin  tawny  orange-yellow, 
the  spots  of  the  upper  side  repeated  with  more  distinct- 
ness ; a few  scales  in  two  small  patches  near  the  middle. 
Basal  color  of  hind  wings  blackish  brown,  but  so  washed 
with  tawny  orange  as  to  be  almost  that  color,  paler  than 
the  female.  Across  the  wing,  a little  beyond  the  middle, 
is  a series  of  six  pale  yellow  spots ; the  first  indistinct ; 
the  second  nearly  square,  with  the  outer  end  rounded ; 
the  third  oblong,  reaching  from  near  the  margin  to  the 
middle  of  the  cell,  a faint  brown  bar  at  the  end  of  the 
cell ; the  fourth  and  fifth  oblong,  one-third  the  length  of 
the  third ; the  sixth,  like  the  first,  subobsolete.  Body, 
head,  and  antennae,  above,  the  color  of  the  upper  surface ; 
below,  pale  whitish  yellow. 

Female. — Above,  the  markings  of  the  under  side  show 
more  plainly  than  in  the  males ; the  yellow  of  the  under 
side  is  darker,  and  the  fourth  and  fifth  spots  on  the  under 
side  are  pointed  towards  the  base  and  somewhat  blended 
with  the  third. 

Food-plant  and  larva  unknown. 

Eastern  and  Middle  States,  Nebraska,  Colorado, 
Texas. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


303 


135.  Pamphila  Zabulon,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  pale  dull  yellow,  the  fore  wings 
dusky  at  the  base,  the  outer  fourth  blackish  brown,  den- 
tate within ; the  same  extending  along  the  hind  margin 
to  near  the  base,  and  very  narrowly  edging  the  costa. 
There  is  an  oblique  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a patch 
beyond,  almost  touching  the  apical  portion  of  the  border ; 
beyond  this  patch  the  border  is  narrowed,  with  a narrow 
line  of  yellow  intervening.  Hind  wings  bordered  all 
around  with  blackish  brown. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  pale  yellow,  the  basal  half, 
except  the  costal  margin,  dark  brown,  the  marks  of  the 
outer  end  repeated  with  less  distinctness.  The  hind 
wings  have  a broad,  pale  yellow,  slightly  clouded  band 
across  the  wing  beyond  the  middle;  the  basal  third, 
except  a costal  patch,  reddish  brown.  The  outer  border 
contains  several  irregular  pale  brown  spots ; and  there 
is  a dark  brown,  yellow-washed  streak  below  the  sub- 
median vein. 

Var.  Hobomok,  Harr. — This  form  has  the  markings 
of  the  male  much  as  in  the  typical  form,  but  the  dark 
spots  are  more  pronounced,  with  often  a subterminal 
patch  above  the  discal  bar,  and  the  yellow  is  bright 
tawny.  The  hind  wings  have  the  yellow  band  of  the 
under  side  narrower,  leaving  a continuous  outer  border, 
in  width  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  wing,  with  some 
lilac  scales. 

The  female  of  this  form  has  the  yellow  a little  paler 
than  the  ordinary  male,  the  veins  all  brown,  more  dusky, 
suffusing  over  the  basal  half  of  the  wings,  with  the  yellow 


304 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  more  contracted  than 
in  the  male. 

Dimorphic  form  female  Pocahontas,  Scud. — This 
form  of  female  is  similar  to  Quadraquina,  but  duller 
in  color,  traces  of  a spot  in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  the 
four  posterior  spots  of  the  outer  row  not  clearly  defined. 
Hind  wings  a little  pale  in  the  middle.  The  marks  on 
the  under  side  are  somewhat  blurred,  and  the  hind  wings 
have  an  indistinct  subterminal  band. 

Yar.  female  Quadraquina,  Scud. — This  has  the 
upper  surface  the  same  shade  as  the  outer  border  of  the 
male,  with  a slight  vinous  reflection ; beyond  the  middle 
of  fore  wings  a broken  row  of  pale  yellow  spots,  three 
near  the  costa,  then  two  nearer  the  outer  margin,  which 
are  small  and  mostly  oblong,  then  four  to  the  hind 
margin,  trapezoid,  and  all  but  the  third  larger.  Hind 
wings  without  spots. 

Under  side  blackish  brown,  the  costal  margin  of 
both  wings  washed  with  tawny  ochre,  the  apex  of  the 
fore  wings  whitish,  the  outer  portion  of  the  hind  wings 
washed  with  lilac.  The  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are 
repeated,  the  posterior  four  enlarged  and  more  or  less 
confluent. 

Body  dark  brown,  with  greenish  hairs  above,  paler 
beneath. 

The  eggs  (Fig.  82)  are  pale  green,  nearly  globular, 
Fig  82  somewhat  flattened,  and  under  a strong  lens 
they  appear  reticulated  over  the  surface  with 
fine  six-sided  markings.  These  are  deposited 
on  grass,  upon  which  the  larvae  feed. 

The  young  larva,  which  hatches  from  the 
egg  in  about  ten  days,  is  .1  of  an  inch  long,  with  a large, 


P.  Zabulon, 

egg,  X 12. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


305 


Fig.  83. 


prominent,  shining  black  head,  and  a creamy- white  body, 
with  a yellowish  tinge  posteriorly. 

The  second  segment  is  half  circled 
with  a black  line. 

The  larvse  station  themselves  on 
the  inside  of  the  leaves,  near  the 
joints,  and,  by  drawing  portions  of 
the  leaves  together  with  silk,  form  a 
they  secrete  themselves. 


P.  Zabulon,  larva  (natural 
size). 


rude  case,  in  which 
Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mississippi  Valley. 


136.  Pamphila  Sassacus,  Harr. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.4  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dull  dark  yellow,  the  outer 
border  of  fuscous  or  dark  grayish  brown,  not  quite  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  wing,  crenate  within,  the  base 
dusky.  On  the  fore  wings  is  a black,  oblique  stigma,  or 
sex-mark,  below  the  cell,  with  a little  fuscous  below  it, 
and  at  its  end  a fuscous  patch,  which  is  separated  from  the 
border  by  a few  fulvous  spots  in  a broken  line;  veins 
fuscous.  The  yellow  of  the  hind  wings  is  surrounded 
by  a fuscous  border. 

Under  side  brownish  fulvous,  the  posterior  half  of 
fore  wings  fuscous ; the  five  subterminal  spots  of  the 
upper  surface  repeated,  a spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  a 
large  triangular  patch,  with  dentate  outline,  all  yellowish 
white.  The  hind  wings  have  a subterminal  band  of 
six  whitish  .spots  across  the  anterior  two  thirds  of  the 
wing,  and  a spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  One  specimen 
having  a slight  greenish-yellow  wash  to  the  under  surface 
has  these  spots  indistinct. 

Female. — This  differs  from  the  male  in  having  the 

n 26* 


306 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


hind  wings  washed  in  the  centre  with  yellow,  the  yellow 
area  less  than  in  the  male  and  not  clear  yellow.  Nearly 
all  of  the  fore  wing  is  dark  grayish  brown  or  fuscous,  the 
basal  half,  or  in  some  examples  a little  more,  washed  with 
yellow,  or  only  the  anterior  edge  and  a portion  of  the 
base  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales.  The  fore  wings  have 
a row  of  eight  yellow  spots,  of  which  4 and  5 are  out 
of  line  with  the  others,  being  nearer  the  margin ; and 
two  elongate  spots,  more  or  less  distinct,  in  the  outer 
part  of  the  cell. 

Under  side  grayish  brown,  a little  pale,  the  hind 
wings  and  the  anterior  and  outer  portion  of  the  fore 
wings  well  sprinkled  with  ochraceous  scales ; the  spots 
of  the  fore  wings  repeated,  pale,  the  lower  of  the  outer 
row  broadly  expanded ; the  hind  wings  with  a faint 
row  of  three  or  four  spots  beyond  the  cell. 

Body  brown  above,  with  grayish  hairs,  lighter  beneath. 

The  larva  is  said  to  feed  on  grass,  the  butterfly  ap- 
pearing on  the  wing  in  the  middle  of  June. 

New  England,  New  York  to  Nebraska,  Georgia, 
Florida,  Colorado. 

137.  Pamphila  Metea,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.35  inches. 

Female. — Upper  surface  dark  brown  tinged  ochra- 
ceous, especially  on  the  hind  wings.  Fore  wings  with 
the  following  white  markings  : two  small  spots  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  cell ; three  small  spots,  one  above  the  other, 
on  the  costal  border,  a little  more  than  three-fourths  the 
distance  from  the  base ; below  these,  and  half-way  be- 
tween them  and  the  outer  margin,  one  above  the  other, 
two  small  spots ; placed  successively  a little  nearer  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


307 


base  than  the  last,  two  more  spots,  somewhat  larger, 
between  the  branches  of  the  median  vein,  and  traces  of 
a small  one  on  the  submedian. 

Hind  wings  uniform  in  tint,  with  a faint  ochraceous 
repetition  of  the  markings  beneath.  The  outer  margin 
of  both  wings  is  narrowly  edged  with  black,  the  fringes 
slightly  paler  than  the  upper  surface. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  on  the  hind  wings  ap- 
proaching to  black,  with  some  grayish  scales  towards 
the  outer  border.  The  fore  wings  have  the  markings 
of  the  upper  surface  repeated  with  greater  distinctness 
than  above,  and  a large  pale  brown  spot  at  the  posterior 
angle. 

Hind  wings  with  a band  formed  of  grayish-white 
spots  between  the  venules,  starting  at  the  costa  at  two- 
thirds  the  distance  from  the  base,  nearly  reaching  the 
outer  margin  in  the  space  between  the  subcostal  and 
median  veins,  thence  bent  towards  the  inner  margin  at 
a little  less  than  a right  angle,  terminating  at  the  sub- 
median. 

Male. — This  form  scarcely  differs  from  the  female  on 
the  upper  surface,  except  that  the  spots  are  a little  more 
distinct  and  pale  yellow,  especially  the  row  on  the  hind 
wings.  Stigma,  or  sex-mark,  oblique,  narrow,  black, 
broken,  the  upper  part  longer  than  the  lower. 

Under  side  as  in  the  female.  Body  black  above, 
with  greenish  hairs,  below  gray,  with  a few  greenish 
hairs  on  the  thorax ; palpi  yellowish  white,  gray  at  the 
tip. 

Grass  is  the  food-plant  of  this  species. 

It  has  been  found  in  Connecticut,  New  York,  Texas, 
and  Colorado. 


308 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


138.  Pamphila  Uncas,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.35  to  1.6  inches. 

Female. — Upper  surface  fuscous,  the  base  and  posterior 
part  of  the  fore  wings,  and  a broad  band  through  the 
hind  wings  from  the  base  out,  washed  with  dusky  fulvous. 
The  fore  wings  have  a subterminal  broken  row  of  spots, 
all  whitish  but  the  last,  which  is  yellowish,  also  a small 
spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ; the  two  between  the  branches 
of  the  median  vein  with  the  outer  angles  much  extended. 
Hind  wings  with  the  subterminal  spots  of  the  under 
side  showing  through  a little. 

Under  side  fuscous  gray,  sprinkled  with  pale  yellow 
scales.  The  spots  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  wings 
are  repeated,  white  in  color,  those  of  the  subterminal 
row  blended  into  three  groups,  the  lower  widened  pos- 
teriorly, so  as  to  suffuse  most  of  the  posterior  angle  area. 
The  hind  wings  have  two  very  much  bent  white  bands, 
the  outer  not  reaching  the  inner  margin. 

Male. — Upper  surface  fuscous,  the  fore  wings,  with  the 
cell  and  a patch  below  the  stigma,  distinct  yellow,  in- 
clining to  fulvous,  the  hinder  portion,  from  the  end  of 
the  cell  to  the  posterior  angle,  washed  with  yellow,  and 
a row  of  five  yellow  spots  in  the  outer  fuscous  field, 
the  two  beyond  the  cell  much  out  of  line  with  the  others. 
The  stigma  very  oblique,  narrow,  jet-black,  contracted 
in  the  middle. 

Hind  wings,  with  all  but  a costal  edge  and  a very 
narrow  terminal  border,  heavily  washed  with  yellow, 
inclining  to  a fulvous  shade  in  the  central  portion. 
Fringes  white,  fuscous  at  base.  Under  side  as  in  the 
female. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  309 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown,  though  the  latter 
may  be  grass. 

Delaware  to  Ohio,  Dakota  to  Arizona. 

139.  Pamphila  Seminole,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.35  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  slightly  tinged 
with  violet,  the  fore  wings,  with  the  basal  half  and  costal 
edge,  sprinkled  with  fulvous  yellow ; a broken  row  of 
dull  yellow  spots  beyond  the  middle,  consisting  of  three 
below  the  costa  in  line,  two  beyond  the  cell  farther  to- 
wards the  margin,  and  three,  larger  than  the  others,  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  median  vein  and  above  the 
submedian,  each  of  these  three  reaching  from  vein  to 
vein ; a yellow  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Stigma  black, 
narrow,  broken  near  the  middle,  the  parts  slightly 
curved,  the  ends  overlapping  each  other  a little. 

Hind  wings  with  brownish-yellow  hairs,  and  a row 
towards  the  outer  margin  of  about  five  small  yellow  spots. 

Under  side  scarcely  paler  than  the  upper,  the  hind 
wings  more  tinged  with  reddish,  sprinkled  with  yellow 
scales  which  are  pale  on  the  hind  wings,  more  distinct  ful- 
vous yellow  along  the  costal  edge  of  the  fore  wings  and 
near  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind  wings.  Spots  of  upper 
side  repeated,  but  paler,  almost  white,  spot  7 of  the  fore 
wings  enlarged,  and  spot  8 shading  out  on  each  side. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male,  but  scarcely  sprinkled 
with  yellow ; lacking  the  stigma ; the  spots  a little  more 
prominent.  Under  side  as  in  the  male. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  unknown. 

It  has  been  found  in  Florida,  North  Carolina,  New 
Jersey,  and  Iowa. 


310 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


140.  Pamphila  Leonardus,  Harr. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.4  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  more  or  less 
overlaid  with  fulvous  yellow  scales  from  the  base  to  the 
outer  third  of  the  fore  wings,  with  a broken  subter- 
minal row  of  clearer  yellow  spots ; three  of  these  below 
the  costa  in  line,  two  beyond  the  cell  farther  out,  and 
separated  from  the  cell  by  a space  without  yellow,  and 
two  or  three  below,  in  line  with  the  first,  continued 
by  an  oblique  shade  to  the  hind  margin;  also  a dis- 
tinct spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Stigma  black,  oblique, 
concave  below.  The  hind  wings  have  a curved  band 
not  reaching  either  margin ; an  obscure  spot  in  the 
cell,  and  greenish-yellow  hairs  over  the  inner  half  of 
the  wings. 

Under  side  bright  reddish  brown,  the  fore  wings 
blackish  from  the  cell  to  the  hind  margin,  but  not 
reaching  the  outer  margin  except  at  the  posterior  angle. 
The  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are  repeated,  but  the 
spots  below  the  cell  are  blended  and  enlarged  into  a 
subtriangular  patch.  The  hind  wings  have  a small 
spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  beyond  a curved  row 
of  six  or  seven  spots. 

Female. — This  form  has  the  basal  third  of  the  fore 
wings  only  moderately  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales,  and 
the  stigma  is  absent.  The  spots  in  the  outer  row  are 
larger  than  in  the  males.  Under  side  like  the  male. 

According  to  Mr.  Scudder,  this  species  feeds  on  grass 
in  the  larval  state. 

New  England  to  West  Virginia;  Indian  River, 
Florida;  Kansas. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


311 


141.  Pamphila  Meskei,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.5  to  1.6  inches. 

Male. — Upper  side  dark  brown,  marked  and  spotted 
with  reddish  fulvous ; three  small  spots  in  subcostal  in- 
terspaces of  fore  wings,  two  others  opposite  the  cell  and 
towards  the  outer  margin,  and  in  line  with  these  an 
oblique  row  crossing  the  median  interspaces,  the  lower 
spots  merged  in  the  fulvous  of  disk  or  cell  to  base  and 
anteriorly  to  costa ; the  stigma  in  two  sections,  the  ante- 
rior one  completely  crossing  the  lower  median  inter- 
space, a narrow,  smooth,  black,  slightly  bent  ridge;  the 
lower  one  in  submedian  interspace  parallel  to  the  line 
of  the  other,  short,  not  reaching  either  venule;  be- 
hind the  stigma  is  a narrow,  blackish,  rough  patch. 
The  hind  wings  have  the  central  part  obscure  fulvous, 
with  an  imperfectly  defined  series  of  spots  between  the 
cell  and  the  outer  margin.  Fringes  of  the  fore  wings 
fuscous  next  the  margin,  whitish  outside;  of  the  hind 
wings,  fuscous  next  the  margin,  then  fulvous,  and  out- 
side whitish. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  bright  ferruginous,  of  one 
shade,  and  without  spots;  apex  of  fore  wings  bright 
ferruginous,  the  outer  margin  a little  obscured,  the  spots 
indistinctly  repeated,  next  the  base  and  against  the  stigma 
black. 

Female. — Color  dark  brown;  the  fore  wings  have 
spots  placed  as  in  the  male,  distinctly  defined  through- 
out, the  basal  area  being  brown,  instead  of  fulvous  as  in 
the  male.  Hind  wings  as  in  the  male,  though  the  spots 
may  be  more  clearly  defined. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male,  but  on  the  disk  of  the  hind 


312 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


wings  is  an  indistinct  bent  row  of  small  paler  spots  cor- 
responding to  the  spots  of  the  upper  side. 

Body  above  black,  covered  with  fulvous  hairs ; thorax 
below  yellowish;  abdomen  the  same,  with  a fulvous  tint ; 
palpi  light  yellow,  with  a fulvous  tint;  antennae  black 
above,  yellowish  below ; club  black  on  both  upper  and 
under  surface,  on  the  sides  fulvous. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Texas ; Indian  River,  Florida. 

142.  Pamphila  Huron,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.5  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  dark  yellow 
tinged  with  fulvous,  dusky  at  base,  the  veins  fuscous, 
and  a fuscous  outer  border  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  wing,  crenate  within,  narrowed  opposite  the  cell, 
before  which  there  is  a fuscous  patch.  Stigma  some- 
what quadrate,  the  upper  outer  angle  produced,  velvety 
black  above  and  below,  with  a nearly  round  blackish 
patch  beyond. 

Hind  wings  with  the  central  portion  of  the  wing 
yellow,  but  washed  a little  with  dusky,  a continuous 
fuscous  border  round  the  wing. 

Under  side  dull  yellowish  fulvous,  the  hind  wings  and 
terminal  portion  of  the  fore  wings  tinged  with  grayish ; 
the  basal  half  of  the  fore  wings  from  the  cell  to  the  hind 
margin,  and  a border  to  the  posterior  angle,  blackish. 
The  fore  wings  have  a faint  subterminal  band,  much  as 
on  the  under  side  of  P.  Leonardus.  Base  of  hind  wings 
dusky,  a faint  subterminal  band. 

Female. — This  has  the  upper  surface  blackish  fuscous, 
the  fore  wings  washed  with  yellowish  from  the  base  to 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


313 


the  outer  third  along  the  costal  and  hind  margins;  a 
black  space  in  place  of  the  stigma  of  the  male ; the  usual 
broken  subterminal  row  of  spots,  the  first  three  and  the 
last  two  translucent.  Hind  wings  with  yellowish  scales, 
and  greenish  hairs  over  the  inner  half,  an  indistinct  spot 
in  the  cell,  and  a band  beyond  not  reaching  either  margin, 
in  width  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  wing. 

Under  side  like  that  of  the  male  in  color ; the  row 
of  spots  of  the  fore  wings  repeated,  the  hind  wings  with 
two  much  curved  rows  of  white  confluent  spots. 

Atlantic  States  to  Florida,  Mississippi  Valley,  Texas, 
Arizona. 

143.  Pampiiila  PhyLuEUS,  Drury. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.3  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  yellow,  dusky  at  base  along  the 
veins,  and  on  the  costal  and  inner  margin  of  the  hind 
wings.  Fore  wings  with  an  outer  border  of  eight  cunei- 
form fuscous  spots,  the  length  being  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  wing,  the  third  and  fourth  from  the 
apex  about  half  as  long  as  the  others,  and  the  eighth 
half-wedge-shaped.  Stigma  slender,  oblique,  velvety 
black,  with  a fuscous  patch  below;  a bar  at  the  end 
of  the  cell,  with  two  rays  from  it.  Hind  wings  with  a 
border  of  five  cuneiform  spots,  the  second  very  short. 

Under  side  paler  than  the  upper,  and  the  yellow  not 
so  bright.  Fore  wings  fuscous  below  the  cell  and  along 
the  hind  margin,  the  stigma  and  part  of  the  terminal 
spots  showing,  but  not  those  at  the  apex.  The  hind 
wings  have  two  subobsolete  rows  of  fuscous  spots,  the 
inner  across  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

Female. — Upper  side  dark  brown,  with  a little  vinous 
o 27 


314 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


reflection.  The  fore  wings  have  the  basal  third  washed 
with  dull  yellow,  the  spots  brighter  dark  yellow.  There 
is  a spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  an  oblique  broken  row 
behind ; the  first  three  in  the  subcostal  interspaces  are  ob- 
long, slightly  narrowed  at  the  base ; the  next  two  oppo- 
site the  cell,  farther  towards  the  margin,  small  and  round 
or  quadrate ; number  6 like  2 and  3 ; number  7 quad- 
rate ; number  8 a mere  point ; number  9 triangular,  and 
extending  as  a shade  along  the  hind  margin  to  the  base. 
Hind  wings  overlaid  on  basal  and  inner  portions  with 
dull  yellow  hairs,  and  with  a subterminal  row  of  spots 
much  as  in  the  female  of  P.  Huron. 

Under  side  darker  yellow  than  in  the  male,  the  fus- 
cous covering  more  than  the  posterior  half  of  the  wing ; 
the  spots  of  the  upper  side  repeated,  whitish. 

According  to  Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman,  the  larva  of  this 
species  when  full  grown  is  .7  of  an  inch  long,  fusiform, 
of  a uniform  dull  green  color,  and  thickly  granulated 
with  pale  points.  The  collar  on  joint  2 is  dark  brown. 
Head  small,  dark  brown. 

The  chrysalis  is  .5  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  cylindrical, 
pubescent.  Color  pale  green ; a black  line,  interrupted 
on  the  posterior  joints,  extends  from  back  of  the  head- 
case  to  the  last  joint,  with  a lateral  black  streak  on  the 
thorax,  and  a row  of  spots  on  the  abdomen.  More  or 
less  punctured  throughout. 

Food-plant,  grass. 

Middle  and  Gulf  States  to  the  Pacific. 

144.  Pamphila  Brettus,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  yellow,  with  a fuscous  terminal 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


315 


border  crenate  within,  covering  about  one-fourth  the 
length  of  the  wing,  receding  somewhat  opposite  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings  ; the  base  dusky ; the  veins  of  the  outer 
half  of  the  fore  wings  fuscous.  The  stigma  has  the  cen- 
tral streak  dull  black,  with  velvety  black  each  side  of 
this,  and  a small  blackish  patch  below.  A fuscous  streak 
extends  from  the  lower  end  of  this  to  the  base  along  the 
submedian  vein,  and  another  irregular-shaped  patch  ex- 
tends from  the  upper  end  of  the  stigma  so  as  almost  to 
touch  the  terminal  border  opposite  the  cell. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  overlaid  with  yellow ; costal 
portion  of  fore  wings  yellow,  basal  portion  fuscous.  An 
irregular  subterminal  yellow  band  crosses  both  wings. 

The  egg  is  white,  smooth,  hemispherical.  It  is  de- 
posited on  grass  ( Paspalum  setaceum ). 

The  young  larva  is  white,  with  a large  black  head, 
and  black  collar.  When  full  grown  it  is  one  inch  long, 
pale  green,  with  a dark  dorsal  stripe,  and  an  obscure  line 
on  each  side.  Collar  black,  on  each  side  a black  dot  sepa- 
rated from  the  collar.  Stigmata  black.  Head  rounded, 
projecting  obliquely,  granulated  with  black,  the  sides  of 
face  and  two  streaks  on  upper  part  of  face  yellow-white. 

Chrysalis  .75  of  an  inch  long.  Color  pale  green,  the 
abdomen  whitish ; wing-cases  smooth,  finely  veined ; the 
antennse-case  extending  in  a filiform  point  to  the  end  of 
the  abdomen.  On  each  side  of  head-case  a dark  point, 
and  a row  of  dark  points  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen. 

Gulf  States,  West  Virginia. 

145.  Pamphila  Otho,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a little  vinous  re- 


316 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


flection.  The  fore  wings  have  a series  of  yellow  spots, 
— the  first  three  anteapical,  the  next  two  between  the 
branches  of  the  median  vein,  and  the  sixth  a small  one 
on  the  submedian.  The  hind  wings  have  the  usual 
greenish-yellow  hairs  over  the  inner  part,  and  two  small, 
faint,  contiguous  spots  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  male 
differs  from  the  female  in  having  an  oblique  stigma,  and 
in  having  an  overlaying  of  greenish-yellow  scales  on  the 
basal  portion  of  the  wings,  though  scarcely  enough  to 
change  the  color. 

Under  side  yellowish  brown,  the  posterior  half,  or 
more,  of  the  fore  wings  blackish.  The  spots  of  the  fore 
wings  are  repeated,  except  the  last  one.  The  hind  wings 
have  an  indistinct  yellowish  band  of  five  or  six  spots. 

Var.  Egeremet,  Scud. — This  is  similar  to  the  other 
form,  but  differs  in  wanting  the  marks  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  hind  wings,  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  spots 
of  the  fore  wings  are  lacking. 

The  under  side  is  dark  blackish  brown,  obscure  at  the 
base,  the  hind  wings,  especially  of  the  male,  sprinkled 
with  olivaceous  scales,  the  posterior  part  of  the  fore 
wings  more  blackish,  and  the  costal  margin  sprinkled 
with  yellow.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated, 
and  there  is  an  indistinct  row  of  spots  across  the  hind 
wings.  There  is  the  same  difference  between  the  males 
and  the  females  on  the  upper  surface  as  in  the  form  Otho. 

This  is  a variable  species,  the  form  Otho  seeming  to 
be  the  Southern  form,  while  Egeremet  is  the  Northern, 
with  intergrades  covering  the  intervening  ground.  One 
of  these  forms,  a female,  named  Ursa , Worth.,  differs 
from  the  form  Otho  in  having  the  posterior  spot  on  the 
fore  wings  lacking,  and  in  there  being  traces  of  a band 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  317 

of  elongate  spots  on  the  upper  side  of  the  hind  wings, 
seen  fairly  only  in  certain  lights. 

Body  above  dark  brown,  lighter  beneath. 

Atlantic  States,  Mississippi  Valley,  Texas. 

146.  Pamphila  Peckius,  Kirby. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Female. — Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown,  the 
markings  dark  yellow,  slightly  fulvous-tinted;  there 
is  a slight  sprinkling  of  yellow  scales  over  the  surface, 
especially  the  basal  portion.  The  mark- 
ings of  the  fore  wings  are  : a slight  ray  Fig.  84. 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  cell,  and  traces 
of  one  in  the  lower  part ; and  a broken 
band  of  seven  spots  beyond  the  middle, 
the  two  opposite  the  cell  beyond  the  line 
of  the  others.  The  first  three  of  these  ramphiia  Peckius, 

, it  • 1 , 1 • , underside. 

spots  are  oblong  in  the  subcostal  inter- 
spaces ; the  next  four  mostly  quadrate ; sometimes  the 
fourth  of  the  seven  is  wanting,  and  there  are  occasionally 
a few  scales  on  the  submedian  vein  in  line  with  the  last 
spots.  Hind  wings  with  a band  of  five  spots,  in  width 
about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  wing ; spots  3 and 
4 the  largest. 

Under  side  fulvous  brown,  the  basal  half  of  the  fore 
wings  fuscous ; the  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated, 
lighter  yellow,  there  being  eight  of  them  instead  of  seven. 
The  hind  wings  have  two  broad  pale  yellow  bands,  a 
little  irregular  in  outline,  the  lower  part  of  the  inner 
often  united  with  the  middle  of  the  outer,  as  in  Fig.  84. 

Male. — Of  the  same  color  as  the  female,  the  basal  two 
thirds  of  the  fore  wings  heavily  washed  with  yellow ; 

27* 


318 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  outer  two  thirds  of  the  cell,  and  the  space  in  front 
of  that,  nearly  clear  yellow ; below  the  cell  an  oblique, 
sinuous,  velvety-black  sex-mark  ; and  below  this  a nearly 
round  brownisli-olive  patch.  The  outer  third  is  sprinkled 
with  yellow  scales,  and  contains  the  outer  row  of  spots 
found  on  the  wing  of  the  female,  the  seventh  spot  partly 
lost  in  the  olive  patch.  The  hind  wings  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  female,  but  are  sprinkled  with  yellow. 
Under  side  the  same  as  in  the  female. 

According  to  Professor  Fernald,  this  species  feeds  on 
grass.  The  eggs  are  pale  greenish  yellow,  strongly  con- 
vex above,  and  flattened  at  the  base,  and  the  surface  is 
faintly  reticulated.  They  hatch  in  fourteen  days.  The 
young  larva  is  .1  of  an  inch  long,  with  a large  shining 
black  head.  The  body  is  dull  brownish  yellow,  dotted 
with  black,  with  a ring  of  brownish  black  on  the  second 
segment.  Under  side  paler  than  the  upper,  and  the  whole 
surface  clothed  with  fine  hairs.  The  butterfly  is  on  the 
wing  from  June  to  July. 

New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  West  Virginia, 
Kansas. 

147.  Pamphila  Mystic,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.2  inches. 

Male.  — Upper  surface  yellow,  slightly  brownish- 
tinted  ; an  outer  border  of  dark  blackish  brown,  about 
one-fourth  the  length  of  the  wing,  not  crenate  on  its  inner 
edge,  but  receding  a little  opposite  the  cell  of  the  fore 
wings  and  at  the  apex;  base  dusky.  Stigma  oblique, 
black,  slender,  with  a blackish  patch  below  it,  and  an 
irregular  patch  from  the  end  of  the  cell  outward,  the 
corners  of  which  connect  with  the  outer  border,  leaving 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  31 9 

a small  yellow  spot  enclosed.  This  patch,  the  stigma, 
and  the  dusky  base  form  a continuous  line. 

The  hind  wings  have  the  outer  border  narrower  than 
the  border  of  the  fore  wings,  but  have  broad  inner  and 
costal  borders ; veins  dark,  witli  some  shading  at  the  end 
of  the  cell. 

Under  side  somewhat  paler  than  the  upper,  the  fore 
wings  blackish  below  the  cell  and  along  the  hind  margin, 
a band  of  paler  yellow  beyond  the  middle,  the  posterior 
spots  expanded.  Hind  wings  with  a broad  subregular 
subterminal  band,  and  a patch  in  the  cell ; all  indistinct. 

Female. — The  fore  wings  dark  brown,  the  outer  two 
thirds  of  cell  pale  yellow,  and  some  yellow  suffusion  in 
front  of  this.  There  is  the  usual  row  of  spots  marking 
the  outer  third  : the  first  three  oblong ; the  fourth  ob- 
scure ; the  fifth  triangular ; the  sixth  oblong ; the  seventh 
subquadrate,  convex  within,  concave  without ; the  eighth 
irregular.  The  hind  wings  have  a patch  at  the  end  of 
the  cell,  and  a band  of  five  spots  beyond,  the  first  a little 
out  of  line  with  the  others ; the  ground  color  the  same 
as  that  of  the  fore  wings. 

The  under  side  is  marked  as  in  the  male,  but  the  sur- 
face is  more  fuscous,  except  the  anal  portion  of  the  hind 
wings  and  the  anterior  basal  portion  of  the  fore  wings, 
which  are  but  little  darker  than  in  the  males. 

Like  many  other  species  of  Pamphila,  this  feeds  on 
grass  in  the  larval  state.  The  eggs  are,  according  to  Mr. 
Scudder,  of  a pale  yellowish-green  color,  strongly  convex 
above,  and  with  the  base  flattened.  The  surface  appears 
smooth  under  a lens,  but  under  a power  of  eighty  diam- 
eters is  seen  to  be  faintly  reticulated.  The  egg  period 
lasts  eight  or  ten  days.  The  young  larva  is  .1  of  an 


320  the  butterflies  of  the 

inch  long,  with  a large  shining  black  head,  and  a white 
body  tinged  with  yellowish  brown,  this  tinge  being  more 
apparent  towards  the  posterior  part. 

The  full-grown  larva  is  of  an  oval  outline ; the  head 
not  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of‘  the  body,  but 
prominent  and  much  larger  than  the  second  segment; 
it  is  of  a dull  reddish-brown  color,  edged  with  black  on 
the  hinder  part,  and  clothed  with  minute  whitish  hairs. 
The  body  is  dull  brownish  green,  with  hairs  similar  to 
those  on  the  head ; a dorsal  line  and  numerous  dots  over 
the  surface  of  the  body  are  of  a darker  shade.  Joint  2 
is  pale  whitish,  with  a line  of  brownish  black  across  the 
top.  The  last  joints  are  paler  than  the  rest,  and  the 
under  side  of  the  body  is  paler  than  the  upper. 

So  far  as  known,  there  is  only  one  brood  in  a season, 
and  the  butterflies  are  on  the  wing  in  June  and  July. 

New  England  to  New  York. 

148.  Pamphila  Cernes,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.1  inches. 

Male.: — Upper  surface  dark  olivaceous  brown,  with  a 
little  vinous  reflection  ; fore  wings,  with  the  cell,  the  cos- 
tal area  to  half-way  between  the  cell  and  the  apex,  and  a 
patch  beyond  the  upper  end  of  the  stigma,  clear  yellow. 
The  whole  area  below  the  cell,  except  a dusky  patch  out- 
side the  stigma,  washed  with  yellow.  Stigma  oblique, 
velvety  black,  contracted  a little  in  the  middle.  Hind 
wings  with  olive  hairs  and  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales. 

Under  side  blackish  or  fuscous,  the  posterior  part  of 
the  fore  wings  clear,  the  outer  half  of  the  anterior  por- 
tion of  the  fore  wings  and  all  of  the  hind  wings  overlaid 
with  yellow ; the  cell  and  costal  margin  before  the  cell 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


321 


of  the  fore  wings  clear  yellow.  The  fore  wings  have 
five  spots  marking  the  outer  third,  the  three  costal  ob- 
scure, the  two  between  the  median  venules  pale  yellow, 
the  lower  excavate  externally. 

Female. — Upper  surface  of  the  same  ground  color  as 
in  the  male,  the  fore  wings  with  a ray  of  clear  yellow  in 
the  cell,  and  the  basal  half  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales, 
more  so  on  the  costal  and  hind  margins.  The  five  yel- 
low spots  that  are  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  of 
the  male  are  distinct  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  female, 
with  some  scales  on  the  submedian  vein  in  line  with  the 
others.  Hind  wings  as  in  the  male,  but  not  sprinkled 
so  heavily. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male,  but  not  so  heavily  overlaid 
with  yellow. 

Body  dark  brown  above,  with  greenish  hairs ; a little 
lighter  beneath. 

The  larva  is  unknown. 

New  England  to  Montana,  Florida. 

149.  Pamphila  Myus,  French.* 

Expanse  of  wings  .95  of  an  inch. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  olivaceous  brown,  with  a 
slight  vinous  reflection,  about  the  same  shade  as  P.  Cer- 
nes , which  it  much  resembles.  The  fore  wings  have  the 
discal  cell  and  the  area  in  front  of  the  cell  like  Cernes , 
heavily  washed  with  yellow  of  a little  darker  shade  than 
in  that  species,  the  same  color  extending  beyond  the  cell 
along  the  costal  area  three-fourths  the  distance  from  the 
base  to  the  outer  margin ; below  the  cell  the  same  shade 


* Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron  thinks  this  is  P.  Baracoa , Luc. 


322 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


of  yellow  extends  along  the  median  vein  the  same  dis- 
tance, the  area  below  this  to  the  hind  margin  rather 
heavily  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales,  except  the  space 
beyond  the  lower  half  of  the  stigma,  being  in  this  much 
like  Cernes.  In  Cernes  there  is  a quadrate  sinus  of  the 
terminal  dark  brown  of  the  wing  dipping  into  the  yel- 
low beyond  the  cell,  coming  up  to  the  cross-vein.  In 
this  species  the  sinus  is  of  the  same  width,  but  extends 
inward  above  the  median  vein,  ending  in  a point  half- 
way to  the  base  of  the  wing.  The  stigma  is  black,  nar- 
row, oblique,  entire,  though  constricted  below  the  middle, 
shorter  than  in  Cernes , does  not  reach  the  submedian 
below,  and  the  upper  end  reaches  only  the  second  branch 
of  the  median,  while  in  Cernes  it  passes  beyond  this 
venule,  the  lower  third  bent  a little  towards  the  base, 
not  more  than  half  as  wide  as  in  Cernes;  below  the 
stigma  an  oblong  patch  of  blackish  scales  which  are 
bronzy  in  certain  lights.  The  hind  wings  are  sprinkled 
with  yellow  scales,  the  inner  half  with  yellowish  hairs 
which  are  less  olivaceous  than  in  Cernes . 

One  specimen  has  on  the  fore  wings,  marking  what 
is  above  described  as  the  outer  boundary  of  yellow,  five 
small  yellow  spots  which  are  paler  than  the  yellow  along 
the  costa, — three  in  a line  back  from  the  costa,  and  two 
in  the  median  interspaces;  the  yellow  washing  does  not 
quite  reach  to  these  spots,  there  being  less  yellow  also  at 
the  base ; varying  in  amount  of  yellow,  as  is  sometimes 
seen  in  different  specimens  of  Cernes . 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  much  as  above,  the  yellow 
orange-tinted,  the  row  of  slightly  paler  spots  at  the  end 
of  the  yellow  showing  more  distinctly  than  above,  the 
apical  half  of  the  terminal  space  sprinkled  with  yellow, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  323 

the  posterior  half  of  the  wing  blackish,  the  sinus  beyond 
the  cell  heavily  sprinkled  over. 

Hind  wings  dark  brown,  with  a vinous  reflection, 
sprinkled  with  pale  yellow  scales,  a narrow  discal  band 
of  small  confluent  whitish  spots  marking  the  outer  third, 
much  as  in  the  species  of  Amblyscirtes,  not  very  dis- 
tinct. 

Female. — This  lacks  the  stigma  of  the  male,  is  marked 
above  much  as  the  female  of  Cernes , but  is  of  a darker  and 
brighter  yellow,  the  whole  area  in  front  of  the  cell  and 
to  the  anteapical  spots  nearly  clear  yellow,  the  rest  of 
the  basal  two  thirds  sprinkled  with  yellow,  much  as  in 
the  male.  On  the  under  side  the  obscure  band  on  the 
hind  wings  is  a little  more  distinct  than  in  the  male. 

Body  concolorous  with  the  wings  above,  the  thorax 
with  olivaceous  hairs,  the  abdomen  sprinkled  with  yel- 
low; beneath  yellowish  white,  about  the  shade  of 
Cernes . 

Florida,  specimens  obtained  during  the  summers  of 
1883  and  1884. 

150.  Pamphila  Manataaqua,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.3  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a brassy  re- 
flection. The  fore  wings  have,  about  three-fourths  the 
distance  from  the  base,  two  or  three  small  yellow  inter- 
venular  spots  in  a line  back  from  the  costa,  and  a series 
of  three  more  below  these, — two  between  the  branches  of 
the  median  vein  and  one  above  the  submedian ; the  first 
of  these  nearly  square,  the  second  oblong,  twice  as  broad 
as  long,  the  third  small.  The  stigma  is  black,  narrow, 
oblique,  extending  from  the  forking  of  the  median  at 


324 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  end  of  the  cell  to  the  submedian.  Hind  wings 
without  marks,  the  hairs  on  the  inner  half  brown  and 
olivaceous. 

Under  side  tawny  yellowish  brown,  the  fore  wings 
with  the  spots  as  above,  but  paler,  the  one  above  the 
submedian  shaded  out  considerably  with  white.  Hind 
wings  with  a transverse  row  of  four  subobsolete  pale 
yellow  spots. 

Female. — The  same  color  as  the  male,  the  spots  in 
the  discal  row  of  fore  wings  larger  and  more  distinct, 
the  one  above  the  submedian  somewhat  hour-glass- 
shaped ; base  of  fore  wings  sprinkled  with  yellow,  the 
cell  washed  with  the  same.  The  stigma  absent. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male,  but  the  surface  more 
sprinkled  with  pale  yellow,  the  washing  of  yellow  on 
the  fore  wings  repeated,  the  spots  the  same  as  in  the 
male,  but  a little  more  distinct. 

Body  dark  brown  above,  with  olivaceous  hairs,  below 
yellowish  white. 

United  States  generally. 

151.  Pamphila  Verna,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.25  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a slight  pur- 
plish reflection.  The  fore  wings  have  the  costal  edge 
slightly  sprinkled  with  yellow ; the  small,  yellowish, 
translucent,  intervenular  spots  in  a line  back  from  the 
costa,  nearly  three-fourths  the  distance  from  the  base  to 
the  apex,  and  two  larger  spots  between  the  branches  of 
the  median  vein,  the  second  twice  as  large  as  the  first ; 
a few  scales  are  seen  above  the  submedian  in  line  with 
these,  and  there  is  a small  spot  in  the  lower  part  of  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


325 


cell  near  the  end.  Stigma  black,  oblique,  narrow,  some- 
what constricted,  but  not  broken.  Hind  wings  without 
spots,  hairs  yellowish  green.  Fringes  yellowish  gray. 

Under  side  about  the  same  color  as  above,  all  but 
the  posterior  part  of  the  fore  wings  and  a stripe  within 
the  inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings  tinged  with  yellow 
bronze  having  a purplish  reflection.  Spots  on  the  fore 
wings  repeated ; the  spot  on  the  submedian  considerably 
enlarged. 

Hind  wings  with  a faint  discal  row  of  five  small 
whitish  spots. 

Female. — This  differs  little  from  the  male  in  mark- 
ings and  color ; there  is  less  sprinkling  of  yellow  scales, 
and  the  few  scales  above  the  submedian  may  be  absent. 
Under  side  as  in  the  male.  Stigma  absent  from  the  fore 
wings  above. 

Body  concolorous  with  the  wings  above,  gray  be- 
neath. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  unknown. 

New  York,  Maryland  to  Georgia,  West  Virginia, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Kansas. 

152.  Pamphila  Vestris,  Bd. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.28  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  glossy  brown,  as  in  P. 
Metacomet ; outer  margin  blackish  brown  ; fringes  dark 
brown.  Fore  wings  with  some  dull  yellowish  scales  on 
the  inner  half  of  the  costa,  on  the  outer  side  of  the  stigma, 
and  within  it,  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins, 
Stigma  velvety  black,  consisting  of  two  acutely  ellipsoidal 
spots,  which  join  on  the  lower  median  venule  and  have 
their  extremities  resting  on  the  submedian  and  second 

28 


326 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


branch  of  the  median  ; the  inner  spot  with  distinct  black 
scales  near  the  submedian  vein. 

Under  side  brown,  blackish  over  the  stigma,  with 
obscure  yellow  shades  exterior  to  it  as  the  only  mark- 
ings. Abdomen  above  concolorous  with  the  wings,  with 
yellowish  scales  laterally.  Thorax  beneath,  and  abdomen 
contiguous,  brown,  with  some  longer  clay-colored  hairs. 
Palpi  clothed  with  bristling  yellow  scales,  from  which 
the  tip  of  the  last  joint  barely  projects. 

Female. — Fore  wings  with  dull  yellow  scales  and 
hairs,  more  numerous  on  the  inner  half  of  the  hind 
margin,  and  nearly  absent  from  the  outer  margin ; two 
yellow  spots  between  the  branches  of  the  median  vein, 
the  outer  one  scarcely  more  than  a dot,  the  inner  sub- 
quadrangular  ; no  anteapical  spots,  but  in  their  place  some 
clustering  yellow  scales. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  the  fore  wings  reddish  brown 
basally,  and  the  hind  wings  of  the  same  shade  through- 
out, except  towards  their  inner  margin.  The  two  spots 
of  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  wings  are  reproduced 
beneath  somewhat  more  obscurely.  Thorax  and  front 
of  head  clothed  with  yellowish  scales ; palpi  with  black 
scales  above,  and  beneath  with  some  clay-colored  scales. 

California,  Colorado,  Indian  River,  Florida. 

153.  Pamppiila  Metacomet,  Harr. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.3  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  slightly  glossed 
with  greenish  yellow  above ; the  usual  oblique  velvety- 
black  stigma.  The  under  side  of  the  wings  slightly  paler, 
the  hind  wings  with  a transverse  row  of  four  very  faint 
yellowish  dots,  which,  however,  are  often  wanting. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


327 


Female. — Of  the  same  color  as  the  male,  lacking  the 
stigma,  and  having  two  yellowish  dots  between  the 
branches  of  the  median  vein,  and  two  more  anteapical 
near  the  costa  beyond  the  cell.  The  under  side  has  the 
spots  of  the  upper  surface  reproduced  ; hind  wings  as  in 
the  male. 

This  butterfly  is  to  be  found  in  July,  the  larva  feeding 
on  grass. 

New  England  to  Montana,  Kansas,  Nevada. 

154.  Pamphila  Accius,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown,  slightly  olive- 
tinted.  Males  with  an  oblique  black  stigma,  with  a white 
dot  at  the  upper  end  of  it  in  the  upper  median  interspace, 
and  three  small  white  dots  in  the  subcostal  interspaces 
beyond  the  cell.  The  females  lack  the  stigma,  but  have 
besides  the  anteapical  spots  an  oblique  row  of  three  in 
the  median  interspaces  and  above  the  submedian,  the 
middle  spot  the  largest. 

Under  side  dark  reddish  brown,  the  posterior  part  of 
fore  wings  and  inner  part  of  hind  wings  blackish.  The 
following  parts  are  suffused  with  lilac  : the  outer  part  of 
the  fore  wings,  narrowing  from  the  middle  to  both  mar- 
gins ; a similar  space  on  the  hind  wings,  also  a patch  in 
the  middle.  The  white  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are 
repeated. 

Some  specimens  have  a white  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  of  the  fore  wings  besides  those  mentioned. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.33  inches  long,  slender,  nearly 
white,  but  under  the  lens  mottled  and  dotted  with  darker 
lines  and  points,  the  rings  on  the  posterior  half  of  each 


328  the  butterflies  of  the 

joint  more  prominent  and  less  dotted;  collar  black. 
Head  rather  small,  oblique,  oval,  flattened  frontally; 
white,  with  a black  band  around  the  top  and  sides,  a 
black  streak  down  the  middle  of  the  face,  and  a short 
black  streak  on  each  side  of  this  last,  not  reaching  the 
band  at  top. 

The  chrysalis  is  smooth,  white,  the  head-case  tapering 
into  a slender  pointed  beak. 

The  larva  was  found  in  August  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Chap- 
man wrapped  in  the  leaves  of  a large  grass  ( Erianthus 
alopecuroides). 

Gulf  States,  North  Carolina,  Eastern  Pennsylvania, 
Southern  Illinois. 

155.  Pamphila  Loammi,  Whitn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.5  inches. 

Male. — Wings  above  dark  glossy  brown,  darker  ba- 
sally.  Fringes  light  brown,  with  a blackish  line  at  ex- 
treme base.  Fore  wings  with  a subcostal  transverse  row 
of  quadrate  whitish  spots,  situate  one  in  each  of  the  three 
terminal  subcostal  interspaces  near  the  base;  the  upper 
one  one-half  its  length  nearer  apex.  A large  subquad- 
rate spot  crossing  second  median  interspace  at  one-third 
the  distance  from  its  base.  An  obsolescent  transverse 
line  in  lower  median  interspace,  equidistant  between  its 
base  and  spot  in  second  interspace.  A narrow  black 
stigma  broken  by  the  lower  branch  of  the  median  vein ; 
upper  portion  straight,  commencing  at  second  branching 
of  median  and  crossing  the  interspace  to  first  median 
venule  near  its  source.  The  lower  portion  of  the  bar 
commences  below  the  venule  about  its  own  width  re- 
moved outwardly,  is  strongly  concave  within,  and  reaches 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  329 

the  submedian  vein  about  two-fifths  its  distance  from  the 
base.  Hind  wings  without  spots. 

Under  side  dark  chestnut-brown.  Apex  of  fore 
wings  and  border  of  hind  wings  with  a bloom  of  pearly 
scales.  Fore  wings  with  the  markings  of  the  upper  side 
repeated,  and  two  minute  dots  in  subcosto-median  inter- 
spaces, resting  one  on  each  venule;  one  in  first  median 
interspace  and  a transverse  line  in  third.  These  five, 
including  one  in  second  interspace  repeated  above,  are 
in  line  from  apex  to  internal  margin. 

Hind  wings  with  a curved  sub-basal  row  of  three 
small  irregular  white  spots.  The  first  is  in  the  costo- 
subcostal  interspace  one-fourth  the  distance  from  its 
base,  the  second  in  the  cell,  and  the  third  on  the  sub- 
median vein.  A subterminal  sinuate  row ; the  first 
double,  situate  in  the  costo-subcostal  interspace  midway 
between  its  other  spot  and  its  extremity.  A black  streak 
extends  from  this  spot  sharply  outward  to  the  next  spot 
below  the  subcostal  vein,  which  is  followed  in  the  suc- 
ceeding interspaces  by  five  small  transverse  spots.  All 
the  spots  of  the  hind  wings  have  a black  border. 

Female. — General  coloration  a little  lighter  than  in 
the  male.  Fore  wings  above  with  two  spots  at  extrem- 
ity of  cell.  An  irregular  transverse  band  commencing 
with  three  subcostal  spots,  the  upper  one  not  removed 
outwardly  as  in  the  male  ; the  fourth  twice  its  own  width 
nearer  the  margin ; the  fifth  in  line  with  the  first  three ; 
the  sixth  twice  its  width  nearer  the  base ; the  seventh 
largest,  removed  its  width  internally;  the  eighth  double 
or  with  upper  half  obsolete. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  with  upper  markings  re- 
peated. Hind  wings  with  basal  row  inconstant.  First 

28* 


330 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


three  spots  of  subterminal  row  running  towards  the  outer 
margin;  the  others  running  at  a right  angle  from  the 
third,  towards  the  inner  margin.  In  one  female  example 
the  subterminal  row  of  hind  wings  is  indicated  above  by 
a few  lighter  scales. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  unknown. 

Taken  in  Florida  and  North  Carolina. 

156.  Pamphila  Maculata,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.5  inches. 

Female. — Upper  surface  uniform  dark  brown.  The 
fore  wings  have  three  small  round  spots  in  the  subcostal 
interspaces  beyond  the  cell,  extending  from  the  costa 
back  ; two  more,  of  larger  size,  in  the  median  interspaces  ; 
and  a third  below  these  on  the  submedian  vein,  the  latter 
sometimes  obsolete.  The  hind  wings  have  a small  spot 
on  the  middle,  in  some  examples  obsolete.  All  these 
spots  are  semi-transparent,  yellowish. 

Under  side  nearly  as  above,  fore  wings  washed  with 
white  near  the  posterior  angle,  spots  of  fore  wings  as 
above.  The  hind  wings  have  three  spots  in  a trans- 
verse row  across  the  disk.  Body  black ; palpi  yellowish. 

The  larva,  when  full  grown,  is  one  inch  long,  slender, 
pale  green,  finely  pubescent,  the  last  two  joints  deeper 
green,  collar  light  brown.  Head  oval,  oblique,  densely 
pubescent,  slightly  granulated,  light  brown. 

The  chrysalis  is  .8  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  dull 
green  ; pubescent,  especially  about  the  head.  Head-case 
blunt,  wing-cases  smooth.  On  joints  8,  9,  and  10  are 
two  flat  tubercles  on  the  ventral  side.  Anal  hook  broad, 
triangular. 

Gulf  States ; occasional  in  New  York. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


331 


157.  Pamphila  Panoquin,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.3  inches. 

Male.— Upper  surface  brown,  with  a bronze  lustre. 
The  fore  wings  have  two  of  the  usual  three  anteapical 
spots,  those  present  representing  the  second  and  third  of 
the  usual  number ; subquadrate,  the  outer  corners  with 
a tendency  to  extend  outward  in  points.  There  are 
usually  one  or  two  beyond  the  cell  nearer  the  margin 
than  the  anteapical  spots ; when  both  are  present  the 
lower  one  is  much  the  larger  and  a little  nearer  the 
cell.  Below  these  is  an  oblique  row  of  three  spots, — two 
in  the  median  interspaces  and  one  in  line  on  the  subme- 
dian vein,  the  second  a little  more  than  twice  as  large  as 
the  upper,  the  one  on  the  submedian  often  small ; also  a 
small  spot  in  the  lower  side  of  the  cell  at  the  outer  end. 
All  these  spots  are  pale  yellowish.  Stigma  small,  oval, 
parallel  to  the  costa. 

Under  side  of  nearly  the  same  color  as  the  upper, 
much  powdered  with  bronze  scales  on  the  costal  margin 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  at  the  base  and  along  the  veins 
of  the  hind  wings.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  show 
more  distinctly  pale  yellow.  On  the  outer  part  of  the 
hind  wings  there  is  a white  stripe  following  one  of  the 
discal  venules,  with  a spot  below  and  occasionally  one 
above. 

Female. — Without  the  stigma,  colored  and  marked 
like  the  male,  but  usually  lacking  the  upper  spot  beyond 
the  cell. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  unknown. 

Gulf  States ; Atlantic  City,  N. J. 


332 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


158.  Pamphila  Ocola,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.4  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  slightly  bronzy ; 
the  fore  wings  with  one  or  two  small  spots  in  the  sub- 
costal interspaces,  the  first  one  of  the  usual  three  being 
absent,  often  the  second  also,  those  present  being  mere 
points.  There  are  three  other  spots  in  a bent  row, — two 
in  the  median  interspaces  and  one  on  the  submedian 
vein,  the  one  on  the  submedian  so  far  towards  the  margin 
as  to  be  out  of  line  with  the  other  two;  the  first  or 
upper  about  one-fourth  as  large  as  the  second,  the  second 
concave  on  the  outside.  All  these  spots  are  dull,  dusky, 
translucent  yellowish. 

Under  side  of  about  the  same  shade  as  the  upper,  the 
spots  of  the  fore  wings  repeated.  The  costal  margin  and 
most  of  the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  veins 
of  the  hind  wings,  somewhat  bronzy. 

Female. — Color  and  markings  the  same  as  in  the  male, 
the  second  of  the  three  oblique  spots  more  than  three 
times  as  large  as  the  first.  The  bronze  on  the  costal 
margin  of  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  very 
distinct. 

Larva  and  food-plant  not  known. 

Gulf  States ; Eastern  Pennsylvania ; Whitings,  Ind. 

159.  Pamphila  Ethlius,  Cram. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2 to  2.15  inches. 

Male. — -Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown,  some  yel- 
low scales  over  the  basal  part  of  both  wings.  The  fore 
wings  with  seven  whitish,  translucent  spots,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  85.  There  are  two  in  the  two  lower  subcostal  in- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


333 


terspaces,  the  upper  of  the  usual  series  absent ; one  in 
the  second  interspace  below  these,  beyond  the  cell,  in 
line  with  the  first  two ; the  fourth  and  fifth  in  the 
median  interspaces ; the  sixth  on  the  submedian  vein  ; 
the  seventh  on  the  lower  side  of  the  cell  near  the  outer 
end.  The  first  of  these  is  oblong,  the  second  quadrate, 
the  third  oblong  (the  long  way  transverse  to  the  wing 
instead  of  longitudinal),  the  first  and  third  nearly  twice 
as  large  as  the  second.  The  fourth  is  a little  less  than 


Fig.  85. 


Pamphila  Ethlius  (natural  size). 


half  as  large  as  the  fifth,  both  somewhat  trapezoidal, 
concave  on  the  outer  side ; the  sixth  is  about  the  size  of 
the  fourth,  concave  on  the  inside,  the  outside  rounded ; 
the  seventh  is  oblong,  rounded  outwardly  and  concave 
inwardly.  The  hind  wings  have  three  marks  similar  to 
the  fourth  on  the  fore  wings,  though  not  quite  so  large, 
the  first  or  anterior  one  often  double.  The  fringes  are 
fuscous,  darker  at  the  base.  The  outer  margin  of  the 
hind  wings  is  slightly  excavate  near  the  middle,  below 
which  it  is  a little  produced,  somewhat  like  Eudamns 
Tityrus , but  broader  and  not  so  prominent. 

Under  side  ochraceous  brown  over  the  hind  wings, 
and  on  the  fore  wings  the  costal  margin  and  apical  and 


334 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


outer  portion,  ending  in  a point  at  the  posterior  angle, 
the  rest  of  the  fore  wing  blackish.  The  spots  of  the 
upper  surface  are  repeated. 

Female. — Like  the  male,  except  that  the  first  three 
spots  on  the  fore  wings  are  more  nearly  of  the  same 
size. 

Body  concolorous  with  the  wings  above,  with  yellow- 
ish hairs,  gray  beneath. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Gulf  States ; occasional  in  New  York. 

160.  Pamphila  Bimacula,  Gr. — Bob. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.5  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a slight 
purplish  tinge ; the  basal  half  of  the  fore  wings  washed 
with  yellow  inclining  to  fulvous,  more  apparent  along 
the  basal  third  of  the  costa  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
stigma,  where  it  is  nearly  clear  yellow.  Stigma  oblique, 
velvety  black,  broken  in  the  middle  into  two  narrow  ellip- 
tical parts.  There  is  a small  pale  spot  in  the  first  median 
interspace,  and  a few  pale  scales  beyond  the  upper  part 
of  the  cell  in  the  place  of  the  usual  second  and  third 
anteapical  subcostal  spots.  Hind  wings  without  spots, 
but  the  middle  and  basal  areas  with  olivaceous  yellow 
hairs. 

Under  side  grayish  brown  ; the  basal  half  of  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  anterior  part  of  the 
hind  wings,  heavily  washed  with  yellow  tinged  with  fer- 
ruginous ; the  rest  of  the  hind  wings,  except  the  inner 
margin,  and  the  outer  part  of  the  fore  wings,  well 
sprinkled  with  the  same.  The  posterior  part  of  the 
outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings  lacks  these  scales,  and 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


335 


the  basal  half  of  the  hind  part  is  black.  The  fore  wings 
have  two  pale  spots  in  the  median  interspaces,  the  upper 
whitish  and  about  one-third  the  size  of  the  lower.  Inner 
margin  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  gray.  Fringes 
white,  gray  at  the  base. 

Female. — Upper  surface  of  the  same  general  color  as 
in  the  male,  with  very  few  of  the  yellow  scales,  and  those 
mostly  along  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings.  There  are 
two  pale  spots  in  the  median  interspaces ; the  anteapical 
scales  as  in  the  males.  The  hind  wings  have  fewer  of  the 
olive-yellow  hairs.  Under  side  as  in  the  males,  with 
less  gray  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings. 

Body  black,  the  hairs  of  the  thorax  of  nearly  the  same 
color  as  the  yellow  on  the  fore  wings,  those  on  the 
abdomen  olive-yellow.  Under  side  of  body  and  palpi 
white. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

The  butterfly  is  found  in  July  from  New  England  to 
Nebraska;  Illinois. 

161.  Pamphila  Pontiac,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.25  to  1.4  inches. 

Male.— Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown  or  fuscous, 
the  basal  two  thirds  of  the  fore  wings  so  heavily  washed 
with  rather  dark  yellow  as  to  make  it  clear  yellow,  sepa- 
rated by  the  brown  veins  in  the  cell,  beyond  the  stigma 
and  in  the  subcostal  interspaces ; the  base  of  the  wing 
and  the  bases  of  the  subcostal  interspaces  having  but 
little  of  the  yellow,  as  also  the  area  below  the  subme- 
dian vein.  Stigma  oblique,  rather  broad,  velvety  black, 
broken  by  the  lower  median  venule  into  two  elliptical 
parts  which  join  by  their  oblique  ends;  the  upper  end 


336 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


stopping  at  the  second  branching  of  the  median,  the 
lower  on  the  submedian  about  one-third  the  distance 
from  the  base. 

Hind  wings  with  the  central  area  yellow,  consisting 
of  a broad  band  across  the  disk  composed  of  four  oblong 
spots  between  the  veins,  the  second  wholly  or  partially 
divided  into  two  spots,  and  a small  spot  in  the  end  of 
the  cell ; the  width  of  the  band  about  one-third  the  length 
of  the  wing.  The  inner  third  with  yellowish  olivaceous 
hairs. 

Under  side  dark  brown,  slightly  ferruginous,  the  fore 
wings,  with  the  basal  two  thirds,  fuscous,  shading  out- 
wardly into  the  brown.  The  costal  margin  is  over- 
laid with  yellow  which  extends  into  the  cell.  Mark- 
ing the  outer  third  is  a band  of  dull  yellow  spots, — the 
two  anterior  in  the  two  lower  subcostal  interspaces,  the 
third  in  the  second  space  below  these,  the  next  two  in 
the  median  interspaces,  and  the  sixth  below  the  fifth, 
separated  only  by  the  vein ; the  last  four  forming  a 
continuous  band  but  for  the  brown  veins.  The  hind 
wings,  as  well  as  the  apical  portion  of  the  fore  wings, 
are  sprinkled  with  ferruginous  yellow,  the  band  of  the 
upper  surface  repeated,  but  the  spots  somewhat  con- 
tracted. 

Female. — Upper  surface  dark  or  fuscous  brown,  as  in 
the  male,  with  slight  vinous  reflection,  the  base  a little 
sprinkled  with  yellowish  olivaceous  scales.  Two-thirds 
the  distance  from  the  base  is  a band  of  eight  more  or  less 
distinct  yellow  spots,  the  sixth  and  seventh  a little  pale. 
The  first  three  of  these  spots  are  in  the  subcostal  inter- 
spaces, twice  as  long  as  broad ; the  next  two  beyond  the 
cell,  subquadrate,  the  fifth  with  its  outer  side  in  line  with 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


337 


the  first  three,  the  fourth  with  its  inner  side  in  the  same 
line ; the  sixth  and  seventh  in  the  median  interspaces, 
much  larger  than  the  others,  the  outer  sides  excavate ; 
the  eighth  less  distinct,  and  somewhat  hour-glass-shaped. 
The  hind  wings  have  a band  through  the  middle,  as  in 
the  males,  but  the  spots  are  smaller  and  the  spot  in  the 
cell  is  absent. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male.  Body  concolorous  with 
the  wings  above,  under  side  pale  yellow. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Massachusetts  to  Nebraska;  New  Jersey. 

162.  Pamphila  Dion,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.6  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  almost  a copy  of  P.  Pontiac , 
but  differs  in  the  space  above  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings 
being  more  dusky,  less  washed  with  yellow,  the  base  a 
little  more  dusky,  the  cross-bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
more  distinct,  the  space  beyond  the  cell  as  far  as  the  yel- 
low extends  being  nearly  filled  with  clear  yellow,  while 
in  Pontiac  the  upper  half  is  dusky  and  the  stigma  is 
narrower,  and  there  is  more  yellow  below  the  submedian 
vein.  The  stigma  is  oblique,  velvety  black,  divided  in 
the  middle  into  two  elliptical  portions,  the  upper  slightly 
the  longer,  of  medium  width,  the  two  parts  not  touching 
each  other,  there  being  a more  distinct  separation  than  in 
Pontiac.  The  area  on  both  sides  of  the  stigma  is  clear 
yellow,  of  about  the  same  shade  as  in  Pontiac.  The 
hind  wings  have  the  yellow  band  or  area  broader  than 
in  Pontiac , the  first  spot  less  prominent,  the  second 
longer,  reaching  well  into  the  cell,  without  any  dividing 
cross  or  longitudinal  marks,  the  remaining  three  spots 
p w 29 


338 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


not  very  distinct,  more  obscured  by  the  brownish-yellow 
hairs  than  are  those  in  Pontiac. 

Under  side  ochraceous  yellow,  tinged  with  brown, 
especially  the  costal  and  apical  portions  of  the  fore 
wings  and  the  greater  part  of  the  hind  wings ; the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  fore  wings  blackish.  The  spots  are 
obscure  in  the  brownish-ochre  ground,  but  are  distinct 
in  the  blackish  portion,  pale  yellow.  They  are  two 
subcostal,  a few  scales,  beyond  the  cell,  two  in  the  me- 
dian interspaces,  and  the  largest  one  extending  from  the 
lower  median  venule  to  the  submedian ; the  cell  well 
washed  with  brownish  ochre,  but  not  containing  pale 
yellow  rays  as  in  Pontiac.  The  hind  wings  contain  no 
bands  or  spots,  but  the  area  between  the  median  vein 
and  its  lower  branch  and  the  submedian  is  paler  than 
the  ground  color,  and  there  is  another  pale  ray  from 
the  middle  of  the  cell  outward  to  near  the  outer 
margin. 

Female. — Of  the  same  shade  of  brown  as  the  male, 
both  having  a slight  vinous  reflection.  The  fore  wings 
have  a small  yellow  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the 
usual  outer  row  of  spots.  These  consist  of  the  three 
anteapical  in  the  subcostal  interspaces,  the  first  one  only 
a few  scales,  the  others  elongate ; the  fourth  and  fifth  at 
the  end  of  the  cell,  the  first  only  a few  scales ; the  sixth 
and  seventh  in  the  median  interspaces,  rounded  inwardly, 
concave  externally ; the  eighth  in  the  medio-submedian 
space,  partially  or  wholly  divided  in  the  middle.  The 
hind  wings  are  similar  to  those  of  the  male,  the  stripe 
from  the  middle  of  the  cell  to  near  the  outer  margin 
quite  prominent,  but  mere  traces  of  three  other  elongate 
spots.  Under  side  as  in  the  male. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  339 

Body  concolorous  with  the  wings  above,  beneath  pale 
yellow. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Nebraska ; Whitings,  Ind. 

163.  Pamphila  Arpa,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.8  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  olivaceous  brown,  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings  and  along  the  costa  with  yellowish 
scales.  The  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  a patch  before  the 
stigma,  and  a band  outside  the  stigma,  crossing  three  in- 
tervenular  spaces  and  a little  less  than  half  the  distance 
to  the  outer  margin,  are  clear  golden  yellow.  There 
are  also  five  or  six  yellow  rays  between  the  subcostal 
venules.  Stigma  long,  slender,  somewhat  constricted  in 
the  middle,  oblique,  black.  The  hind  wings  are  sprin- 
kled a little  with  yellow  scales  in  the  middle,  the  inner 
part  with  olivaceous  hairs. 

Under  side  dark  golden-yellow,  the  posterior  part  of 
the  fore  wings  blackish.  Across  the  outer  portion  of 
the  fore  wings  are  about  three  pale  spots,  there  being 
scarcely  a trace  of  one  on  the  submedian  vein.  Hind 
wings  without  spots. 

Female. — The  upper  surface  the  same  brown  as  the 
male,  with  a little  sprinkling  of  yellow  scales  at  the 
base.  The  fore  wings  have  the  rays  between  the  sub- 
costal venules,  but  not  so  distinct,  except  the  lower 
two ; and  there  are  three  spots  in  an  oblique  row, — one 
on  the  submedian  vein  and  two  between  the  branches  of 
the  median.  Under  side  as  in  the  male. 

The  mature  larva,  according  to  Dr.  Chapman,  is  nearly 
two  inches  long;  pale  green  striped  with  yellow,  the 


340 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


joints  after  the  second  thickly  lined  with  fine  streaks 
of  green  and  yellow.  Spiracles  black.  Head  high, 
narrow,  blackish,  bordered  round  the  top  and  sides  by 
white,  and  with  two  white  incurved  (concave  to  each 
other)  streaks  on  the  upper  third  of  the  face;  these 
separated  by  velvety  black. 

Chrysalis.— Length  1.2  inches,  nearly  cylindrical, 
light  brown,  covered  with  white  powder;  the  abdom- 
inal joints  pubescent;  the  wing-cases  prolonged  into 
a short  subulate  point;  the  abdomen  long,  tapering 
slightly,  the  end  bluntly  rounded. 

The  larva  feeds  on  saw-palmetto,  forming  a tube  of 
the  fan-like  segments  of  the  leaves,  in  which  it  lies  con- 
cealed until  it  changes. 

Gulf  States. 

1 64.  Pamphila  Palatka,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.45  to  1.5  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown ; the  outer  third  ot 
the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  and  about  the  middle  third  of 
the  wing  below  the  cell,  except  a narrow  posterior  bor- 
der, clear  yellow ; the  basal  third  of  the  wing  washed 
with  yellow,  blending  into  the  clear  yellow  of  the  middle, 
so  that  without  a glass  the  whole  of  this  appears  yellow. 
Beyond  the  cell  there  are  about  three  yellow  spots  in 
the  subcostal  interspaces,  sometimes  the  first  and  second 
obscure.  Stigma  oblique,  narrow,  broken  in  the  middle, 
dull  black.  There  is  also  a bar  across  the  end  of  the 
cell.  Hind  wings  yellow,  with  a broad  terminal  and 
costal  border. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  and  anterior  part  of  fore 
wings  brown,  heavily  overlaid  with  russety  scales,  so  as 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


341 


to  give  these  parts  a russety  brown  appearance ; the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  fore  wings  blackish.  The  yellow  of 
the  fore  wings  is  repeated,  that  part  in  the  cell  tinged 
with  orange  and  expanded  basally.  The  hind  wings  are 
without  distinct  spots,  but  have  a ray  through  the  cell  a 
little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  wing. 

Female. — Resembles  the  male,  but  lacks  the  sex-mark 
above,  and  has  the  anteapical  row  of  spots  a little  more 
distinct.  The  under  side  has  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings 
more  suffused  with  orange. 

Body  dark  brown  above,  sprinkled  with  yellow  scales, 
and  with  greenish-yellow  hairs.  Under  side  of  thorax 
pale  yellowish  ; abdomen  buff,  tinged  with  brown  ; palpi 
pale  yellow,  brownish  at  the  ends.  Antennae  yellow 
beneath,  the  tips  fulvous ; above  annulate  with  brown 
and  yellow ; the  knob  brown. 

The  mature  larva  is  two  inches  long,  cylindrical,  with 
the  collar  a black  line  connecting  two  black  lateral  spots. 
Anal  plate  semicircular,  projecting.  Body  yellowish 
green,  thickly  dotted  with  minute,  dark,  hair-tipped 
tubercles ; spiracles  black ; under  side  bluish.  Head 
obliquely  projecting,  brownish,  the  upper  part  of  the 
face  white  and  marked  by  three  black  stripes. 

According  to  Dr.  Chapman,  the  larva  feeds  on  a 
species  of  grass  ( Claudium  effusum ),  drawing  the  faces 
of  the  strongly-keeled  leaves  together,  and  in  the  tube 
thus  formed  lying  concealed  when  not  feeding. 

Gulf  States,  Nebraska. 

165.  Pamphila  Vitellius,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  bright  yellow ; fore  wings  with 
29* 


342 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


an  outer  border  of  dark  bronzy  brown,  in  width  about 
one-fifth  the  length  of  the  wing,  and  extending  as  a nar- 
rower border  along  the  hind  margin,  where  it  is  sprinkled 
with  yellow  scales.  Costa  narrowly  black.  Hind  wings 
with  the  margin  bordered  with  brown,  leaving  the  mid- 
dle area  yellow,  suffused  somewhat  with  brownish ; hairs 
yellow.  Fringes  pale  yellowish,  dusky  at  apex  of  fore 
wings. 

Under  side  clear  rich  yellow,  without  spots,  the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  fore  wings  smoky  black.  Body  covered 
with  dusky  yellow  hairs  above,  paler  yellow  beneath. 

Female. — Outer  fourth  of  the  fore  wing,  and  a border 
along  the  hind  margin  of  about  the  same  width,  the  same 
dark  bronzy  brown  as  the  border  of  the  male ; the  re- 
maining area  of  the  fore  wings  dull  yellow  sprinkled 
with  brown,  also  brown  along  the  veins.  Hind  wings 
the  same  brown  as  the  border  of  the  fore  wings,  with 
the  centre  slightly  washed  with  yellow.  Under  side  as 
in  the  male. 

Body  dark  brown  above,  with  yellow  hairs ; under  side 
pale  yellow,  the  palpi  and  the  under  side  of  the  antennae 
paler  than  the  body. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Georgia,  Southern  Texas,  Iowa,  Nebraska. 

166.  Pamphila  Delaware,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  yellow,  slightly  fulvous-tinted ; 
the  veins,  except  the  subcostal,  brown ; the  fore  wings 
with  a dark  brown  outer  border,  in  width  about  one- 
eighth  the  length  of  the  wing,  extending  only  a little 
along  the  hind  margin,  its  inner  edge  but  slightly  crenate. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


343 


Hind  wings  with  the  outer  border  about  the  same 
width,  but  the  costal  and  inner  margin  a little  broader. 

Under  side  about  the  same  color  as  the  upper,  without 
spots;  the  basal  half  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  fore 
wings  smoky  black,  extending  as  a narrow  posterior 
border  along  the  outer  half. 

Female. — Dark  brown  marked  with  pale  yellow. 
The  basal  two  fifths  of  the  fore  wings  brown ; beyond 
this  a band  of  yellow  extending  half-way  to  outer  mar- 
gin, and  not  quite  reaching  either  margin,  separated  into 
spots  by  the  veins  and  venules,  making  in  all  ten  inter- 
venular  yellow  spots,  besides  the  one  that  fills  the  outer 
third  of  the  cell.  Hind  wings  as  in  the  males,  but  paler, 
the  veins  dark. 

Under  side  almost  a lemon-yellow,  the  black  on  the 
fore  wings  as  in  the  males,  with  the  addition  of  a border 
from  the  posterior  angle  half-way  to  the  apex,  and  most 
of  the  outline  of  the  cell  black. 

The  larva,  according  to  Dr.  Chapman,  feeds  upon  a 
large  species  of  grass  ( JErianthus  alopecuroides ),  rolling 
itself  in  a leaf.  When  full  grown  it  is  one  inch  long, 
fusiform,  bluish  white ; collar  black,  ending  in  a dot  on 
each  side;  a lunate  black  band  on  joint  13  and  anal 
plate.  The  surface  is  thickly  dotted  with  minute  black 
tubercles.  Head  oval,  oblique,  white,  smooth,  slightly 
bilobed ; a dark  band  about  the  top  and  sides,  a black 
vertical  streak  on  the  middle  of  the  face,  and  a short 
streak  of  the  same  color  on  each  side  of  this. 

The  chrysalis  is  narrow,  greenish  white ; the  head- 
case  blunt,  black-tubercled,  and  bristly ; the  last  joint 
black. 

Massachusetts  to  Florida,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Montana. 


344 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


167.  Pamphila  Byssus,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6  to  1.7  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  glossy  brown  ; basal  half 
of  costa  of  fore  wings  ferruginous,  as  well  as  a little  of 
the  cell  below  adjoining ; at  the  end  of  the  cell  an  irregu- 
lar yellow-fulvous  bar  within;  across  the  disk  a bent 
yellow-fulvous  band,  starting  on  costal  margin  about 
three-fifths  the  distance  from  base  to  apex,  bending 
round  the  cell,  and  continued  to  middle  of  submedian 
vein,  narrow  at  top,  but  below  the  cell  widening  rap- 
idly, on  the  submedian  being  in  width  about  one-third 
the  length  of  this  part  of  the  wing.  The  basal  half 
of  hind  margin  washed  with  fulvous. 

The  hind  wings  have  a fulvous  patch  in  the  middle, 
consisting  of  a broad  band  beyond  the  cell,  not  reaching 
either  margin,  and  a small  spot  in  the  cell,  sometimes 
the  spot  obsolete.  The  hairs  of  basal  area  next  the 
inner  margin  fulvous.  Fringes  of  fore  wings  dark  gray- 
brown,  of  hind  wings  lighter. 

Under  side  wholly  ferruginous  (individuals  varying 
a little  in  shade),  except  that  the  posterior  half  of  the 
fore  wings  is  blackish.  The  spots  of  the  upper  side  are 
repeated  indistinctly ; on  the  hind  wings,  in  most  ex- 
amples, the  surface  is  without  spots,  in  some  there  is 
a faint  paler  color  indicating  the  patch  of  the  upper  side. 
The  veins  and  branches  are  a shade  more  yellow  than 
the  ground  color. 

Body  above  covered  with  fulvous  hairs ; beneath,  the 
thorax  and  ventral  part  of  abdomen  yellowish,  sides  of 
abdomen  and  legs  ferruginous. 

Female. — Upper  side  of  same  brown  as  the  male,  and 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


345 


marked  with  fulvous  in  a similar  manner,  but  the  band 
is  narrow  and  of  nearly  uniform  width  throughout, 
except  at  the  bend  opposite  the  cell,  where  it  is  much 
restricted. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male,  but  in  six  cases  out  of  seven 
the  band  of  the  upper  side  of  the  hind  wings  is  indicated 
below  with  much  distinctness. 

In  one  male  the  fulvous  band  is  diffused,  and  the 
basal  area  is  also  fulvous,  so  that  the  whole  of  the  wing 
is  of  that  color,  except  a stripe  around  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  the  outer  margin.  The  males  have  no  stigma. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Indian  River,  Florida ; Texas. 

168.  Pamphila  Osyka,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  uniform  brown,  with  a slight 
green  tinge,  without  spots.  Stigma  long,  broadest  at  the 
upper  part,  depressed  in  the  middle.  Under  side  brown. 
Body  gray  beneath ; palpi  greenish  white. 

Female. — Of  the  same  size  as  the  male,  and  the  same 
color  above  except  the  stigma.  Under  side  clear  gray, 
except  on  hind  margin  of  fore  wings,  which  is  brown. 
On  the  costa  of  fore  wings  are  three  minute  semi-trans- 
parent spots  in  a line,  and  on  the  disk  are  two  others  at 
an  obtuse  angle  with  the  first.  Palpi  white. 

Larva  and  food- plant  unknown. 

Gulf  States ; Whitings,  Ind. 

169.  Pamphipa  Eufala,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.2  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  olive-brown.  The  fore 


346 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


wings  have  three  small  white  semi-transparent  spots  be- 
yond the  cell  in  the  subcostal  interspaces,  and  two  spots 
below  in  the  submedian  interspaces,  the  first  subquad- 
rate, and  the  second  oblong,  about  twice  as  large  as  the 
first;  both  small.  Besides  these  there  are  one  or  two 
opaque  white  points  at  the  end  of  the  cell ; wanting  in 
some  examples.  Hind  wings  without  spots. 

Under  side  a little  paler  than  the  upper,  hind  wings 
and  costal  and  apical  portions  of  fore  wings  sprinkled 
with  gray.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male,  but  on  both  surfaces 
there  is  a slight  violet  tint,  more  apparent  along  the 
veins. 

Body  black  above,  hairs  dark  olivaceous  brown ; 
under  side,  and  palpi,  whitish. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Florida,  Texas. 

170.  Pamphila  Fusca,  Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.05  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  glossy  olivaceous  blackish, 
without  spots,  but  with  a faint  and  variable  yellow- 
ish-brown reflection  equally  distributed.  Fringes  pale, 
without  spots. 

Under  side  of  wings  shaded  with  lustrous  golden- 
brown  scales.  Fore  wings  about  the  same  shade  as 
above,  with  the  golden-brown  on  the  anterior  and  ter- 
minal portions.  Hind  wings  evenly  covered  with  pale 
golden-brown  scales,  except  a space  before  the  inner 
margin,  extending  from  the  base  to  the  outer  margin. 

Body  above  concolorous  with  the  wings ; beneath  pale 
yellowish  olive,  palpi  yellowish  white. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  347 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male,  but  the  palpi  are  paler, 
as  is  also  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen. 

Larva  and  food-plant  not  known. 

Gulf  States. 

171.  Pamphila  Hianna,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.45  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  dark  brown;  the  fore  wings 
with  three  small  white  anteapical  spots  in  the  subcostal 
interspaces,  one  larger  in  the  first  median  interspace,  and 
a small  one  in  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  end  of  the  cell. 
Hind  wings  without  spots. 

Under  side  about  the  same  color  as  above,  the  basal 
two  thirds,  except  posterior  part  of  fore  wings,  sprinkled 
with  brown,  the  outer  part  sprinkled  with  gray.  The 
spots  of  the  upper  side  are  reproduced  with  a little  more 
distinctness,  and  there  is  a dim  curved  line  in  the  second 
median  interspace  of  the  fore  wings.  Hind  wings  with 
a small  white  point  below  the  costa  beyond  the  middle. 

Female. — Differs  from  the  male  in  having  the  spots 
larger,  two  small  ones  opposite  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings, 
out  of  line  with  the  others,  and  a spot  somewhat  larger 
than  the  others  in  the  base  of  the  second  median  inter- 
space. On  the  under  side  the  hind  wings  have  a small 
spot  on  the  anterior  part,  near  the  base. 

Body  blackish  above  and  below ; palpi  dark  gray. 

The  larva  and  food-plant  are  not  known. 

Massachusetts  to  Nebraska. 

172.  Pamphila  Viator,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.5  inches. 

Male. — Upper  side  of  fore  wings  dark  brown,  with  a 


348 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


reddish  tint.  There  is  a double  yellow  spot  in  the  outer 
end  of  the  cell,  and  a discal  row  of  spots  across  the  wing. 
The  first  three  of  these  are  in  the  subcostal  interspaces, 
the  first  subobsolete  or  obsolete ; below  these  are  three 
more, — two  in  the  median  interspaces,  and  one  irregular 
one,  somewhat  hour-glass-shaped,  with  the  lower  part  the 
broadest,  extends  from  the  submedian  to  the  lower  branch 
of  the  median.  This  may  be  divided  in  the  middle  into 
two  spots. 

The  hind  wings  have  a broad  brown  margin,  broader 
along  the  costa  and  outer  part  than  along  the  inner  mar- 
gin, the  whole  of  the  rest  of  the  wing  yellow,  broken  into 
long  spots  by  the  brown  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  smoky  along  the  hind  mar- 
gin, reddish  brown  along  the  costa  and  apex ; the  spots 
of  the  upper  side  repeated  indistinctly.  The  hind  wings 
pale  brown,  with  the  spots  repeated  indistinctly. 

Some  examples  have  two  small  spots  beyond  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  other  spots  somewhat  enlarged, 
the  spot  on  the  submedian  with  the  lower  part  shading 
out  towards  the  base.  The  two  spots  beyond  the  cell  do 
not  shoAV  on  the  under  side. 

Female  similar  to  the  male,  but  a little  larger. 

Body  above  brown,  below  gray ; palpi  whitish ; club 
of  antennae  brown  tipped  with  fulvous. 

Larva  and  food-plant  unknown. 

Gulf  States,  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  Wis- 
consin. 

173.  Amblyscirtes  Vialis,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown,  with  slight  violet 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


349 


reflection.  The  fore  wings  have  three  small  white  ante- 
apical  dots  in  the  subcostal  interspaces,  about  three-fourths 
the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  and  traces  of  spots 
in  the  median  interspaces.  Hind  wings  without  spots. 
Fringes  gray,  spotted  with  dark  brown  at  the  ends  of 
the  veins. 

Under  side  as  above ; the  apical  half  of  the  fore  wings, 
and  all  of  the  hind  wings  except  a ray  before  the  anal 
angle,  washed  with  lilac  scales,  the  anterior  basal  part  of 
the  hind  wings  only  sprinkled.  There  is  a clustering  of 
the  gray  scales  across  the  disk  of  the  hind  wings,  con- 
stituting a rather  indistinct  connected  series  of  about 
four  spots  forming  a curve,  made  more  apparent  by  there 
being  less  gray  just  before  these  than  on  other  portions 
of  the  wing.  There  is  a white  spot  in  the  fringe  at  the 
apex  of  each  wing. 

Body  olivaceous  brown  above,  lilac-gray  below,  in- 
cluding the  palpi. 

In  the  larval  state  this  species  feeds  on  grasses,  the 
butterfly  appearing  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of 
July. 

Orono,  Maine;  Middle,  Southern,  and  Western  States. 

174.  Amblyscirtes  Eos,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  1 inch. 

Upper  surface  grayish  brown.  The  fore  wings  have 
three  white  spots  in  line  from  the  costa  back,  as  in  A. 
Vialis,  but  no  other  spots.  Fringes  alternate  white  and 
fuscous  on  the  fore  wings,  but  on  the  hind  wings  fuscous 
only  at  the  tips  of  three  or  four  venules  in  the  middle 
of  the  margin. 

Under  side  brown,  with  a whitish  or  chalky  tint  at 
30 


350 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  and  along  the  outer  margin, 
and  over  most  of  the  hind  wings,  quite  dense  on  the  outer 
margin.  The  spots  on  the  fore  wings  are  repeated,  a 
little  enlarged,  and  accompanied  by  a fourth  below  the 
others  and  towards  the  outer  margin.  The  hind  wings 
have  a mesial  row  of  whitish  points,  not  reaching  either 
margin,  irregular,  rather  forming  a double  row,  with  a 
similar  point  in  the  cell  and  two  in  the  interspace  above 
the  cell. 

Texas,  Georgia,  Florida. 

175.  Amblyscirtes  Samoset,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  sprinkled  with  greenish 
scales,  which  give  a greenish  shade  to  the  wings.  The 
fore  wings  have  a row  of  pale  yellow  spots  beyond  the 
middle,  consisting  of  three  near  the  costa  in  the  subcostal 
interspaces,  mere  dots ; the  fourth,  in  line  with  these,  in 
the  second  interspace  beyond  the  cell ; the  fifth  and  sixth 
are  in  the  median  interspaces,  the  sixth  much  larger  than 
any  of  the  others ; the  seventh  some  light  scales  above 
the  submedian  vein,  forming  two  indistinct  spots.  There 
are  traces  of  a small  spot  in  the  end  of  the  cell.  The 
hind  wings  have  a faint  trace  of  a discal  line. 

Under  side  lighter  than  the  upper,  overlaid  with  green- 
ish scales,  with  the  exception  of  the  posterior  part  of  the 
fore  wings.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated, 
with  two  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Hind  wings  with  the 
discal  band  distinct,  but  not  reaching  either  margin,  an 
indistinct  spot  in  the  cell  and  two  above  it.  The  discal 
band  is  composed  of  about  five  white  spots  which  are 
united.  The  fringes  are  white,  marked  with  dark  brown 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 35] 

at  the  ends  of  the  veins  on  the  fore  wings  and  the  middle 
veins  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  larva  is  said  to  feed  on  a coarse  grass  ( Andropo- 
gon ).  The  butterfly  is  on  the  wing  through  the  middle 
of  June. 

Northern  and  Middle  States,  Maine  to  Georgia,  Wis- 
consin, Iowa. 

176.  Amblyscirtes  Textor,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.15  inches. 

Upper  surface  olive-brown,  the  fore  wings  with  an 
irregular  row  of  six  small  angular  white  spots  running 
from  the  costa  back  to  the  middle  of  the  wing,  about 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  wing  from  the  base.  The 
first  three  of  these  are  in  the  usual  subcostal  interspaces, 
the  next  two  in  the  interspaces  beyond  the  cell,  the  sixth 
in  the  first  median  interspace.  There  is  a trace  of  the 
seventh  in  the  upper  part  of  the  second  median  inter- 
space, farther  back  than  the  others.  The  first  is  a mere 
point,  but  there  is  a gradual  increase  in  size  up  to  the 
third  and  fourth,  this  being  out  of  line  with  the  others, 
the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  about  the  same  size.  The 
hind  wings  are  without  spots,  but  there  is  a faint  trace 
of  the  discal  band  of  the  under  side.  Fringes  long, 
whitish,  cut  with  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  as  above,  with  the  spots 
more  distinct,  the  seventh  being  an  elongate  spot  reach- 
ing from  vein  to  vein,  and  a small  spot  above  the  sub- 
median. In  addition  to  these  there  are  two  minute  dots 
at  the  end  of  the  cell.  All  these  are  yellowish  white. 

Hind  wings  brown,  with  a gray-violet  tint,  except 
near  the  inner  margin.  Across  the  disk,  beyond  the 


352 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


cell,  is  a tortuous  connected  row  of  irregular  yellowish- 
white  spots  extending  from  costa  near  apex  to  near  inner 
margin.  This  is  somewhat  dilated  at  the  extremities, 
and  sends  a short  ray  outward  beyond  the  cell.  Across 
the  end  of  the  cell  extends  another  somewhat  broken 
row,  consisting  of  two  or  three  spots  in  and  below  the 
cell,  the  two  being  connected  by  the  white  veins,  giving 
the  hind  wings  a somewhat  reticulated  appearance. 

Food-plant  not  known. 

North  Carolina  to  Texas. 


SECTION  II. 

In  this  division  the  knob  of  the  antennae  is  spindle- 
shaped.  The  larvae  are  more  or  less  cylindrical,  with  the 
head  usually  larger  than  the  second  segment.  Habits 
of  larva  and  pupa  mostly  similar  to  those  of  Section  I. 


Fig.  86. 


177.  Pyrgus  Tessellata,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.2  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  black,  the  basal  third  and  hind 
margin  of  fore  wings  overlaid  with  white  hairs,  as  also 
the  inner  part  of  hind  wings.  The 
outer  two  thirds  of  fore  wings  con- 
tain about  thirty  white  spots  ar- 
ranged somewhat  in  four  irregu- 
lar transverse  rows ; and  five  more 
on  the  costal  edge,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  86.  The  hind  wings  have 
about  eighteen  spots,  arranged  in 
three  rows,  the  spots  of  the  inner  row  the  largest,  the 
middle  ones  crescents,  the  outer  ones  points.  Fringes 
white,  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 


Pyrgus  Tessellata,  male  (nat- 
ural size). 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


353 


Under  side  of  fore  wings  yellowish  white  along  the 
costa  and  the  outer  margin,  the  spots  of  the  upper 
surface  repeated,  but  more  or  less  blended,  the  space 
between  the  spots  brownish  black.  Hind  wings  white, 
faintly  yellowish  ; a spot  near  the  base,  two  irregular 
transverse  bands,  and  a marginal  row  of  lunules  are 
brownish,  these  corresponding  to  the  spaces  between 
the  rows  of  white  above. 

Female. — Darker,  owing  to  the  spots  being  smaller, 
the  marginal  row  of  points  subobsolete.  Under  side 
also  darker. 

Pennsylvania  to  the  Gulf,  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

178.  Pyrgus  Centaure^e,  Ramb. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  black,  tinged  with  brown,  sprinkled 
somewhat  with  white  scales  over  the  basal  half.  There 
is  a bar  of  white  in  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings, 
a less  distinct  spot  of  the  same  below  the  middle  of  the 
cell,  and  a subterminal  'row  of  white  spots.  There  are 
first  three  spots  in  the  subcostal  interspaces  three-fourths 
of  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  apex ; two  spots  be- 
yond the  cell,  the  upper  half-way  from  the  third  spot  to 
the  margin ; spot  five  in  line  with  the  first  three ; and  an 
oblique  row  of  four  more, — two  in  the  median  interspaces 
and  the  other  two  in  the  medio-submedian  interspace,  one 
next  to  each  vein.  Besides  this,  the  cross-vein  at  the  end 
of  the  cell  has  some  white  scales.  In  addition  to  these, 
there  are  five  white  spots  on  the  costal  edge. 

The  hind  wings  have  two  obscure  rows  of  white  spots, 
the  first  crossing  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  spot  on  the  cell 
being  the  most  distinct;  the  second  subterminal,  consist- 

30* 


X 


354 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


ing  of  a series  of  intervenular,  somewhat  sagittate  spots. 
Fringes  white,  cut  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  a little  paler  than  the  upper,  sprinkled 
over  with  white  scales  so  as  to  be  grayish  brown.  The 
spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated,  but  enlarged  and 
coalescing.  The  hind  wings  have  three  distinct  bands 
of  white,  one  near  the  base  which  does  not  show  on 
the  upper  side,  consisting  of  three  patches  united  ; the 
middle  one  enlarged  and  blended ; the  subterminal  one 
not  much  more  prominent  than  on  the  upper  surface. 

Body  black  above,  with  gray  hairs,  the  scales  and  hairs 
below  white ; antennae  annulate  with  black  and  white ; tip 
of  club  ferruginous. 

New  York,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Colorado. 

179.  Nisoniades  Bmzo,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  the  outer  portion  of  the  fore 
wings  sprinkled  with  gray.  Near  the  outer  margin  of 
the  fore  wings  is  a row  of  small  gray  spots,  and  between 
these  and  the  cell  is  a row  of  larger  contiguous  gray 
spots,  varying  from  oval  to  orbicular,  bordered,  except 
where  they  come  together,  by  a line  of  darker  brown 
than  the  ground  color ; the  spots  of  the  upper  end  of  the 
row  have  the  brown  pointed  outwardly.  A similar  row 
crosses  the  wing  about  through  the  middle,  but  this  has 
no  points  on  the  outside ; and  there  is  a dark  spot  at 
the  base  of  the  cell.  The  hind  wings  have  two  wavy 
rows  of  ochre-yellow  spots,  which  are  dull  and  ob- 
scure. 

Under  side  a little  paler  than  the  upper,  with  two  rows 
of  white  spots  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  common 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  355 

to  both  wings ; the  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings  dull 
whitish. 

Atlantic  States  to  the  Kooky  Mountains,  Colorado, 
Arizona. 

180.  Nisoniades  Icelus,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.15  to  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  sprinkled  with  pale 
bluish  scales.  A band,  somewhat  lighter  than  the  basal 
part  of  the  wing,  crosses  the  fore  wings  so  as  to  bring 
the  end  of  the  cell  in  its  middle.  This  band  is  heavily 
overlaid  with  bluish  scales,  especially  on  the  costal  half. 
Preceding  this  is  a band  of  darker  brown,  subquadrate, 
contiguous  spots,  with  a slight  sprinkling  of  bluish 
scales.  Beyond  the  band  which  crosses  the  end  of  the 
cell  is  another  band  of  ovate  spots,  the  bases  rounded, 
the  costal  half  with  the  spots  narrower  and  more  pointed, 
the  anterior  four  or  five  with  whitish,  imperfectly-defined 
spots  in  their  centres,  and  the  rest  overlaid  with  bluish 
scales.  Between  this  band  and  the  outer  margin  is  a 
row  of  obscure  brown  spots  without  the  pale  scales.  The 
hind  wings  have  two  irregular  rows  of  dull  ochraceous 
spots  along  the  outer  margin. 

Under  side  paler  than  the  upper  side,  the  hind  wings 
with  the  two  rows  of  spots  repeated.  The  fore  wings 
have  two  rows  of  spots  parallel  with  the  outer  margin, 
both  elongate,  the  outer  on  the  edge  and  extending  into 
the  fringe.  Inside  these,  and  corresponding  with  the 
second  band  of  the  upper  side,  is  a row  of  white  spots, 
the  first  six  small,  the  seventh  and  eighth  larger  and 
quadrate,  the  ninth  and  tenth  obscure. 

According  to  Mr.  Lintner,  the  egg  is  of  a pale  green 


356 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


color,  in  shape  semi-ellipsoidal,  its  base  flat,  and  its 
apex  depressed  between  the  tips  of  the  ribs,  which  termi- 
nate exterior  to  the  depression.  It  is  distinctly  ribbed 
with  from  ten  to  twelve  longitudinal  ribs,  and  connecting 
the  ribs  are  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  transverse  striae. 
Diameter,  .031  of  an  inch ; height,  .028  of  an  inch. 

The  larva  was  described  by  W.  H.  Edwards  in  1885. 
The  butterfly  may  be  seen  in  June. 

New  England  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  Florida,  Colo- 
rado, Arizona,  Washington  Territory. 

181.  Nisoniades  Somnus,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.45  inches. 

Male. — Dark  brown  in  color,  approaching  N.  Persius. 
Fore  wings  without  the  anteapical  white  spots  above, 
and  the  large  patch  of  bluish-white  scales  resting  on  the 
discal  cross-vein  of  N.  Icelus.  The  black  transverse 
bands  have  the  position  and  character  of  those  of  N. 
Icelus , but  are  almost  lost  in  the  ground  color.  Hind 
wings  nearly  as  dark  as  the  fore  wings,  showing  indis- 
tinctly the  two  rows  of  pale  brown  spots. 

Under  side  of  wings  bronze  by  reflection.  The  fore 
wings  have  a short  costo-apical  white  streak  in  cell  8,  or 
between  the  third  and  fourth  subcostal  venules,  and  a 
minute  white  dot  above  this,  or  in  cell  9 (N.  Icelus 
usually  has  a subquadrangular  white  spot  in  the  upper 
interspace  beyond  the  cell  and  the  two  lower  subcostal 
interspaces,  and  occasionally  the  spots  form  a continuous 
line  nearly  across  the  wing  from  the  lower  median  inter- 
space to  next  the  lower  subcostal  interspace).  There  is 
an  intervenular  series  of  pale  streaks,  and  on  the  hind 
wings  the  two  rows  of  yellow-brown  spots  are  indistinct. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  357 

Female. — Paler  brown  than  the  male.  The  two  trans- 
verse bands  of  the  fore  wings  are  quite  distinct,  and 
between  them,  on  the  discal  cross-vein,  is  a conspicuous 
patch  of  whitish  scales  ; no  white  anteapical  spots.  Upon 
the  margin  is  a row  of  rounded  brown  spots,  separated 
from  the  contiguous  band  by  whitish  scales.  The  bands 
are  broader  than  in  N.  Icelus , and  are  almost  drawn 
together  on  the  second  submedian  vein ; the  connected 
series  of  spots  composing  each  are  shaped  much  as  in 
N.  Icelus , are  heavily  bordered  with  black,  and  bear 
bluish  scales.  The  hind  wings  contain  a geminate  discal 
mark,  a submarginal  row  of  yellowish  spots  much  bent 
inwardly  opposite  the  cell,  and  a marginal  row  of  small 
linear  whitish  spots. 

Under  side  bronze  like  the  male.  The  hind  wings 
have  the  two  rows  of  spots  repeated ; the  fore  wings 
have  a marginal  row  of  linear  whitish  spots,  a regularly 
curved  submarginal  row  of  eight  oblong  yellowish  spots, 
and  a single  white  anteapical  spot. 

The  palpi  are  shorter  than  in  N.  Icelus , shaggy,  some 
of  the  hairs  of  the  second  joint  extending  to  the  tip  of 
the  third.  The  tibiae  of  the  posterior  pair  of  legs  are 
without  the  pencil  of  hairs  characteristic  of  N.  Icelus. 

Indian  River,  Florida. 

182.  Nisoniades  Lucilius,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.1  to  1.25  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a red  lustrous  reflec- 
tion. Like  N.  Icelus , there  is  a paler  band  at  the  end 
of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  and  this  is  preceded  and 
followed  by  a darker  band,  the  inner  not  well  defined, 
and  interrupted.  In  the  female,  and  sometimes  in  the 


358 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


male,  there  is  a white  hyaline  spot  resting  on  the  outer 
end  of  the  two  cellular  teeth  formed  by  this  band,  some- 
times obsolete.  The  submarginal  band  consists  of  in- 
terspaceal,  sagittate,  fuscous  spots,  which  are  somewhat 
squarely  truncated  anteriorly  and  have  umber-colored 
scales  centrally.  Its  course  is  direct  from  the  submedian 
vein  to  the  subcostal  venule,  whence  it  is  broadly  reflected 
anteriorly  to  the  costal  margin,  embracing  in  this  portion 
four  interspaceal  minute  white  hyaline  spots,  of  which 
the  first,  third,  and  fourth  are  nearly  in  line,  the  second 
and  largest  lying  behind.  Between  the  median  venules 
are  two  hyaline  spots,  of  which  the  inner  one  is  some- 
times obsolete  in  the  male  or  wholly  absent.  Between 
these  two  bands  the  ground  color  is  umber-brown,  with 
a few  bluish-gray  scales  towards  the  submarginal  band, 
and  a large  number  between  the  subcostal  venules.  The 
sagittate  spots  of  the  submarginal  band  are  bordered 
externally  with  gray,  followed  by  a series  of  round  um- 
ber spots  having  a few  gray  scales  resting  on  obscure 
yellowish  spots  between  them  and  the  brown  marginal 
line.  Fringes  umber,  with  a very  few  basal  gray  scales. 

Hind  wings  of  a more  uniform  brown  than  the  fore 
wings,  and  more  shaded  with  red,  with  two  rows  of  ob- 
scure yellowish-brown  marginal  spots ; the  discal  spots 
at  the  end  of  the  cell  barely  seen. 

Under  side  reddish  brown,  the  fore  wings  conspicu- 
ously so  at  the  apex.  The  four  subapical  hyaline  spots 
are  constant,  and  there  is  usually  a small  white  spot  in 
the  cell.  The  median  spots  are  larger  than  the  subapical, 
and  are  subquadrangular  in  form.  Hind  wings  without 
discal  spots.  Both  wings  with  two  rows  of  spots  along 
the  outer  margin. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES.  359 

The  eggs  are  .03  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  marked  with 
fourteen  ribs  and  twenty-five  transverse  strise. 

The  larva  at  maturity  is  .8  of  an  inch  long,  yellowish 
green  in  color,  with  a bluish-green  dorsal  line.  The  legs 
are  tipped  with  fuscous.  On  joint  8 is  an  oblong  yellow 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  line,  a similar  mark  on 
joint  2,  and  a brown  spot  on  the  head. 

The  chrysalis  is  cylindrical,  conical,  not  angulated, 
thorax  slightly  elevated.  Head-case  rounded  in  front, 
depressed  below  a line  drawn  from  the  anal  spine  across 
the  base  of  the  wings  to  the  humeral  tubercle.  Towards 
the  close  of  this  period  the  eye-cases  are  purple,  the  wing- 
cases  whitish,  the  abdomen  green,  except  at  the  tip,  where 
it  is  brown. 

Food-plant  Aquilegia  Canadensis . There  are  two 

broods  in  a season,  possibly  three,  the  butterflies  appear- 
ing in  May  and  about  the  last  of  August  or  in  the  fore 
part  of  September. 

New  York,  Middle  and  Western  States. 

183.  Nisoniades  Persius,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.2  to  1.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  the  outer  part  of  the 
fore  wings  sprinkled  with  pale  bluish  scales  in  the  males, 
but  in  the  females  a little  at  the  base  also.  Like  the 
other  species,  this  has  a mesial  band  crossing  the  discal 
cell,  and  a submarginal  band,  the  first  more  obscure 
than  the  second,  except  below  the  median  vein  and  in 
the  cell;  the  upper  point  in  the  cell  containing  a dis- 
tinct hyaline  spot  in  the  females,  but  more  obscure  in 
the  males.  In  the  outer  band  spots  1 and  4 and  7 and 
8 contain  each  a distinct  white  hyaline  spot,  the  second 


360 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


larger  and  a little  out  of  line;  spots  9 and  10  are  united 
into  an  hour-glass-shaped  spot.  Spots  1 to  5 are  nar- 
rowly ellipsoidal,  6 to  8 are  somewhat  truncated  inter- 
nally, all  the  others  are  strongly  pointed  internally.  Be- 
tween these  two  bands  the  space  in  the  end  of  the  cell 
and  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins  is  lighter 
and  more  reddish  brown  than  the  rest  of  the  wing.  Be- 
tween the  submarginal  band  and  the  margin  is  a series 
of  roundish  brown  spots,  each  tipped  externally  with  a 
gray  crescentic  spot  resting  on  a terminal  brown  line. 

Hind  wings  more  of  a reddish  brown  than  the  fore 
wings,  with  two  rows  of  indistinct  ochraceous  spots  near 
the  outer  margin,  and  a spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The 
males  are  darker  brown  than  the  females,  and  for  that 
reason  the  bands  are  more  obscure. 

Under  side  of  the  female  grayish  brown,  the  apical 
portion  of  the  fore  wings  gray ; the  white  hyaline  spots 
are  repeated,  and  both  wings  have  two  marginal  rows 
of  whitish  spots.  The  males,  as  above,  are  darker  than 
the  females. 

According  to  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder,  the  larva  feeds  on 
willow,  poplar,  and  Lespedeza  capitata.  The  butterflies 
are  to  be  seen  in  June. 

New  England  to  Montana,  Washington  Territory, 
Colorado,  New  Mexico. 

184.  Nisoniades  Ausonius,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.06  inches. 

Fore  wings  above  pale  umber-brown,  with  grayish 
scales  sprinkled  over  most  of  the  surface  (more  diffused 
than  in  the  other  species),  except  on  the  fuscous  bands, 
showing  especially  beyond  the  submarginal  band.  There 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


361 


are  two  brown  basilar  spots  resting  on  the  subcostal  and 
median  veins,  not  so  dark  as  those  of  the  disk.  The 
discal  band,  usually  continuous  in  this  genus,  here  con- 
sists of  three  elongate  ftiscous  dashes  (appearing  to  the 
unaided  eye  as  a single  spot)  resting  on  the  subcostal 
near  the  discal  cross-vein,  extending  nearly  half-way  to 
the  median,  the  intervening  space  having  merely  an 
indication  of  the  spot,  which  appears  distinctly  in  most 
of  the  species  as  the  inner  cellular  tooth  of  the  discal 
band;  following  this  is  an  obscure  fuscous  spot  at  the 
fork  of  the  first  and  second  median  venules,  and,  beyond, 
the  usual  hour-glass-shaped  spot,  extending  from  the 
second  median  venule  to  the  submedian,  with  its  con- 
striction on  the  interspaceal  fold.  The  discal  cross-vein 
is  conspicuously  marked  in  brown.  The  submarginal 
band  of  fuscous  spots  is  doubly  curved,  being  convex 
towards  the  outer  margin  from  the  costa  to  the  third 
median  venule,  thence  concave  to  its  termination  at  the 
submedian.  It  consists  of  four  acutely  ellipsoidal  fus- 
cous spots  between  the  subcostal  venules,  which  are 
wholly  destitute  of  the  usual  hyaline  spots,  followed  by 
three  others  of  similar  form  but  of  greater  breadth,  the 
next  subacute  externally,  and  the  last  similar  in  outline 
to  the  corresponding  one  of  the  discal  band.  There  is  a 
marginal  row  of  interspaceal  brown  spots,  the  first  four 
of  which  are  surrounded  by  gray  scales  and  lie  near  the 
margin,  and  the  remaining  four  more  remote  than  in  N. 
Martialis  ; also  a row  of  obscure  brown  spots  resting  on 
the  tips  of  the  venules  and  extending  on  the  fringe. 

Hind  wings  of  a darker  ground  than  the  fore  wings, 
sprinkled  with  blackish  scales,  darker  basally,  and  with 
pale  yellow-brown  spots.  Discal  spot  and  marginal  row 
q 3] 


362 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


obsolete,  submarginal  crescentic  in  form.  On  each  side  of 
the  submarginal  row  of  spots  is  a range  of  oval  fuscous 
spots,  subconnected. 

Under  side  reddish  brown,  with  the  terminal  margin 
gray.  The  fore  wings  have  the  fuscous  spots  of  the  sub- 
marginal band  and  marginal  row  as  on  the  upper  surface ; 
of  the  discal  band  the  spots  in  the  cell  are  alone  obscurely 
visible ; the  basal  ones  are  lost  in  the  general  color.  The 
marginal  brown  spots  below  the  subcostal  venules  rest 
centrally  on  elliptical  gray  patches,  while  those  of  the 
hind  wings  approach  a semioval  form,  and  are  preceded 
by  gray  crescents,  which  nearly  enclose  them  by  uniting 
with  some  marginal  gray  scales;  at  the  tips  of  these 
crescents  a submarginal  row  of  fuscous  spots  is  obscurely 
seen.  Discal  spot  obsolete. 

Middle  States,  West  Virginia. 

185.  Nisoniades  Martialis,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  of  female  blackish  towards  the  tip  of  the 
fore  wings,  the  rest  slightly  grayish.  Near  the  base  of 
the  cell  a dark  blackish-brown  spot,  and  beyond  this  the 
mesial  and  submarginal  bands  of  spots  of  the  same  color, 
the  first  obscure  on  the  costa  and  broken  on  the  median 
vein,  the  last  spot  being  placed  farther  towards  the  base, 
so  as  to  be  out  of  line  with  the  others.  On  the  upper 
outer  point  in  the  cell  is  a somewhat  elongate  white  hya- 
line spot,  expanded  externally  and  posteriorly,  and  on 
the  lower  point  traces  of  a second  spot.  Submarginal 
row  as  in  N.  Persius , but  the  hyaline  spots  much  larger, 
the  one  in  spot  8 being  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and  the 
hour-glass  spots  above  the  submedian  vein  have  pale 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


363 


brown  centres.  The  marginal  row  of  brown  spots  lacks 
the  gray  crescents,  there  being  only  mere  traces  of  them, 
and  are  not  set  in  a grayish  field,  there  being  some  bluish 
scales  inside  this  row  over  most  of  the  wing,  but  none 
outside ; and  there  is  not  so  much  difference  between  the 
color  of  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  rest  of  the  wing  as 
in  N.  Persius.  Hind  wing  with  only  traces  of  spots  in 
the  usual  places. 

Under  side  a little  paler  brown  than  the  upper,  all  the 
hyaline  spots  distinct.  The  marginal  and  submarginal 
bands  of  the  fore  wings  are  dimly  outlined,  the  outer  set 
in  a paler  ground.  The  usual  double  row  of  spots  on 
the  hind  wings  is  dim. 

The  male  differs  from  the  female  in  having  the  bands 
and  hyaline  spots  less  distinct,  and  the  ground  color  a 
little  darker. 

Atlantic  States  to  Florida,  Mississippi  Yallev,  Kansas, 
Colorado. 

186.  Nisoniades  Juvenalis,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.3  to  1.6  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  smoky  brown,  so  dark  that  the 
usual  bands  are  a little  obscure.  These  are  the  mesial 
and  submarginal  bands  of  spots  on  the  fore  wings,  and 
an  obscure  spot  at  the  base  of  the  cell.  The  mesial  band 
would  be  obscure  were  it  not  for  the  few  gray  scales  that 
border  the  spots.  The  upper  point  in  the  cell  contains 
a small  hyaline  spot.  The  submarginal  band  contains 
five  or  six  hyaline  spots,  the  first  four  situated  in  spots 
1 to  4 of  the  band,  and  the  fifth  in  spot  7.  The  spots 
of  this  band  are  shorter  and  less  pointed  than  in  N. 
Persius  and  V.  Martialis , the  last  two  scarcely  united  ; 


364 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


a few  gray  scales  each  side  of  the  band.  Outside  this 
band  is  a series  of  blackish-brown  roundish  spots,  with 
a few  whitish  scales  between  each  spot  and  the  obscure 
marginal  line. 

Hind  wings  dark  smoky  brown,  with  a mere  trace  of 
the  usual  double  row  of  marginal  spots. 

Under  side  nearly  as  dark  as  the  upper,  with  purple  re- 
flections, especially  on  the  hind  wings.  The  hind  wings 
show  mere  traces  of  the  usual  two  rows  of  spots;  the 
fore  wings  have  the  hyaline  spots  distinct,  and  the  mar- 
ginal and  submarginal  bands  are  to  be  seen,  but  the  field 
on  which  they  rest  is  not  so  pale  as  in  N.  Martialis. 
Fringes  concolorous  with  the  wings. 

According  to  Harris,  the  larva  of  this  species  feeds 
on  species  of  Apios  and  Lathyrus,  and  perhaps  other 
Leguminosse.  It  is  green,  with  pale  stripes,  and  has  a 
heart-shaped  brown  head. 

The  chrysalis  is  rather  long  and  tapering,  pale  yellow- 
ish brown,  with  a few  minute  hairs  on  the  body,  and 
with  the  tongue-case  prominent  and  projecting  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  breast.  There  are  two  broods  of  these 
insects,  the  last  hibernating  in  the  chrysalis  state.  Prob- 
ably there  are  more  than  two  broods  in  the  Southern  States. 

Atlantic  States  to  Florida,  Mississippi  Valley,  Colo- 
rado, Arizona. 

187.  Nisoniades  Petronius,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.9  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown,  the  submarginal 
band  of  subsagittate  spots  oblique,  black,  being  more 
drawn  out  inwardly  towards  the  base  as  it  approaches 
the  hind  margin.  The  black  markings  of  the  wings  are 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


365 


more  strongly  contrasted  with  the  dark  brown  ground 
than  in  N.  Ncevius , but  less  so  than  in  N.  Juvenalis, — 
about  equal  to  N.  Persius . The  white  hyaline  spots  of 
the  fore  wings  are  of  medium  size,  smaller  than  in  the 
average  N.  Juvenalis  ; the  spot  in  the  discal  cell  is  small ; 
that  in  the  upper  median  interspace  on  the  transverse 
band  of  sagittate  spots  is  crescentic,  concave  towards  the 
base ; below  this,  in  the  second  median  interspace,  is  a 
smaller  white  spot,  wanting  in  some  examples.  The 
four  anteapical  spots  in  the  same  band  are  not  quite 
in  a line,  as  they  are  in  N.  Juvenalis , the  third  stand- 
ing a little  farther  towards  the  base  than  the  others; 
the  second  and  third  being  oblong,  instead  of  quadrate 
as  in  N.  Juvenalis. 

There  are  fewer  white  scales  on  the  fore  wings  than 
in  N.  Juvenalis , there  being  scarcely  any  on  the  basal 
side  of  the  submarginal  band,  and  only  a few  on  the 
outer  side.  The  pale  on  the  outside  of  the  marginal 
band  is  very  dim.  The  usual  two  submarginal  rows  on 
the  hind  wings  are  very  obscure. 

Under  side  reddish  brown,  especially  the  hind  wings, 
which  show  two  rows  of  pale  brown  submarginal  spots, 
which  become  obsolete  before  reaching  the  front  margin 
of  the  wing,  and  wholly  want  the  white  spots  in  cells  6 
and  7 which  characterize  N.  Juvenalis.  The  white  spots 
of  the  fore  wings  are  larger  than  above. 

Head  : above  the  eyes  and  just  behind  the  “ locklet” 
are  a few  white  scales  ; behind  and  beneath  the  eyes  are 
some  pale  yellow-brown  scales,  and  similar-colored  hairs 
compose  most  of  the  palpal  covering,  in  strong  contrast 
with  the  dark  brown  color  of  the  legs,  thorax,  and 
abdomen. 


31* 


366 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


This  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus,  and  is  sepa- 
rable from  Juvenalis  and  Propertius  by  its  darker  color, 
less  distinct  ornamentation,  less  rounded  wings,  and  the 
absence  of  white  spots  of  the  hind  wings  in  cells  6 and 
7 ; from  Ncevius  by  its  larger  size,  more  distinct  mark- 
ings, and  the  contrasting  lighter  shade  of  the  palpi. 

Indian  River,  Florida. 

188.  Nisoniades  Kevius,  Lintn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.45  to  1.65  inches. 

Upper  surface  fuscous,  almost  black,  with  a purple 
reflection.  The  fore  wings  have  four  minute,  subquad- 
rangular,  costo-apical,  hyaline  spots,  of  which  the  fourth 
may  be  obsolete,  resting  on  the  first  four  spots  of  the 
submarginal  band,  and  a similar  spot  on  spot  7 of  this 
band,  but  none  on  spot  8 nor  at  the  end  of  the  discal 
cell.  An  irregular  umber-brown  spot  centres  on  the 
discal  cross- vein,  and  between  the  median  and  submedian 
veins  is  another,  showing  more  distinctly  in  the  female. 
The  terminal  row  of  obscure,  rounded,  intervenular  fus- 
cous spots  rest  on  a dark  umber-brown  ground.  All  the 
markings  are  nearly  lost  in  the  dark  ground ; those  best 
defined  are  two  confluent  trapezoidal  spots  above  the 
submedian  vein,  forming  the  posterior  termination  of 
the  transverse  row  of  spots,  and  defined  without  and 
within  by  a W in  umber-brown.  The  spots  of  the  trans- 
verse row  are  not  of  the  ordinary  sagittate  form.  The 
hind  wings  dark  brown,  showing  faintly  the  two  rows 
of  intervenular  paler  brown  spots,  more  distinctly  in  the 
female.  Fringes  dark  brown,  lighter  upon  their  outer 
half  in  some  males,  and  pale,  approaching  whitish,  in  the 
female. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


367 


Under  side  paler  brown,  and  showing  more  or  less 
distinctly  the  two  ordinary  rows  of  pale  brown  spots 
towards  the  outer  margin,  and  in  one  male  a white  spot 
in  the  cell,  not  seen  on  the  upper  surface.  Head  and 
palpi  concolorous  with  the  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs. 

Indian  River,  Florida.^ 

189.  Pholisora  Catullus,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  deep  brownish  black.  The  fore  wings 
have  a submarginal  row  of  eight  white  hyaline  spots, 
3,  4,  and  5 curving  outward  beyond  the  cell,  6 and  7 
in  the  two  median  interspaces,  8 above  the  submedian. 
The  first  three  are  subquadrate,  the  rest  mere  dots. 
There  is  also  a small  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Hind 
wings  without  marks.  Fringes  concolorous  with  the 
wings. 

Under  side  more  of  a brownish  black,  the  spots  on  the 
fore  wings  repeated.  The  body  and  head  are  black  above, 
the  head  with  three  longitudinal  white  stripes, 
the  ends  of  the  palpal  hairs  the  same  color; 
the  palpi  and  head  white  beneath,  the  body 
black. 

Fig.  87  represents  the  egg  of  this  species.  catuiius,*x 
The  larva  feeds  on  Monarda  punctata , Che - 15* 

nopodium  album , Ambrosia,  and  perhaps  some  related 
plants.  It  is  found  in  the  United  States  generally. 

190.  Pholisora  Hayhurstii,  Edw. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 inch  to  1.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  blackish  brown,  both  wings  crossed  by 
two  deeper  brown  bands,  more  distinct  in  the  female ; 


Fig.  87. 


368  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 

the  mesial  one  crossing  the  fore  wings  before  the  end  of 
the  cell,  the  other  submarginal,  just  beyond  the  end  of 
the  cell.  In  the  submarginal  band  the  fore  wings  have 
two  small  white  spots  near  the  costa,  and  a white  point 
in  the  second  median  interspace.  Hind  wings  dentate 
on  the  outer  margin,  the  fringe  of  the  points  concolorous 
with  the  wing,  that  of  the  hollows  paler.  The  bands 
show  more  plainly  on  the  female  than  on  the  male,  on 
account  of  the  ground  color  being  a little  paler,  and  there 
is  a trace  of  a third  anteapical  spot. 

Under  side  a little  paler  than  the  upper,  a little  sprin- 
kled with  ochraceous  scales,  the  spots  of  the  upper  side  of 
the  wings  repeated. 

Body  above  concolorous  with  the  wings,  below  gray- 
ish ; head  and  palpi  above  with  a few  brownish-yellow 
scales,  below  white. 

West  Virginia  to  Kansas,  Florida,  Texas,  New 
Mexico. 

191.  Eudamus  Pylades,  Scud. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown.  The  fore  wings  are 
marked  by  several  white  hyaline  spots  : first  three  ante- 
apical  in  the  subcostal  interspaces ; three  more  above  the 
cell,  about  two-fifths  the  distance  from  the  base  of  the 
wing  to  the  apex, — both  of  these  in  a line  back  from  the 
costa ; two  more  in  the  median  interspaces,  and  one  below 
the  lower  median  venule,  close  to  this  venule  and  nearer 
the  margin  than  the  others.  All  of  these  are  small, 
those  of  the  costal  region  subquadrate,  the  others  trian- 
gular, the  one  in  the  lower  median  interspace  more  or 
less  obsolete.  There  is  also  a curved  brown  mark  be- 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


369 


yond  the  cell  from  the  lower  end  of  the  anteapical  row. 
The  lower  three  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a triangle, 
and  when  one  is  obsolete  its  place  is  indicated  by  a mark 
of  deeper  brown  than  the  rest  of  the  wing.  Hind  wings 
without  spots.  Fringes  fuscous  gray,  dark  brown  at  the 
ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  about  the  same  color  as  the 
upper,  but  shaded  with  darker  brown  at  the  base,  and 
sprinkled  with  pale  blue  scales  on  the  outer  part.  The 
hind  wings  colored  as  above,  but  with  two  irregular 
bands  across  them,  limited  by  wavy 
black  lines,  and  sprinkled  on  the  outer 
part  with  pale  blue  lines.  Body  above 
and  below  dark  brown. 

Fig.  88  represents  the  egg  of  this  spe- 
cies magnified  twenty-eight  diameters. 

The  larva  feeds  on  clover,  the  perfect 

i . n i * t 7.  E.Pylades,egg,X28. 

insect  being  tound  m June,  or  earlier  in 
the  Southern  States. 

New  England  to  Florida,  Dakota,  Colorado,  Cali- 
fornia. 

192.  Eudamus  Bathyllus,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.4  to  1.5  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  about  the  same  color  as  E. 
Py lades,  with  a slight  grayish  tinge.  This  is  almost  an 
exact  copy  of  E.  Pylades  with  the  spots  enlarged.  The 
spots  in  the  middle  of  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings  are 
connected  with  one  in  the  cell  that  extends  from  the  sub- 
costal to  the  median  vein,  hour-glass-shaped,  sometimes 
separated  in  the  middle  into  two  triangular  spots.  These 
are  in  line  with  two  of  the  three  spots  below,  forming  a 
y 


Fig.  88. 


370 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


triangle,  the  one  in  the  second  median  interspace  and  the 
one  below  the  lower  branch  of  the  median,  the  spot  in 
the  first  median  interspace  being  outside  the  line.  The 
middle  one  of  these  last  three  spots  is  as  large  as  the  one 
in  the  cell,  but  is  not  so  much  constricted  in  the  middle ; 
the  upper  is  next  in  size,  and  the  lower  one  is  small. 
The  anteapical  series  consists  of  three  quadrate,  white, 
hyaline  spots,  with  a white  spot  next  the  costa.  Hind 
wings  without  spots,  but  with  some  brown  clouding  in 
the  middle.  Fringes  pale  gray,  brown  at  the  base,  cut 
with  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  on  the  fore  wings. 

Under  side  as  in  E.  Pylades , except  that  there  is  more 
gray  on  the  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  white 
spots  are  larger  than  in  that  species,  being  a little  larger 
than  on  the  upper  side.  Body  and  head  above  concol- 
orous  with  the  wings ; below  grayish,  the  head  and  palpi 
whitish. 

West  Virginia  to  Florida,  Illinois,  Kansas,  New 
Mexico. 

193.  Eudamus  Lycidas,  Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.9  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  slightly  yellow-tinted,  with 
a purple  reflection  along  the  costa.  The  fore  wings  are 
crossed  from  near  the  middle  of  the  costa  in  a direction 
towards  the  posterior  angle  by  a yellow  band  of  spots, 
consisting  of  the  same  spots  as  are  found  on  E.  Bathyllus . 
The  spot  in  the  cell  and  the  one  in  the  second  median  in- 
terspace are  greatly  enlarged,  so  as  to  be  nearly  or  quite 
quadrate ; the  others  also  are  enlarged,  but  not  to  the 
same  extent.  Beyond  this  band  there  is  the  usual  ante- 
apical  row  of  four  spots,  the  fourth  a little  out  of  line, 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


371 


and,  not  in  line  with  the  others,  a small  triangular  spot 
above  the  base  of  the  first  median  venule.  Hind  wings 
without  spots.  Fringes  of  fore  wings  dark  brownish 
gray,  cut  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins ; those  of 
the  hind  wings  with  the  pale  part  paler ; those  of  the 
inner  margin  black ; a black  line  edging  both  wings,  and 
shading  in  a little  on  the  hind  wings. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  brown,  blackish  inside  the 
mesial  band,  grayish  along  the  hind  margin,  the  apex 
shaded  with  black  and  having  a few  whitish  scales.  The 
spots  of  the  mesial  band  are  more  confluent  than  above, 
the  others  less  distinct. 

Hind  wings  with  the  base  dark,  slightly  grayish ; 
through  the  middle  an  irregular  broad  black  band,  not 
reaching  either  margin,  and  having  a large  patch  of  brown 
in  it  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  black  sprinkled  with  gray 
scales.  Outside  this  to  the  margin  of  the  wing  it  is  pure 
white  through  the  middle  half ; the  apical  portion,  the 
anal  portion,  and  along  the  inner  margin  white  more  or 
less  tinged  with  brown ; the  whole  crossed  by  abbreviated 
brown  streaks. 

Body  black,  the  under  side  of  head  and  palpi  slightly 
sprinkled  with  gray. 

Massachusetts  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mississippi 
Valley. 

194.  Eudamus  Cellus,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.9  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  blackish  brown;  the  fore  wings 
crossed  by  a broad  continuous  yellow  band,  beginning 
near  the  middle  of  the  costa  and  ending  in  a point  near 
the  posterior  angle,  bending  inward  a little  here  towards 


372 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


the  hind  margin.  From  the  costa  to  the  lower  branch 
of  the  median  the  band  is  of  nearly  uniform  width,  but 
the  rest  of  the  distance  it  tapers  a little.  The  inner  edge 
is  nearly  straight,  but  the  outer  sends  out  an  angle  just 
below  the  end  of  the  cell.  Three-fourths  of  the  distance 
from  the  base,  extending  from  the  costa  back,  is  a short 
anteapical  line  composed  of  three  quadrate  coalescing 
yellow  spots,  and  a small  dot  next  the  outer  lower  corner 
of  the  third  spot.  Hind  wings  without  marks,  except  a 
little  yellowish  at  the  apex.  Fringes  black  or  blackish, 
with  a few  gray  or  whitish  spots  between  the  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  the  same  as  the  upper,  ex- 
cept that  the  hind  margin  is  gray,  the  apical  half  of  the 
outer  margin  reddish  brown,  and  the  costal  portion  of 
the  mesial  band  and  the  anteapical  line  paler  yellow. 
Hind  wings  dark  purplish  brown,  with  three  irregular, 
somewhat  poorly  defined,  darker  brown  bands,  and  a 
very  slight  sprinkling  of  butf  scales.  Along  the  outer 
margin  is  a series  of  deep  brown  lunules  surrounded  by 
scattering  pale  blue  scales. 

Body  black,  under  side  of  palpi  and  head  pale  ochra- 
ceous. 

West  Virginia  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Texas,  Arizona. 

195.  Eudamus  Zestos,  Hub. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.2  to  2.4  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  with  a slight  bronze  reflec- 
tion, marked  almost  like  the  upper  surface  of  E.  Tityrus. 
This  consists  of  a yellow  band  from  near  the  middle  of 
the  costa  back  towards  the  posterior  angle,  ending  in  a 
blunt  point  about  the  middle  of  the  medio-submedian 
interspace,  the  point  below  the  lower  median  fork  being 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


373 


about  twice  as  large  as  in  E.  Tityrus . The  inner  edge 
of  the  band  above  the  median  fork  is  nearly  straight, 
being  notched  a little  at  the  subcostal  vein,  but  is  a little 
more  oblique  than  in  E.  Tityrus . The  outer  edge  is 
more  irregular,  the  spot  in  the  cell  and  the  one  in  the 
lower  median  interspace  being  concave,  and  there  are 
notches  at  the  median  and  subcostal  veins.  The  spot 
outside  the  band  in  the  first  median  interspace  is  nearly 
square.  Beyond  the  band  is  the  usual  anteapical  line  of 
three  spots,  extending  obliquely  outward  in  a curve. 

Under  side  of  about  the  same  general  color  as  the  upper, 
the  fore  wings  with  the  markings  of  the  upper  surface. 
The  hind  wings  have  a faintly-indicated  median  band  of 
a slightly  paler  color  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  not  reach- 
ing either  margin,  and  two  faint  spots  between  this  and 
the  anal  angle,  and  more  or  less  scattering  tawny  scales. 
Both  wings  below  have  a strong  purplish  reflection,  the 
outer  margin  slightly  paler.  Fringes  concolorous  with 
the  wings,  the  hind  wings  paler,  but  without  brown  at 
the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Body  above  purple-brown ; thorax  covered  with  tawny 
hairs,  beneath  more  or  less  shaded  with  fulvous ; palpi 
fulvous.  Club  of  antennse  brown  above,  fulvous  below 
and  at  the  sides. 

This  strongly  resembles  E.  Tityrus  above,  but  the  yel- 
low spots  are  less  confluent  and  more  opaque,  the  general 
color  is  deeper,  and  the  fringes  are  not  divided  by  brown 
at  the  ends  of  the  veins.  The  under  side  lacks  the  con- 
spicuous silver  band  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings. 
This  was  described  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Worthington  as  E. 
Oberon. 

Florida ; Sanford,  Marco  Island. 

32 


374 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


196.  Eudamus  Tityrus,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.8  to  2.1  inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown.  The  fore  wings  are 
crossed  by  an  oblique  yellow  band  of  four  large  spots 
from  the  middle  of  the  costa  to  near  the  posterior  angle, 
where  it  ends  in  a rounded  point,  the  lower  part  of  the 
spot  below  the  lower  median  fork  being  but  little  nar- 
rower than  the  upper  part  which  rests  against  the  vein. 
The  inner  edge  of  this  band  is  nearly  straight,  a little 


Fig.  89. 


Eudamus  Tityrus,  the  left  hand  showing  the  under  side  of  wings. 


convex,  the  band  narrowed  a little  as  it  approaches  the 
costa.  The  outer  edge  is  regularly  dentate,  the  spot  in 
the  cell  and  the  one  below  being  straight  on  the  outside. 
Beyond  the  band  there  is  a narrow  spot  in  the  first  me- 
dian interspace  extending  from  vein  to  vein.  The  ante- 
apical  line  near  the  costa  is  obliquely  curved  outward 
and  composed  of  three  spots.  Fringes  gray,  cut  with 
brown  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  brown,  about  the  same  shade  as  above,  the 
outer  and  costal  edges  tinged  with  purplish  gray.  The 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


375 


fore  wings  have  the  yellow  spots  of  the  upper  side  re- 
peated, the  spots  more  confluent.  The  hind  wings  have 
a conspicuous  silvery  white  band  in  the  middle,  nearly 
reaching  the  costa,  but  not  so  near  the  inner  margin. 
This  band  is  narrow  in  the  anterior  portion,  but  broadly 
expanded  in  the  middle,  and  rounded  posteriorly,  so  as 
to  be  somewhat  flask-shaped.  Palpi  brown,  slightly 
yellowish  beneath. 

The  larva  of  this  species  is  to  be  found  on  the  common 
locust,  rose  acacia,  Wistaria,  and  in  the  South  on  a species 
of  wild  bean.  When  young,  it  cuts  into  the  edge  of  a 
leaf,  and,  drawing  the  flap  over  and  fastening  it  with 
silk,  makes  for  itself  a retreat,  within  which  it  stays. 
As  it  increases  in  size,  a larger  section  is  cut  in  the  leaf ; 
and,  when  this  will  no  longer  serve  the  purpose  of  pro- 
tection, two  or  more  leaves  are  fastened  together.  The 
larvae  feed  mostly  at  night,  keeping  themselves  concealed 
within  their  retreats  during  the  daytime. 

The  egg  is  nearly  globular,  flattened  at  the  base,  with 
fifteen  ridges  from  base  to  apex ; diameter,  .04  of  an 
inch.  _ Color  white,  with  a bright  red  spot  at  the  apex, 
and  a ring  of  the  same  color  a little  above  the  middle. 
The  duration  of  this  period  is  about  four  days. 

The  young  larva  is  .1  of  an  inch  long,  orange;  the 
head  short,  a little  oblique,  black ; joint  2 dark  brown ; 
a few  hairs  scattered  over  the  body.  Before  the  close  of 
this  period  the  body  shows  a profusion  of  fine  elevations. 

In  nine  days  from  hatching  the  larva  moults  the  first 
time,  when  it  is  .2  of  an  inch  long,  with  the  colors  the 
same  as  during  the  preceding  period,  except  that  the 
second  segment  is  pale  reddish  brown,  with  a central 
transverse  dark  brown  stripe. 


376 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


After  the  second  moult,  which  occurs  eleven  days 
later,  it  is  .55  of  an  inch  long,  the  ground  color  yellow- 
ish black,  with  about  six  transverse  yellow  lines  to  each 
joint ; the  interspaces  being  dotted  with  yellow,  giving 
the  body  a yellowish  appearance.  The  last  two  seg- 
ments are  a little  orange-tinted.  Head  cordate,  this  and 
the  second  segment  brownish  black,  the  latter  shining, 
the  head  with  an  orange  spot  on  each  side  above  the 
ocelli. 

In  seven  days  more  the  larva  moults  again,  when  it 
is  .75  of  an  inch  long,  with  the  color  of  the  body  un- 
changed ; but  the  head  is  dark  brown,  and  the  second 
segment  is  black,  with  the  sides  and  under  parts  red ; 
the  rest  orange,  the  prolegs  with  a dark  yellow  base. 

The  larva  moults  the  fourth  time  in  four  days  more, 
when  it  is  .9  of  an  inch  long,  but  at  the  close  of  this 
stage,  before  pupating,  it  is  1.15  inches  long.  The  head 
is  broader  than  the  middle  of  the  body,  a little  oblique ; 
and  the  second  segment  tapers  anteriorly  to  a distinct 
neck.  The  body  is  a little  flattened,  tapering  from  the 
middle  each  way.  The  color  remains  about  the  same, 
the  head  assuming  a little  more  of  a wine  color,  and 
the  top  of  the  second  segment  and  the  jaws  dark  brown, 
the  sides  and  feet  on  this  joint  about  as  before. 

The  time  from  the  last  moult  to  the  change  to  a chrys- 
alis varies  with  the  season.  One  that 
moulted  September  1 pupated  October  4. 
This  change  takes  place  in  the  cluster 
of  leaves  it  has  woven  together  for  a 
e.  Tityrus,  chrysalis,  retreat  during  the  larval  period.  Before 
pupating  it  lines  the  retreat  with  a thin  coating  of  silk. 
The  chrysalis  is  .76  of  an  inch  long,  the  head-case 


Fig.  90. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


377 


blunt  conical ; the  dorsum  from  near  the  head  nearly 
straight,  as  shown  in  Fig.  90 ; the  ventral  side  strongly 
ventricose,  tapering  abruptly  from  the  end  of  the  wing- 
cases  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  the  cremaster  a some- 
what triangular  piece,  .06  of  an  inch  long.  Color  red- 
dish brown,  finely  mottled  and  spotted  with  dark  brown, 
the  end  of  the  humerus  blackish  brown,  with  two  smaller 
spots  between  them.  Stigmata  and  eyes  darker  than  the 
general  color. 

There  are  two  or  more  broods  of  these  butterflies  in 
a season,  the  last  brood  hibernating  in  the  pupa  state, 
while  the  others  emerge  from  the  chrysalides  in  about 
two  weeks. 

United  States  generally. 

197.  Eudamus  Pkoteus,  Linn. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.9  to  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  olive-brown ; base  of  fore  wings, 
basal  half  of  hind  wings,  and  upper  part  of  body  with 
light  green  hairs.  The  fore  wings  have  an  oblique 
transverse  row  of  four  whitish  hyaline  spots,  extending 
from  the  costa  near  the  middle  to  near  the  posterior 
angle.  These  spots  are  in  the  same  position  as  the 
spots  composing  similar  bands  in  E.  Zestos , Tityrus , etc. ; 
but  they  differ  in  being  of  about  the  same  size  and 
separated  by  the  dark  brown  veins,  the  one  in  the  cell 
constricted  a little  in  the  middle,  the  lower  three  near 
one  another  only  at  their  corners.  Beyond  this  band  is  a 
spot  in  the  first  median  interspace,  also  constricted  in  the 
middle ; and  beyond  the  cell  is  an  anteapical  row  of  five 
spots,  curved,  the  first  two  spots  oblong,  the  third  nearly 
quadrate,  the  fourth  and  fifth  elongate  in  the  direction 

32* 


378 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


of  the  line,  the  fourth  often  divided  in  the  middle  into 
two  spots. 

Hind  wings  without  spots,  the  anal  angle  produced 
into  a tail  .5  of  an  inch  long,  outer  margin  dentate. 
Fringes  of  fore  wings  gray,  cut  with  brown  at  the  ends 
of  the  veins ; of  hind  wings  white,  except  those  of  the 
tail  on  the  inner  margin,  which  are  black. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  brown,  the  costa  at  base,  the 
area  between  the  two  bands,  and  the  outer  margin  pur- 
plish glaucous.  The  spots  are  enlarged,  and  are  more 
confluent  than  above.  The  hind  wings  have  the  same 
glaucous  color  all  over  their  surface  except  the  tail,  the 
anal  two-thirds  of  the  outer  margin,  and  two  bands 
through  the  wings,  which  are  olive-brown,  the  tail  almost 
black.  The  inner  of  these  two  bands  reaches  only  to 
the  subcostal  vein,  and  above  that  and  a little  to  each 
side  are  two  black  patches.  The  whole  surface  is 
sprinkled  over  with  a few  whitish  and  yellowish  scales. 
Palpi  pale  gray,  underneath  almost  white. 

The  mature  larva  is  1.5  inches  long,  fusiform,  a fine 
dark  dorsal  line,  a bright  yellow  subdorsal  band,  which 
is  dilated  on  the  twelfth  segment,  and  a pale  green  line 
along  the  base  of  the  body.  The  dorsal  space,  between 
the  bands,  is  gray  dotted  with  black  and  yellowish  ar- 
ranged in  transverse  lines.  The  sides  are  gray,  with  the 
upper  half  dotted  with  black.  Collar  lustrous  black ; 
anal  plate  yellow,  greenish  in  the  middle.  Under  side 
pale  green,  legs  black,  prolegs  yellow.  Head  large, 
round,  brown,  pubescent,  slightly  depressed  at  top;  a 
yellow  spot  on  each  side  of  the  mouth,  narrowing  up- 
ward, and  fading  into  the  light  brown  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  face. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


379 


Chrysalis. — Covered  with  a white  powder.  The  larva 
feeds  on  leguminous  plants, — Phaseolus  perennis  and 
Clitoria  Mariana. 

Southern  States;  occasionally  in  New  York. 

198.  Erycides  Batabano,  Lef. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.3  to  2.6  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  deep  smoky  brown,  with  a 
pronounced  indigo-violet  reflection.  Fore  wings  with- 
out markings,  other  than  a few  scattering  blue  or  green 
scales  about  the  base  of  the  wings.  Fringes  concol- 
orous. 

Hind  wings  with  a row  of  brilliant  blue  or  green 
elongated  submarginal  spots,  more  or  less  confluent,  in- 
terrupted by  the  veins,  and  becoming  obsolete  towards 
the  costal  margin.  Fringes  with  some  white  in  the 
intervenular  spaces. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  paler,  with  a purplish  cast, 
a few  blue  or  green  scales  along  the  costa,  about  the 
base,  and  near  the  posterior  angle.  Hind  wings  much 
like  the  upper  side,  but  deeper,  the  purplish  reflection 
at  the  costal  margin  gradually  changing  to  deep  indigo 
as  it  approaches  the  abdominal  folds;  a few  blue  or 
green  scales  in  the  median  space  and  along  the  inner 
margin.  Submarginal  spots  as  above,  but  brighter. 

Female. — Upper  side  paler  than  in  the  male,  gradu- 
ally growing  deeper  over  both  wings  until  nearly  black 
at  the  anal  angle,  both  wings  with  a faint  purplish  re- 
flection in  certain  lights.  Markings  on  the  hind  wings 
like  those  of  the  male.  Beneath  differing  from  the  male 
only  in  its  paler  color,  and  in  having  a purple  reflection, 
which  is  more  prominent  than  on  the  upper  side. 


380 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


Body  deep  brown  above  and  below,  some  blue  or 
green  scales  on  the  collar,  front,  and  shoulders,  and 
arranged  in  bands  on  the  posterior  segments  of  the 
abdomen.  Palpi  greenish  white.  Antennae  dark  brown. 
Hind  wings  produced  a little  at  the  anal  angle. 

Florida. 

199.  Erycides  Amyntas,  Fab. 

Expanse  of  wings  2 inches. 

Upper  surface  dark  brown,  almost  black,  with  a 
strong  purple  reflection.  A little  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  is  a white  hyaline  bar 
extending  across  the  cell,  emarginate  externally.  Below 
this,  and  a little  farther  out,  in  the  second  median  inter- 
space, is  a similar  but  larger  subquadrangular  spot,  and 
in  the  first  median  interspace  is  another,  more  oblong 
in  shape.  The  first  two  of  these  three  spots  represent 
two  of  the  four  spots  which  form  the  median  oblique 
band  of  Eudamus  Tityrus  and  allied  species.  There 
is  near  the  apex  an  oblique  row  of  three  anteapical 
small  spots,  subquadrate  in  form,  the  first  the  smallest. 
Hind  wings  without  spots.  Fringes  fuscous,  those  of 
the  fore  wings  darkest ; the  anal  angle  somewhat  pro- 
duced. 

The  under  side  has  the  spots  of  the  upper  surface  of 
the  fore  wings  repeated.  The  surface  along  the  costa,  a 
broad  apical  portion  and  the  external  margin  of  the  fore 
wings,  and  all  of  the  hind  wings,  except  two  bands  of 
spots  and  the  anal  angle,  rich  purple,  not  very  dark ; 
all  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  dark  brown.  The  dark 
brown  portion  consists  of  two  transverse  bands,  marking 
nearly  the  division  of  the  wing  into  thirds,  and  a broad 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


38 1 


portion  around  the  anal  angle.  Body  black ; palpi  and 
under  side  of  head  gray. 

Key  West,  Florida. 

200.  Megathymus  Yuccle,  Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.5  to  3 inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  deep  umber-brown,  the  base 
of  both  wings  tinged  with  yellow,  the  markings  yellow. 


The  fore  wings  have  a large  spot  in  the  outer  end  of  the 
cell  that  is  subquadrate ; above  this  in  the  interspaces  are 
three  small  spots  in  an  oblique  line,  but  little  more  than 
mere  dots.  Beyond  these  is  a submarginal  row  of  spots 
which  begin  in  the  usual  line  of  anteapical  spots  about 
four-fifths  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  but 
the  two  spots  opposite  the  cell  are  nearer  the  outer  mar- 
gin, and  from  these  they  gradually  run  nearer  the  mar- 
gin, till  the  last  one  is  close  to  the  posterior  angle,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  91.  The  first  of  the  four  anteapical  spots 


Fig.  91. 


O 

Megathymus  Yuccae,  female  (natural  size). 


382 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


is  a mere  dot,  the  next  three  are  a little  longer  than  wide, 
the  fifth  and  sixth  are  narrow  but  reaching  from  vein  to 
vein,  the  seventh  and  eighth  are  in  the  median  inter- 
spaces, and  the  ninth  is  above  the  submedian.  The  last 
three  are  somewhat  irregularly  convex  on  the  inner  side, 
but  less  so  on  the  outer.  Hind  wings  without  spots,  but 
with  a yellow  washing  along  the  outer  margin. 

Under  side  deep  brown,  like  the  upper,  but  brighter, 
the  outer  portion  of  both  wings  pearly  gray,  with  a patch 
of  the  same  color  on  the  middle  of  the  costa  of  the  hind 
wings,  and  a white  crescent  below  it,  and  the  same  scales 
sprinkled  along  the  inner  margin  and  the  faint  streaks 
through  the  wings.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  re- 
peated, but  somewhat  enlarged,  the  color  paler  yellow, 
whitish  in  the  costal  region. 

Female. — The  general  color  and  markings  of  the  fore 
wings  as  in  the  male,  but  much  larger.  The  spot  in  the 
cell  extends  from  vein  to  vein,  and  inward  along  the 
median  a little  way  towards  the  base,  the  three  spots 
above  nearly  as  long  as  the  spot  in  the  cell  is  wide.  Be- 
sides the  much  enlarged  anteapical  spots,  which  are  paler 
yellow  than  the  other  spots,  there  are  three  oblique  pale 
yellow  spots  on  the  costa  before  the  apex.  The  lower 
three  spots  of  the  submarginal  band  are  widened,  so  that 
the  inner  upper  corner  almost  reaches  the  cell.  Hind 
wings,  besides  the  yellow  scales  along  the  margin,  have  a 
discal  row  of  four  small  spots  not  reaching  either  margin. 
Under  side  as  in  the  male,  except  that  the  spots  are  more 
prominent,  and  the  spots  near  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings 
are  more  washed  with  white.  The  female  is  larger  than 
the  male,  the  smaller  of  the  expanses  given  applying  to 
the  male. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES . 


383 


According  to  Professor  C.  Y.  Biley,  the  larva  of  this 
species  lives  inside  the  stem  and  root  of  the  Yucca,  or 
Spanish  Bayonet,  being  the  only  one  of  our  butterflies 
that  lives  in  the  larval  state  as  a borer  on  the  inside 
of  the  stems  of  plants,  unless  we  include  the  allied 
species  M.  Cofaqui.  There  is  a probability  that  when 
the  life-history  of  that  species  is  known  it  will  be  found 
to  have  similar  habits.  The  eggs  are  deposited  singly 
on  the  leaves,  and,  when  hatched,  the  larva  conceals 
itself  in  a web  between  some  of  the  more  tender  ter- 
minal leaves.  Generally  it  will  be  found  at  first  near 
the  tip  of  a leaf,  where  the  sides  naturally  roll  up  and 
afford  a safe  retreat.  It  then  gradually  works  to  the 
base,  feeding  as  it  goes,  and  rolling  and  shrivelling  the 
blade  as  it  descends.  Other  blades  are  often  joined,  the 
insect  living  among  the  blades  till  it  is  about  one-fourth 
grown,  seldom  entering  the  stem  before  that  time. 

The  egg  is  subconical,  the  top  flattened  or  depressed 
and  with  a slight  central  dimple,  the  base  concave, 
smooth  but  not  polished.  Color  pale  green  when  first 
deposited,  but  inclining  to  buff-yellow  or  brown  before 
hatching.  The  diameter  is  about  .1  of  an  inch,  the 
height  about  .06. 

The  young  larva  is  about  .2  of  an  inch  long,  of  a 
dark  brick-red  color,  head  and  top  of  the  second  segment 
pitchy  black.  The  abdominal  joints  show  two  princi- 
pal transverse  folds.  There  are  six  rows  of  stiff*  black 
hairs  arising  from  the  body  or  from  very  small  tubercles. 
Head  larger  than  the  second  segment,  rounded,  but  some- 
what flat  in  front;  cervical  shield  narrow  and  in  one 
piece ; both  minutely  punctured.  No  anal  plate. 

The  full-grown  larva  averages  2.6  inches  in  length  by 


384 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


.4  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Color  dull  translucent  white. 
Surface  faintly  aciculate,  sparsely  armed  dorsally  with 
minute,  evenly-distributed,  short,  rufous  bristles,  spring- 
ing from  the  general  surface,  and  not  very  noticeable 
with  the  naked  eye  ; covered  more  or  less  copiously  with 
a white,  glistening,  powdery  secretion  of  a waxy  nature. 
Cylindrical;  the  abdominal  joints  with  eight  annulate 


Fig.  92. 


Megathymus  Yuccse:  a, egg,  side-view,  enlarged;  6,  egg  from  which  the  larva  has 
hatched  ; bb , 666,  unhatched  eggs,  natural  size  ; c,  newly-hatched  larva,  enlarged  ; 
cc,  full-grown  larva,  natural  size;  d , under  side  of  head  of  same,  enlarged  to  show 
the  trophi. 

or  transverse  wrinkles  to  each  joint, — the  first  three  oc- 
cupying the  anterior  half,  the  third  more  prominent  and 
widening  laterally,  and  the  other  five  on  the  posterior 
half  of  the  joint,  all  best  defined  dorsally.  The  thoracic 
joints  somewhat  larger  than  the  rest,  more  deeply  and 
irregularly  wrinkled  ; the  substigmatal  region  with  lon- 
gitudinal folds.  Head  black,  perpendicular,  and  aspe- 
rous  or  deeply  shagreened  ; epistoma  and  labrum  brown, 
small,  and  usually  with  a transverse  median  ridge,  the 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


385 


^-shaped  mark  white,  forking  before  the  suture,  the  forks 
having  the  shape  of  U ; mandibles  stout,  subtriangular, 
non-dentate;  antennae  (Fig.  92, /)  two-jointed,  exclusive 
of  the  bulbus,  the  terminal  joint  twice  as  long  as  the 
basal ; maxillae  and  labium  and  mentum  forming  a sub- 
quadrate piece,  bulging  out  prominently  from  beneath, 
the  parts  seemingly  soldered  together  and  separated  only 
by  deep  sutures ; the  maxillary  palpi  (Fig.  92,  e)  consist- 
ing of  two  broad  joints ; the  labium  small,  trapezoidal, 
highly  polished,  with  the  spinneret  ( h ) twice  as  long  as 
the  palpi  (<7),  which  are  small,  recurved,  and  two-jointed, 
exclusive  of  the  bulbus;  a few  stout  bristles  on  the 
labrum,  on  the  palpigerous  piece  of  the  maxilla,  on  the 
mentum,  on  the  base  of  the  mandibles,  and  around  the 
ocelli,  which  are  not  easily  distinguished  from  the  more 
globular  of  the  shagreenations.  Cervical  shield  more 
glabrous  than  the  head,  and  scarcely  darker  than  the 
body,  except  around  the  hind  border.  Thoracic  legs 
very  short,  but  stout,  with  the  horny  parts  deep  brown, 
and  sparsely  armed  with  bristles.  Prolegs  well  devel- 
oped, the  hooks  in  a double  row,  and  forming  a distinct 
purple-brown,  transversely  oval  annulus,  but  slightly 
broken  at  the  narrow  ends.  Anal  shield  rounded  be- 
hind, coriaceous  rather  than  corneous,  and  with  a slight 
increase  of  bristly  hairs,  especially  around  the  border. 
Stigmata  large,  with  a purple-brown,  oval  annulus. 

Chrysalis. — Average  length  1.5  inches;  cylindrical, 
broadest  at  the  shoulders,  recurving  ventrally  towards 
the  tip,  and  terminating  in  a broad,  flattened,  posteriorly 
rounded,  transverse,  slightly  decurving  flap,  the  borders 
thickened  basally  and  extending  ventrally.  Eyes  prom- 
inent, with  a transverse  carina ; wing-cases  reaching  the 
z 33 


K 


386 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  THE 


hind  part  of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment.  Surface 
but  slightly  polished,  and  faintly  corrugate ; a few  ex- 
tremely minute,  bristle-like  spines  distributed  over  the 
abdominal  joints  dorsally,  and  the  two 
or  three  terminal  joints  with  stiff  rufous 
hairs,  increasing  posteriorly.  Color 
black-brown  anteriorly,  paler  on  the 
abdomen,  and  more  or  less  densely 
covered  with  a white  powdery  secre- 
tion like  that  on  the  full-grown  larva. 

There  is  but  one  brood  in  a season, 
the  butterflies  appearing  in  April  and 
May.  The  eggs  hatch  in  about  ten 
days,  but  the  larva  does  not  pupate  till 
late  in  the  following  winter  or  early  in 
the  spring.  The  burrow  often  extends 
two  feet  or  more  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground.  Before  pupating,  the  larva 
makes  a place  of  exit  for  the  butterfly,  lightly  closing 
this  cavity  near  the  top.  It  then  makes  a cell  suf- 
ficiently farther  down  to  give  it  room  enough  to  pupate, 
and  in  this  it  undergoes  its  transformations. 

Southern  States,  New  Mexico,  Arizona. 

201.  Megathymus  Cofaqui,  Strecker. 

Expanse  of  wings  from  2.25  to  2.6  inches. 

This  differs  from  M.  Yuccce  in  having  more  yellow  at 
the  base  of  the  wings,  the  female  having  the  yellow  spots 
in  and  above  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  connected  in  a 
continuous  row  with  those  below  instead  of  the  spots  be- 
yond the  cell,  and  the  anteapical  spots  making  up  with 
these  the  row  across  the  wing.  This  is  due  to  the  greater 


Fig.  93. 


Megathymus  Yuccae, 
pupa. 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 


387 


expansion  inwardly  of  the  three  lower  spots,  so  as  to 
bring  them  under  the  cell.  Below  the  median  vein  there 
is  a yellowish  spot  about  one-third  the  distance  from  the 
base  to  the  margin.  The  anteapical  spots  and  the  two 
beyond  the  cell  are  like  those  in  M.  Yuccce.  Hind  wings 
with  a yellow  spot  on  the  costa  and  a more  distinct 
yellow  border,  besides  the  discal  row  of  yellow  spots. 

The  male  has  on  the  outer  half  of  the  fore  wings  an 
irregular  row  of  five  pale  yellow  spots  of  various  sizes 
and  shapes,  the  lower  three  pointed  internally.  The 
hind  wings  have  a rather  narrow,  even,  straw-colored 
border.  Fringes  dirty  white. 

The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  of  both  sexes  is  like 
the  upper,  the  hind  wings  with  the  addition  of  some  gray 
shading  on  the  costa  and  several  subterminal  white  spots, 
otherwise  much  as  in  the  other  species. 

The  whole  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  hind  wings  of 
the  male,  except  the  space  occupied  by  the  outer  border, 
is  thickly  covered  with  long,  fine,  black  hairs,  which 
stand  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  surface,  to  the  height 
of  nearly  a quarter  of  an  inch.  The  basal  third  of  the 
under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  furnished  witli  a similar 
coat  of  hairy  appendages. 

Florida,  Colorado. 


ADDENDA. 


Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  Butterflies 
of  the  Eastern  United  States,  the  following  species  have 
been  found  within  the  territory  that  were  not  known  be- 
fore to  occur  here.  Two  of  these  are  species  new  to 
science,  and  the  other  had  been  found  occasionally  in 
Texas.  It  has  been  thought  best  to  introduce  descrip- 
tions of  these  species  in  this  edition  in  the  form  of  an 
addenda. 

35§.  Coltenis  Delila,  Fabr.  (Page  148.) 

Expanse  3.50  inches. 

Upper  surface  clear  reddish  fulvous,  paler  than  Julia . 
The  fore  wings  have  a very  narrow  black  edging  on  the 
costa  and  outer  margin,  scarcely  more  than  the  width  of 
a vein,  the  subcostal  vein  black,  with  a few  black  scales 
between  this  and  the  costa  beyond  the  cell.  One  exam- 
ple from  Florida  has  a black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
two  small  black  points  projecting  inward  from  the  outer 
margin,  and  a narrow  short  bar  between  the  lower  point 
and  the  end  of  the  cell.  Hind  wings  with  the  costal 
edge  grayish,  and  outer  border  black  with  two  more  or 
less  complete  rows  of  fulvous  spots. 

Under  side  paler  than  the  upper,  clouded ; a white 
streak  along  the  costa  of  fore  wings  at  base,  and  another 

33  * 389 


390 


ADDENDA . 


on  the  hind  wings  below  the  subcostal  vein ; hind  wings 
with  a small  red  spot  bordered  with  black  at  the  base  of 
the  median  vein,  the  bases  of  the  submedian  and  inter- 
nal veins  white  with  a black  edging;  some  black  and 
white  crescents  at  the  anal  angle. 

Occasionally  in  Florida  and  Texas. 

84J.  Neonympha  Mjtchellii,  French.  (Page  238.) 

Expanse  of  wings,  male,  1.20  to  1.30  inches;  female, 
1.50  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  grayish  wood-brown,  rather 
dark,  without  spots  or  marks,  except  that  the  spots  of 
the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  and  the  dark  lines  bor- 
dering the  terminal  dark  yellow  line  on  the  same  wings 
show  through  a little.  Fringes  concolorous,  in  certain 
lights  a little  smoky  tinged.  Under  surface  slightly 
paler  than  the  upper,  a little  more  of  the  mouse  order 
of  color,  sprinkled  with  buff  scales.  Both  the  wings  are 
crossed  by  four  transverse  brownish-yellow  stripes,  so 
dark  on  the  fore  wings  as  to  be  yellow  brown,  occupying 
the  same  position  as  the  same  lines  in  its  ally,  N.  Areo - 
latus , the  first  and  second  uniting  by  a rounded  end 
about  a tenth  of  an  inch  from  the  inner  margin  of  hind 
wings,  the  two  outer — one  terminal  and  the  other  sub- 
terminal-—also  uniting  before  reaching  anal  angle.  In 
Areolatus  these  lines  do  not  unite.  Each  of  these  lines 
has  a dark  brown  [more  or  less  distinct]  fine  bordering 
line  on  each  side  of  it.  The  first  line  crosses  the  fore 
wings  a little  more  than  two-thirds  the  distance  from 
the  base  of  the  wing  to  end  of  cell,  the  hind  wings  about 
two-thirds.  The  second  line  crosses  fore  wing  a little 
beyond  the  end  of  cell,  the  hind  wings  across  the  end 


ADDENDA, 


391 


of  cell.  The  second  and  third  are  approximate  anterior- 
ly, as  in  Areolatus.  Fore  wings  with  a row  of  four 
small  ocelli  between  second  and  third  lines,  circled  with 
pale  Naples  yellow  or  buff,  the  first  varying  from  a dot, 
the  size  of  an  ordinary  period,  to  about  twice  that  diam- 
eter ; in  four  examples  circular,  in  two,  a little  oval,  in 
two,  a silvery  metallic  centre ; the  second  a little  more 
than  twice  the  diameter  of  the  first,  in  three  examples 
circular,  the  other  three  slightly  ovate,  each  with  from 
one  to  three  metallic  points,  when  three  present  in  the 
form  of  a triangle ; the  third  averaging  the  size  of  the 
second,  circular,  with  from  one  to  two  metallic  points, 
when  one  central,  when  two  in  line  with  the  row  of 
spots ; the  fourth  about  one-fourth  larger  than  the  first, 
circular,  all  but  one,  which  has  the  buff'  circle  almost 
complete  on  the  outside,  but  also  a few  buff'  scales  out- 
side the  circle,  a single  metallic  point  to  each  of  these. 

Hind  wings  with  six  ocelli  to  each  wing,  circled  with 
buff  as  those  on  the  fore  wings.  The  first  varying  from 
a few  buff  scales,  in  one  example  with  the  black  centre, 
to  twice  or  thrice  the  diameter  of  an  ordinary  period, 
circular,  the  largest  with,  in  one  example,  a silvery 
metallic  point ; the  second  about  .04  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter [the  black  portion],  circular  in  four  examples,  in 
two,  a slight  bulging  in  outer  anal  part,  from  one  to  five 
metallic  scales,  aggregated  or  scattered ; the  third  from 
.06  to  .07  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  all  nearly  or  quite  cir- 
cular, two  silvery  metallic  points,  in  line  with  the  ocelli ; 
the  fourth  size  of  the  third  and  the  same  shape.  In 
each  of  these  one  example  has  a few  black  scales  pro- 
jecting into  the  buff  annulus  externally  on  one  wing, 
points  as  in  the  third,  except  that  in  one  the  metallic 


392 


ADDENDA. 


scales  are  scattered  on  one  wing;  fifth  of  the  size  of 
third,  circular,  in  one  example  a few  buff  scales  invade 
the  black  externally  on  one  wing,  in  two  other  examples 
they  are  a little  irregular  in  shape  externally  on  both 
wings,  two  metallic  points  to  each,  with  a few  scattering 
scales  in  two  examples ; sixth  about  constant  in  size,  as 
large  as  the  largest  of  the  first,  one  metallic  point  in  all 
but  one  ocellus  where  the  scales  scatter  a little,  circular. 

Body  concolorous ; antennae  above  on  basal  two-thirds 
of  the  color  of  the  wings,  terminal  third  orange  shading 
into  the  basal  color ; beneath  whitish,  outer  third  orange  ; 
sides  of  basal  two-thirds  brown  and  whitish. 

Female. — Differs  from  the  male  in  being  paler  both 
above  and  below,  and  slightly  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  transverse  lines  on  the  under  side.  In  two  out  of 
four  the  second  and  third  lines  distinctly  unite  with  each 
other  near  the  anal  angle,  while  the  lines  by  which  the 
first  and  second  and  the  third  and  fourth  unite  are  to  be 
seen,  but  are  obscure.  In  one  of  the  other  there  is  no 
union  between  the  second  and  third,  while  there  is  plain 
union  between  first  and  second  and  third  and  fourth. 
The  fourth  has  a distinct  union  between  the  first  and 
second  and  third  and  fourth,  but  the  rounded  ends  of 
these  unions  touch.  Both  wings  of  the  same  example 
are  alike  in  this  character.  Ocelli  as  in  the  males,  with 
about  the  same  amount  of  variation. 

The  food-plant  is  probably  one  of  the  wild  grasses. 

Cass  County,  Michigan. 

135J.  Pamphila  Aaroni,  Skinner.  (Page  305.) 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1 to  1.25  inches. 

Male. — Upper  surface  tawny,  the  fore  wings  with  a 


ADDENDA . 


393 


blackish-brown  border  about  one-eighth  inch  in  width. 
The  base  of  the  wing  is  shaded  a darker  color  by  the 
same  dusky  scales.  The  veins  are  not  defined  by  the 
dark  color,  as  in  var.  Hobomolc.  The  tawny  middle 
area  of  the  wing  is  darker  and  more  fiery  than  in  the 
latter.  The  discal  bar  or  dash  is  black  and  very  distinct 
and  well  defined,  although  quite  small  in  most  of  the 
specimens ; running  from  this  obliquely  toward  the  body 
to  the  posterior  margin  is  a broken,  very  faint  line.  The 
hind  wings  are  a practical  reproduction  of  the  fore  wings, 
the  only  difference  being  that  the  dark  border  encircles 
the  entire  wing,  but  is  narrower  on  the  anterior  margin, 
and  the  venation  is  well  defined. 

Under  side,  extending  from  the  thorax  into  the  wing 
for  about  one-eighth  inch,  and  covering  only  the  lower 
half  of  the  base,  is  a sharply  defined  black  spot,  which 
has  a pointed  projection  extending  into  the  third  median 
interspace.  The  middle  area  of  the  wing  is  tawny,  but 
some  shades  lighter  than  the  upper  side.  The  border 
along  the  lower  half  of  the  outer  margin  is  about  the 
same  width  as  above,  but  it  widens  considerably  as  it 
approaches  the  apex ; this  border  and  the  immaculate 
hind  wings  are  of  a light  cinnamon-brown  color.  There 
is  a brownish-black  streak  running  along  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  fore  wings. 

Female. — A little  larger  than  the  male,  and  the  colors 
of  a lighter  shade  than  in  the  male,  and  not  so  well  de- 
fined. On  the  upper  side  it  resembles  var.  Hobomoh , 
and  beneath  P.  Delaware , except  in  color. 

Food-plant  and  larva  unknown. 

Cape  May,  New  Jersey. 


GLOSS  AKY. 


Abdomen , the  posterior  part  of  the  body. 

Aciculate , needle-shaped,  more  slender  than  subulate. 

Alba , or  Albus)  white. 

Anal}  pertaining  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  body. 

Anal  angle)  the  inner  or  posterior  angle  of  the  hind  wings,  next  to 
the  body. 

Annulate , furnished  with  colored  rings. 

Annulus , a ring. 

Anteapical , before  the  apex ; on  the  front  or  costal  portion  of  the 
wing,  near  the  apex. 

Antennae , two  articulated  organs  of  sensation,  situated  on  the  head. 
Anterior  margin , the  front  margin  of  a wing ; the  costa. 

Apex , that  part  of  a wing  which  is  farthest  from  the  body  ; the  angle 
between  the  costa  and  the  outer  margin. 

Approximate , near  to  ; near  together. 

Aureus , golden  yellow. 

Azure , sky-blue  : — nearly  the  same  as  caeruleus . 

Basal , relating  t-o  the  base. 

Base , as  applied  to  a wing,  that  part  which  is  joined  to  the  body. 
Bifid , cleft. 

Bipupillate , applied  to  an  ocellate  spot  having  two  pupils  or  dots 
within  it  of  a different  color  from  the  rest  of  the  spot. 

Blind , applied  to  a round  spot  destitute  of  a central  spot  or  pupil. 
Body , the  three  parts  of  an  insect, — head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
Bronze , the  color  of  old  brass. 

Caeruleus , color  of  the  sky ; sky-blue. 

Ccesius , pale  blue,  approaching  gray. 

Canus)  hoary,  with  more  white  than  gray. 

Capillary , hair-like ; long  and  slender,  like  a hair. 

Carina , a keel. 


395 


396 


GLOSSARY. 


Carinate , keeled ; having  a longitudinal  prominence  like  the  keel 
of  a boat. 

Carneous , flesh-colored. 

Caterpillar , the  larva. 

Cauda , the  tail. 

Caudate , tailed : — generally  applied  to  the  posterior  wings  of  Lepi- 
doptera  to  indicate  tail-like  projections. 

Cell , usually  in  Lepidoptera  the  space  between  the  subcostal  and 
median  veins ; the  discal  cell. 

Chitine , the  hard  part  on  the  outside  of  insects. 

Chrysalis , the  third  stage  of  the  insect,  counting  the  egg  one. 

Cilice. , fringes. 

Ciliate , fringed. 

Cinereous , ash  color ; gray  tinged  a little  with  blackish ; the  coloi 
of  wood  ashes. 

Cingula , a colored  hand. 

Clavater,  club-shaped. 

Coalesce , to  grow  together  or  unite. 

Collar , scales  hack  of  the  head,  forming  more  or  less  of  a ring ; the 
neck. 

Concolorous , of  the  same  color,  as  the  body  agreeing  in  color  with 
the  wings. 

Confluent , running  into  each  other. 

Connivent , converging  or  approaching. 

Contiguous , touching ; placed  so  near  as  to  touch. 

Convergent , approaching  each  other  towards  the  tip. 

Cordate , heart-shaped. 

Corrugated , wrinkled. 

Costa,  the  thickened  anterior  part  of  the  wing  from  the  base  to  the 
apex. 

Corea,  the  jointed  base  of  the  leg. 

Cremaster , the  anal  hooks  of  the  chrysalis,  which  fasten  into  silk  to 
hold  the  chrysalis  in  place. 

Crenate , scalloped. 

Cuneiform , wedge-shaped. 

Cupreous , coppery  ; the  color  of  copper. 

Cyaneus , dark  blue,  like  Prussian  blue. 

Dentate , toothed. 

Diaphanous , semi-transparent ; clear. 

Dichotomous , forked  ; dividing  by  pairs. 


GLOSSARY. 


397 


Diffuse , spreading. 

Dimorphous , two-formed : — applied  to  a species  existing  in  two 
forms  having  different  colors  or  markings. 

Disk , the  surface  within  the  margin, — usually  between  the  end  of 
the  cell  and  the  outer  margin. 

Dorsal , of  the  back. 

Dorsum , the  hack  or  upper  surface. 

Echinate , set  with  prickles. 

Edematous , dull  translucent  white. 

Edge , the  margin. 

Egg , the  first  stage  of  an  insect. 

Elliptical , in  the  form  of  an  ellipse. 

Emarginate , notched. 

Entire , the  margin  smooth,  or  without  teeth. 

Epupillate,  applied  to  an  ocellate  spot  included  in  a colored  ring,  but 
destitute  of  a pupil  or  central  dot. 

Erect , upright. 

the  organs  of  sight,  composed  of  numerous  hexagonal  facets. 
Face , the  anterior  or  front  part  of  the  head. 

Fascia , a transverse  band  or  broad  line. 

Fasciated , banded. 

Feet , the  organs  of  motion. 

Femur , the  thigh  or  third  part  of  the  leg. 

Ferruginous , of  the  color  of  iron-rust. 

Filiform , thread-shaped. 

Flexuous , zigzag  without  acute  angles. 

Fuliginous , sooty  ; soot-colored. 

Fulvous , orange-yellow. 

Fuscous , dark  brown  with  a slight  mixture  of  gray. 

Fusiform , spindle-shaped;  gradually  tapering  towards  each  end 
from  near  the  middle. 

Geminate , situated  in  pairs. 

Genus , an  assemblage  of  species  which  correspond  in  particular 
characters. 

Glabrous , smooth. 

Glaucous , gray  bluish  green. 

Globular , like  a round  ball. 

Glutinous , slimy,  viscid. 

Granulated , covered  with  small  grains. 

Gkt'egarious , living  in  society,  or  many  feeding  together. 

84 


398 


GLOSSARY. 


Griseous , light  gray 

Habitation , or  Habitat , a situation  or  locality  frequented  by  insects. 

Head , the  anterior  part  of  the  body. 

Hibernaculum , a case  of  web  and  leaves  in  which  larvae  or  pupae 
hibernate  ; or  a cocoon  of  silk. 

Hibernate , to  pass  through  or  survive  the  winter. 

Hind  margin,  that  part  of  the  fore  wings  which  is  included  between 
the  base  and  the  posterior  angle. 

Hirsute , rough  with  strong  hairs. 

Hispid , bristly  ; rough  with  stiff,  short,  sparse  hairs. 

Hoary , covered  with  a fine  white  silvery  substance  or  pubescence. 

Humerus , the  anterior  base  of  the  wing. 

Hyaline , transparent ; vitreous. 

Imago , the  perfect  or  adult  insect. 

Imbricated , tiled;  placed  one  over  another,  like  shingles  on  the 
roof  of  a house. 

Immaculate , without  spots. 

Incanous,  hoary. 

Inconspicuous , not  readily  discernible. 

Inner  margin , or  Interior  margin , that  margin  of  the  hind  wings 
which  extends  from  the  base  to  the  anal  angle ; by  some  authors 
used  to  denote  the  posterior  or  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings. 

IriSj  of  an  ocellate  wing-spot,  is  a circle  that  surrounds  the  principal 
spot. 

Irrorate,  sprinkled. 

Joints , or  Articulations , the  divisions  of  the  body  or  segments  of  the 
larva ; the  divisions  of  the  pupa,  more  particularly  the  abdomen  ; 
the  divisions  of  the  antennae. 

Keel , the  carina. 

Labial  palpi,  articulated  filaments,  one  on  each  side  of  the  labium 

Labium , the  lower  lip. 

Labrum , the  upper  lip. 

Lanceolate , lance-  or  spear-shaped. 

Larva , the  second  stage  of  an  insect,  counting  the  egg  the  first. 

Larvarium , a retreat  of  silk  and  leaves,  or  of  silk,  in  which  some 
larvae  stay  when  not  feeding. 

Lateral , situated  on  the  side. 

Lenticular , lens-shaped. 

Lepidoptera , an  order  of  insects  having  four  wings  covered  with 
minute  imbricated  scales  ; butterflies  and  moths. 


GLOSSARY. 


399 


Lethargic , becoming  torpid  or  inactive. 

Ligula , tongue. 

Lilacinous , lilac  color. 

Linear , narrow  and  of  nearly  uniform  width. 

Lineated , streaked,  or  marked  with  lines. 

Livid,  dark  gray,  verging  towards  violet. 

Longitudinal,  the  direction  of  the  longest  diameter. 

Lunate , crescent-shaped ; formed  like  a new  moon. 

Lurid,  of  a dirty  brown  color. 

Luteus,  unmixed  yellow. 

Macula,  a spot  larger  than  a puncture,  of  some  other  than  the  gen- 
eral color. 

Maculate,  or  Maculated,  spotted. 

Mandibles , the  upper  jaws. 

Margin,  the  edge  of  a wing,  or  along  the  edge. 

Maxillce,  the  lower  jaws,  placed  between  the  upper  jaws  and  the 
lower  lip. 

Maxillary  palpi,  filaments  attached  to  the  maxillse. 

Mesial , middle,  as  a band  or  stripe  across  the  middle  portion  of  the 
wing. 

Mesonotum,  the  covering  of  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  portion  of  the 
thorax. 

Mesothorax,  that  division  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  middle  pair 
of  legs  are  attached. 

Metamorphoses,  transformations. 

Metathorax,  that  division  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  hind  pair  of 
legs  are  attached. 

Micropyle , the  apex  of  the  egg  of  an  insect. 

Moult,  or  Molt,  shedding  or  casting  off  the  larva  skin. 

Nebulous,  clouded. 

Nervures,  divisions  of  the  nerves  or  veins  of  a wing. 

Niger,  black  a little  tinged  with  gray. 

Obconic , inversely  conic. 

Obcordate,  inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblong,  the  transverse  diameter  much  shorter  than  the  longitudinal. 
Obovate,  inversely  egg-shaped. 

Obsolete,  indistinct. 

Occiput,  the  hinder  part  of  the  head. 

Ocelli,  eye-like  spots  on  the  wings  of  Lepidoptera ; simple  eyes  of 
insects. 


400 


GLOSSARY . 


Ochreous , yellow  with  a slight  tinge  of  brown. 

Orbicular , round. 

Order , the  subdivision  of  a class. 

Osmateria , scent-organs  of  the  larvae  of  the  genus  Papilio. 

Oval , broadly  elliptical. 

Ovate , egg-shaped. 

Overlaid , heavily  sprinkled  with  scales  of  a different  color  from  the 
ground  color ; clouded  ; overcast. 

Palpi , in  butterflies,  the  three  jointed  organs  beneath  the  head 
between  which  the  tongue  is  coiled  like  a watch-spring. 

Piceous,  pitchy ; the  color  of  pitch. 

Pile , very  minute,  short  hairs. 

Pilous , having  long,  sparse  hairs. 

Polymorphous , applied  to  a species  existing  in  several  different  forms 
as  to  color,  markings,  or  size. 

Porrect , straight  out. 

Posterior  angle , the  angle  formed  by  the  outer  margin  and  the  pos- 
terior or  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wing. 

Posterior  margin , that  portion  of  the  fore  wings  which  is  opposite 
the  costa. 

Proboscis , the  tongue,  or  sucking  organ. 

Prolegs , the  fleshy  legs  of  caterpillars. 

Pronotum , the  anterior  part  of  the  covering  of  the  thorax;  the 
covering  of  the  thorax. 

Prothorax , the  first  division  of  the  thorax,  to  which  the  first  pair 
of  legs  are  attached. 

Pruinous , hoary ; covered  with  a whitish  powder. 

Pubescent , coated  with  fine  hair  or  down. 

Punctured,  marked  with  small  impressed  dots. 

Pupa , the  third  stage  of  an  insect,  counting  the  egg  the  first ; the 
chrysalis. 

Pupate , to  assume  the  pupa  form. 

Pupil , of  an  ocellus,  the  central  point. 

Quadrangular,  having  four  angles. 

Quadrate,  square,  or  nearly  square. 

Remote,  separate ; not  near  together. 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped. 

Reticulate,  resembling  net-work. 

Retractile,  capable  of  being  exserted  or  drawn  in  at  pleasure. 
Retuse,  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus. 


GLOSSARY. 


401 


Ribs , ridges  on  eggs  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

Roseus , rose  color. 

Rosy,  rose  color. 

Rufous,  reddish. 

Rugous,  or  Rugose,  wrinkled. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped. 

Sanguineous,  of  the  color  of  arterial  blood. 

Scabrous,  rough,  with  projecting  points. 

Scales,  the  dust  or  imbricated  pieces  covering  the  wings. 

Segment,  a ring  or  division  of  the  body. 

Sericeous,  silky. 

Serrate,  saw-toothed. 

Sessile,  connected  with  the  part  to  which  it  is  attached  without  the 
intervention  of  a peduncle  or  stalk. 

Seta,  a bristle. 

Sexes,  the  two  divisions  of  animals  : in  insects  distinguished  by  ^ 
for  male  and  9 for  female. 

Sinuate,  indented. 

Sinus,  an  indentation  or  excavation. 

Sparse,  scattered. 

Species,  an  assemblage  of  individuals  possessed  of  permanent  char- 
acters of  size,  color,  and  ornamentation,  by  which  they  may  be 
distinguished  from  other  forms,  and  which  breed  true  to  their 
type. 

Spinous,  armed  with  spines. 

Spiracles , breathing-holes  on  the  side  of  the  body ; the  stigmata. 
Sprinkled,  marked  with  thinly-scattered  scales  of  another  color  than 
the  ground  color. 

Stigmata  (singular,  Stigma ),  the  breathing-holes  on  the  sides  of  the 
body;  also,  sometimes,  spots  on  a wing. 

Strice , lines  ; transverse  elevated  lines  on  eggs. 

Striate , marked  with  lines. 

Submarginal,  applied  to  a space  or  line  within  the  margin. 
Subocellate,  applied  to  an  ocellus  without  a pupil. 

Suffused,  blurred  with  a color  other  than  the  usual  one. 
Sulphureous,  bright  yellow ; the  color  of  sulphur. 

Tail,  the  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen ; an  appendage  at  the 
posterior  part  of  the  hind  wings. 

Tarsi , the  feet. 

Tawny,  dull  yellowish  brown. 


aa 


34 


402 


GLOSSARY. 


Terminal , at  the  extremity. . 

Testaceous , tile  or  brick  color. 

Thorax , that  part  of  the  body  which  is  back  of  the  head. 

Tibia , that  part  of  the  leg  which  is  next  to  the  foot. 

Tongue , the  sucking-tube  of  Lepidoptera. 

Torpidity , a lethargic  state  of  hibernation. 

Transverse , crosswise. 

Trochanter , an  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  thigh. 

Trophi,  the  mouth  parts. 

Truncate , cut  square  off. 

Tubercle , a small  swelling  or  prominence. 

Variety , a form  of  one  or  more  examples  of  a species  differing  from 
the  usual  form,  but  not  breeding  true  to  type. 

Veins  and  Venules , the  framework  of  the  wings. 

Venter,  the  lower  part  of  the  body. 

Ventricose,  distended. 

Villi,  soft  hairs. 

Violaceous , violet  color. 

Vitellinus,  yellow  with  a slight  tinge  of  red. 

Vitta,  a longitudinal  colored  line. 

Washed,  covered  with  scales  of  a color  different  from  the  ground 
color,  but  not  quite  obscuring  the  latter. 


INDEX, 


Acadica,  260. 

Argynnis  Idalia,  150. 

Accentuated  List,  51. 

“ Montinus,  163. 

Accius,  327. 

“ Myrina,  161. 

Acis,  269. 

Arpa,  339. 

Agarithe,  124. 

Arthemis,  208. 

Agraulis  Vanillae,  148. 

Asterias,  89. 

Ajax,  84. 

Atala,  254. 

Alcestis,  158. 

Atalanta,  196. 

Alicia,  217. 

Atlantis,  160. 

Alope,  243. 

Augustus,  272. 

Amblyscirtes  Eos,  349. 

Ausonius,  360. 

“ Samoset,  350. 

Autolycus,  258. 

“ Textor,  351. 

“ Vialis,  348. 

Bachmanni,  250. 

Ammon,  297. 

Batabano,  379. 

Amyntas,  380. 

Batesii,  180. 

Analytical  Key,  57. 

Bathyllus,  369. 

Anartia  Jatrophae,  202. 

Bellona,  164. 

Ancyloxypha  Numitor,  301. 

Berenice,  146. 

Anthocharis  Genutia,  118. 

Bimacula,  334. 

“ Olympia,  117. 

Borealis,  253. 

Antiopa,  193. 

Brettus,  314. 

Apatura  Alicia,  217. 

Brizo,  354. 

“ Celtis,  215. 

Byssus,  344. 

“ Clyton,  218. 

“ Flora,  221. 

Cabinet,  43. 

Aphrodite,  157. 

Caenius,  253. 

Archippus,  144. 

Csesonia,  127. 

Areolatus,  237. 

Calanus,  263. 

Argynnis  Alcestis,  158. 

Calephalis  Borealis,  253. 

“ Aphrodite,  157. 

“ Caenius,  253. 

" Atlantis,  160. 

Callidryas  Agarithe,  124. 

“ Bellona,  164. 

“ Eubule,  119. 

“ Cybele,  155. 

“ Philea,  124. 

“ Diana,  153. 

" Sennae,  120. 

403 


404 


INDEX . 


Canthus,  232. 

Cardui,  199. 

Carlota,  174. 

Carterocephalus  Mandan,  299. 

“ Omaha,  300. 

Catullus,  367. 

Cellus,  371. 

Celtis,  215. 

Centaur eae,  353. 

Cernes,  320. 

Charitonia,  141. 

Chionobas  Jutta,  248. 

“ Semidea,  249. 
Chrysalis,  the,  23. 
Chrysophanus  Dione,  280. 

“ Epixanthe,  282. 

“ ITypophleas,  283. 

“ Thoe,  281. 

Classification,  15. 

Claudia,  165. 

Clyton,  218. 

Coenia,  200. 

Cofaqui,  386. 

Colasnis  Julia,  147. 

Coleoptera,  15. 

Colias  Caesonia,  127. 

“ Eury  theme,  128. 

“ Interior,  135. 

“ Philodice,  133. 

Collecting  Butterflies,  36. 
Columella,  271. 

Comma,  185. 

Comyntas,  292. 

Cresphontes,  101. 

Cybele,  155. 

Danainse,  143. 

Danais  Archippus,  144. 

“ Berenice,  146. 

Debis  Portlandia,  229. 
Delaware,  342. 

Delia,  139. 

Diadema  Misippus,  206. 


Diana,  153. 

Dion,  337. 

Dione,  280. 

Diptera,  15. 

Disippus,  210. 

Edwardsii,  261. 

Egg,  the,  16. 

Eos,  349. 

Epixanthe,  282. 

Eresia  Frisia,  181. 

Eros,  214. 

Erycides  Amyntas,  380. 

“ Batabano,  379. 
Erycinidse,  252. 

Ethlius,  332. 

Eubule,  119. 

Eudamus  Bathyllus,  369. 
“ Cellus,  371. 

“ Lycidas,  370. 

“ Proteus,  377. 

“ Pylades,  368. 

“ Tityrus,  374. 

“ Zestos,  372. 

Eufala,  345. 

Eumenia  Atala,  254. 
Eunica  Monima,  202. 
Euptoieta  Claudia,  165. 
Eurytheme,  128. 

Eurytris,  238. 

Exilis,  295. 

Faunus,  187. 

Favonius,  257. 

Feniseca  Tarquinius,  279, 
Filenus,  294. 

Flora,  221. 

Frisia,  181. 

Fusca,  346. 

Gemma,  235. 

Genutia,  118. 

Glossary,  389. 


INDEX. 


405 


Gracilis,  189. 

Grapta  Comma,  185. 

“ Faunus,  187. 

“ Gracilis,  189. 

“ Interrogationis,  182. 
“ J Album,  192. 

“ Progne,  190. 

Habits  of  Butterflies,  32. 
Halesus,  255. 

Harrisii,  170. 

Hayhurstii,  367. 

Heliconia  Cbaritonia,  141. 
Heliconinae,  141. 

Ilemiptera,  15. 

Ilenrici,  273. 

Hesperidae,  299. 

Hianna,  347. 

Humuli,  259. 

Huntera,  198. 

Huron,  312. 

Hymenoptera,  15. 
Hypophleas,  283. 

Icelus,  355. 

Idalia,  150. 

Ilaire,  106. 

Imago,  the,  26. 

Interior,  135. 
Interrogationis,  182. 

Iole,  115. 

Irus,  273. 

Isophthalma,  295. 

J Album,  192. 

Jatrophae,  202. 

Jucunda,  140. 

Julia,  147. 

Junonia  Coenia,  200. 

Jutta,  248. 

Juvenalis,  363. 

Kricogonia  Lyside,  126. 


Lseta,  277. 

Larva,  the,  19. 

Leonardus,  310. 
Lepidoptera,  15. 

Libythea  Bachmanni,  250. 
Libytheinae,  250. 

Limenitis  Arthemis,  208. 

11  Disippus,  210. 

“ Eros,  214. 

“ Ursula,  206. 

Lisa,  139. 

List  of  Illustrations,  11. 
Loammi,  328. 

Lucilius,  357. 

Lycaena  Ammon,  297. 

“ Comyntas,  292. 

“ Exilis,  295. 

“ Filenus,  294. 

“ Isophthalma,  295. 

“ Lygdamus,  284. 

“ Pseudargiolus,  286. 
“ Scudderii,  285. 

“ Theonus,  298. 
Lycaenidae,  254. 

Lycaeninae,  279. 

Lycidas,  370. 

Lygdamus,  284. 

Lyside,  126. 

Maculata,  330. 

M Album,  256. 

Manataaqua,  323. 

Mandan,  299. 

Martialis,  362. 

Massasoit,  302. 
Megathymus  Cofaqui,  386. 

“ Yuccae,  381. 
Melitaea  Harrisii,  170. 

“ Phaeton,  168. 
Meskei,  311. 

Metacomet,  326. 

Metea,  306. 

Mexicana,  137. 


406 


INDEX. 


Milbertii,  195. 

Palamedes,  94. 

Misippus,  206. 

Palatka 

, 340. 

Monima,  202. 

Pamphila  Accius,  327. 

Montinus,  163. 

a 

Arpa,  339. 

Monuste,  106. 

{( 

Bimacula,  334. 

Myrina,  161. 

a 

Brettus,  314. 

Mystic,  318. 

a 

Byssus,  344. 

Myus,  321. 

u 

Cernes,  320. 

(( 

Delaware,  342. 

Naevius,  366. 

u 

Dion,  337. 

Names  of  Butterflies,  50. 

u 

Ethlius,  332. 

Napi,  110. 

(t 

Eufala,  345. 

Nathalis  Iole,  115. 

u 

Fusca,  346. 

Neonympha  Areolatus,  237. 

a 

Ilianna,  347. 

“ Canthus,  232. 

u 

Huron,  312. 

“ Eurytris,  238. 

<( 

Leonardus,  310. 

“ Gemma,  235. 

u 

Loammi,  328. 

“ Sosybius,  240. 

(( 

Maculata,  330. 

Neuroptera,  15. 

“ 

Manataaqua,  323. 

Nicippe,  136. 

(( 

Massasoit,  302. 

Niphon,  276. 

(( 

Meskei,  311. 

Nisoniades  Ausonius,  360. 

u 

Metacomet,  326. 

u Brizo,  354. 

u 

Metea,  306. 

“ Icelus,  355. 

(( 

Mystic,  318. 

“ Juvenalis,  363. 

a 

Myus,  321. 

“ Lucilius,  357. 

a 

Ocola,  332. 

“ Martialis,  362. 

(( 

Osyka,  345. 

“ Nmvius,  366. 

(( 

Otho,  315. 

“ Persius,  359. 

(( 

Palatka,  340. 

u Petronius,  364. 

u 

Panoquin,  331. 

“ Somnus,  356. 

u 

Peckius,  317. 

Numitor,  301. 

u 

Phylaeus,  313. 

Nycteis,  172. 

(( 

Pontiac,  335. 

Nymphalidae,  141. 

u 

Sassacus,  305. 

Nymphalinae,  147. 

u 

Seminole,  309. 

(( 

Uncas,  308. 

Ocola,  332. 

i( 

Verna,  324. 

Olympia,  117. 

u 

Vestris,  325. 

Omaha,  300. 

u 

Viator,  347. 

Ontario,  265. 

tc 

Vitellius,  341. 

Orthoptera,  15. 

u 

Zabulon,  303. 

Osyka,  345. 

Panoquin,  331. 

Otho,  315. 

Paphia 

Troglodyta,  226. 

INDEX. 


407 


Papilio  Ajax,  84. 

“ Asterias,  89. 

“ Cresphontes,  10  J. 

“ Palamedes,  94. 

“ Philenor,  86. 

“ Polydamas,  105. 

“ Troilus,  93. 

“ Turnus,  97. 

Papilionidae,  83. 
Papilioninae,  83. 

Peckius,  317. 

Pegala,  242. 

Persius,  359. 

Petreus,  203. 

Petronius,  364. 

Phaeton,  168. 

Phaon,  176. 

Philea,  124. 

Philenor,  86. 

Philodice,  133. 

Pholisora  Catullus,  367. 

u Ilayhurstii,  367. 
Phyciodes  Batesii,  180. 

“ Carlota,  174. 

“ Nycteis,  172. 

“ Phaon,  176. 

“ Tharos,  177. 

Phylaeus,  313. 

Pieris  Ilaire,  106. 

“ Monuste,  106. 

“ Napi,  110. 

“ Protodice,  107. 

“ Rapa3,  114. 

“ Virginiensis,  113. 
Poeas,  270. 

Polydamas,  105. 

Pontiac,  335. 

Portlandia,  229. 
Poweshiek,  301. 

Proteus,  377. 

Protodice,  107. 
Pseudargiolus,  286. 

Pupa,  the,  23. 
aa 


Py lades,  368. 

Pyrameis  Atalanta,  196. 
“ Cardui,  199. 

“ Iluntera,  198. 
Pyrgus  Centaureae,  353. 
“ Tessellata,  352. 

Rapae,  114. 

Samoset,  350. 

Sassacus,  305. 

Satyrinae,  229. 

Satyrus  Alope,  243. 

“ Pegala,  242. 
Scudderii,  285. 

Semidea,  249. 

Seminole,  309. 

Sennae,  120. 
Smilacis,^268. 

Somnus,  356. 

Sosybius,  240. 

Steneles,  204. 

Strigosa,  266. 

Tarquinius,  279. 

Terias  Delia,  139. 

“ Juounda,  140. 

“ Lisa,  139. 

il  Mexicana,  137. 

u Nicippe,  136. 
Tessellata,  352. 

Textor,  351. 

Tharos,  177. 

Thecla  Acadica,  260. 

“ Acis,  269. 

u Augustus,  272. 

" Autolycus,  258. 

u Cal  anus,  263. 

“ Columella,  271. 

“ Edwardsii,  261. 

“ Favonius,  257. 

“ Halesus,  255. 

“ Henrici,  273. 


408 

Thecla  Humuli,  259. 

“ Irus,  273. 

“ Laeta,  277. 

“ M Album,  250. 

“ Niphon,  276. 

“ Ontario,  265. 

“ Poeas,  270. 

“ Smilacis,  268. 

“ Strigosa,  266. 

“ Titus,  278. 

“ Wittfeldii,  262. 
Theclinae,  255. 

Theonus,  298. 

Thoe,  281. 

Thymelicus  Poweshiek,  301. 
Timetes  Petreus,  203. 
Tityrus,  374. 

Titus,  278. 

Troglodyta,  226. 

Troilus,  93. 

Turnus,  97. 


INDEX. 

Uncas,  308. 

Ursula,  206. 

Use  of  the  Key,  49. 

Vanessa  Antiopa,  193. 
Vanillae,  148. 

Verna,  324. 

Vestris,  325. 

Vial  is,  348. 

Viator,  347. 

Victorina  Steneles,  204. 
Virginiensis,  113. 
Vitellius,  341. 

Wittfeldii,  262. 

Yuccse,  381. 

Zabulon,  303. 

Zestos,  372. 


INDEX  TO  ADDENDA. 


Aaroni,  392. 

Colsenis  Delila,  389. 
Delila,  389. 


Mitchellii,  390. 

Neonympha  Mitchellii,  390. 
Pamphila  Aaroni,  392. 


/ 


